Ouranosinc / xclim / 38425153085

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Semver adjustments for Release Candidates (#2434)

### What kind of change does this PR introduce?

* Renames the `dev` build with fully SemVer-2.0-compliant `beta`.
* Adds an intermediary release step (Release Candidate: `-rc`).
* Update the release documentation and justifies the reasoning for
release candidates.

### Does this PR introduce a breaking change?

Yes. Version bumps will no longer use the `beta` or `release`
specifiers. It also adds the `-rc` intermediary, so new stable releases
_must_ run `bump release` twice from `beta`, e.g.
```
0.99.0-beta.34 ── bump ─┬─ major ─── 1.0.0-beta.0
                        ├─ minor ─── 0.100.0-beta.0
                        ├─ patch ─── 0.99.1-beta.0
                        ├─ release ─ 0.99.0-rc.0 ─ (release ─ 0.99.0) 
                        ╰─ build ─── 0.99.0-beta.35
```

### Other information:

When installing xclim from PyPI with the `--pre` flag, if the latest
upload is either a `beta` or `rc` (Release Candidate) version, that
version will be installed.

We will be minting a Release Candidate soon after this PR is merged so
that downstream projects can fully test compatibility in their CI
pipelines.


https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/version-specifiers/#pre-releases

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