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[Http] fix: Percent-encode the uri user info, host, path, query, and fragment (#130)

# Description

`Uri` did not filter any of its components.
`UriFactory::filterUserInfo`, `filterPath`,
`filterQuery`, and `filterFragment` were stubs: they trimmed a leading
delimiter and returned
the value unchanged. A caller could put a space, a control character, or
any other character
that RFC 3986 reserves straight into a uri, and `__toString` emitted it
verbatim.

This PR implements the four filters and adds `filterHost`. Each
component now percent-encodes
the characters that RFC 3986 does not allow it to carry unencoded:

| Component | Allowed unencoded |
|-----------|-------------------|
| User info | unreserved, sub-delimiters, `:` |
| Host (reg-name) | unreserved, sub-delimiters |
| Path | unreserved, sub-delimiters, `:`, `@`, `/` |
| Query and fragment | unreserved, sub-delimiters, `:`, `@`, `/`, `?` |

One shared `encode` method does the work for every component. It reads a
valid percent-encoded
triplet as a single unit, so a value that arrives encoded is not encoded
a second time, and the
filters are idempotent. The triplet's hexadecimal digits become
uppercase, which is the
canonical form in RFC 3986 section 6.2.2.1. A percent sign that does not
begin a valid triplet
is a literal percent sign, so `encode` escapes it to `%25`.

A host gets two more rules. An IP literal is in brackets and holds
colons that a reg-name does
not allow, so `filterHost` returns it unchanged. Every other host is a
reg-name, which
`filterHost` lowercases and then encodes. The bracket rule is
load-bearing: `MarshalUriFactory`
builds `[` + `SERVER_ADDR` + `]` for an IPv6 address, and without it
that host became
`%5B%3A%3A1%5D`.

## The witheres now filter too

The constructor filtered the user info and lowercased the host, but
`withUserInfo` and
`withHost` did neither. `getHost()` therefore depended on how the `Uri`
was built, and
implementing `filterUserInfo` alone would have lef... (continued)

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