20317112060

Committed 17 Dec 2025 08:23PM UTC coverage: 92.603% (+0.001%) from 92.602%

Build # 20317112060

Build Type

push

github

Committed by

nickg

Commit Message

Fix overflow check for 64-bit integer operations

Coverage Stats

17 of 17 new or added lines in 2 files covered. (100.0%)

135 existing lines in 3 files now uncovered.

75569 of 81605 relevant lines covered (92.6%)

453699.43 hits per line

Source File
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96.81

/src/vcode.c

//
//  Copyright (C) 2014-2024  Nick Gasson
//
//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
//  (at your option) any later version.
//
//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
//  GNU General Public License for more details.
//
//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
//  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
//

#include "util.h"
#include "array.h"
#include "common.h"
#include "diag.h"
#include "hash.h"
#include "lib.h"
#include "object.h"
#include "tree.h"
#include "vcode.h"

#include <assert.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <float.h>
#include <math.h>

DECLARE_AND_DEFINE_ARRAY(vcode_reg);
DECLARE_AND_DEFINE_ARRAY(vcode_block);
DECLARE_AND_DEFINE_ARRAY(vcode_type);

#define OP_HAS_TYPE(x)                                                  \
   (x == VCODE_OP_ALLOC || x == VCODE_OP_COPY                           \
    || x == VCODE_OP_CONST || x == VCODE_OP_CAST                        \
    || x == VCODE_OP_CONST_RECORD                                       \
    || x == VCODE_OP_BIND_EXTERNAL || x == VCODE_OP_ARRAY_SCOPE         \
    || x == VCODE_OP_RECORD_SCOPE || x == VCODE_OP_SYSCALL)
#define OP_HAS_ADDRESS(x)                                               \
   (x == VCODE_OP_LOAD || x == VCODE_OP_STORE || x == VCODE_OP_INDEX    \
    || x == VCODE_OP_VAR_UPREF)
#define OP_HAS_FUNC(x)                                                  \
   (x == VCODE_OP_FCALL || x == VCODE_OP_PCALL || x == VCODE_OP_RESUME  \
    || x == VCODE_OP_CLOSURE || x == VCODE_OP_PROTECTED_INIT            \
    || x == VCODE_OP_PACKAGE_INIT || x == VCODE_OP_PROCESS_INIT \
    || x == VCODE_OP_FUNCTION_TRIGGER || x == VCODE_OP_SYSCALL)
#define OP_HAS_IDENT(x)                                                 \
   (x == VCODE_OP_LINK_VAR || x == VCODE_OP_LINK_PACKAGE                \
    || x == VCODE_OP_DEBUG_LOCUS || x == VCODE_OP_BIND_EXTERNAL)
#define OP_HAS_OBJECT(x)                                                 \
   (x == VCODE_OP_DEBUG_LOCUS)
#define OP_HAS_REAL(x)                                                  \
   (x == VCODE_OP_CONST_REAL)
#define OP_HAS_VALUE(x)                                                 \
   (x == VCODE_OP_CONST || x == VCODE_OP_CONST_REP)
#define OP_HAS_DIM(x)                                                   \
   (x == VCODE_OP_UARRAY_LEFT || x == VCODE_OP_UARRAY_RIGHT             \
    || x == VCODE_OP_UARRAY_DIR || x == VCODE_OP_UARRAY_LEN)
#define OP_HAS_HOPS(x)                                                  \
   (x == VCODE_OP_VAR_UPREF || x == VCODE_OP_CONTEXT_UPREF)
#define OP_HAS_FIELD(x)                                                 \
   (x == VCODE_OP_RECORD_REF)
#define OP_HAS_CMP(x)                                                   \
   (x == VCODE_OP_CMP)
#define OP_HAS_TAG(x)                                                   \
   (x == VCODE_OP_COVER_STMT || x == VCODE_OP_COVER_BRANCH              \
    || x == VCODE_OP_COVER_TOGGLE || x == VCODE_OP_COVER_EXPR           \
    || x == VCODE_OP_COVER_STATE)
#define OP_HAS_COMMENT(x)                                               \
   (x == VCODE_OP_COMMENT)
#define OP_HAS_TARGET(x)                                                \
   (x == VCODE_OP_WAIT || x == VCODE_OP_JUMP || x == VCODE_OP_COND      \
    || x == VCODE_OP_PCALL || x == VCODE_OP_CASE)

typedef struct {
   vcode_op_t              kind;
   vcode_reg_t             result;
   vcode_reg_array_t       args;
   loc_t                   loc;
   vcode_type_t            type;      // OP_HAS_TYPE
   union {
      ident_t              func;      // OP_HAS_FUNC
      ident_t              ident;     // OP_HAS_IDENT
      object_t            *object;    // OP_HAS_OBJECT
      vcode_var_t          address;   // OP_HAS_ADDRESS
   };
   union {
      vcode_cmp_t          cmp;       // OP_HAS_CMP
      int64_t              value;     // OP_HAS_VALUE
      double               real;      // OP_HAS_REAL
      char                *comment;   // OP_HAS_COMMENT
      unsigned             dim;       // OP_HAS_DIM
      unsigned             hops;      // OP_HAS_HOPS
      unsigned             field;     // OP_HAS_FIELD
      uint32_t             tag;       // OP_HAS_TAG
      vcode_block_array_t  targets;   // OP_HAS_TARGET
   };
} op_t;

DECLARE_AND_DEFINE_ARRAY(op);

typedef struct {
   op_array_t ops;
   loc_t      last_loc;
} block_t;

typedef struct {
   vcode_type_t type;
   vcode_type_t bounds;
} reg_t;

typedef struct {
   vtype_kind_t kind;
   vtype_repr_t repr;
   union {
      struct {
         int64_t low;
         int64_t high;
      };
      struct {
         double rlow;
         double rhigh;
      };
      struct {
         unsigned      dims;
         unsigned      size;
         vcode_type_t  elem;
         vcode_type_t  bounds;
      };
      vcode_type_t pointed;
      vcode_type_t base;
      struct {
         ident_t            name;
         vcode_type_array_t fields;
      };
   };
} vtype_t;

typedef struct {
   vcode_type_t      type;
   vcode_type_t      bounds;
   ident_t           name;
   vcode_var_flags_t flags;
} var_t;

typedef struct {
   vcode_type_t type;
   vcode_type_t bounds;
   ident_t      name;
   vcode_reg_t  reg;
} param_t;

DECLARE_AND_DEFINE_ARRAY(param);
DECLARE_AND_DEFINE_ARRAY(var);
DECLARE_AND_DEFINE_ARRAY(reg);
DECLARE_AND_DEFINE_ARRAY(block);
DECLARE_AND_DEFINE_ARRAY(vtype);

typedef enum {
   UNIT_UNDEFINED     = (1 << 1),
} unit_flags_t;

struct _vcode_unit {
   vunit_kind_t   kind;
   vcode_unit_t   context;
   ident_t        name;
   vcode_type_t   result;
   block_array_t  blocks;
   reg_array_t    regs;
   vtype_array_t  types;
   var_array_t    vars;
   param_array_t  params;
   unsigned       depth;
   unit_flags_t   flags;
   vcode_unit_t   children;
   vcode_unit_t   next;
   object_t      *object;
};

#define MASK_CONTEXT(x)   ((x) >> 24)
#define MASK_INDEX(x)     ((x) & 0xffffff)
#define MAKE_HANDLE(c, i) (((c) & 0xff) << 24 | ((i) & 0xffffff))

#define VCODE_ASSERT(expr, ...) do                                      \
      if (unlikely(!(expr))) {                                          \
         vcode_dump_with_mark(vcode_block_data()->ops.count - 1,        \
                              NULL, NULL);                              \
         fatal_trace(__VA_ARGS__);                                      \
      } while (0)

#define VCODE_FOR_EACH_OP(name)                                 \
   block_t *_b = vcode_block_data();                            \
   op_t *name; int _i;                                          \
   if (_b->ops.count > 0)                                       \
      for (_i = _b->ops.count - 1, name = &(_b->ops.items[_i]); \
           _i >= 0; name = &(_b->ops.items[--_i]))

#define VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(name, k) \
   block_t *_b = vcode_block_data();                            \
   op_t *name; int _i;                                          \
   if (_b->ops.count > 0)                                       \
      for (_i = 0, name = &(_b->ops.items[_i]);                 \
           _i < _b->ops.count; name = &(_b->ops.items[++_i]))   \
         if (name->kind == (k))

#define VCODE_CHECK_UNIONS 0

static __thread vcode_unit_t  active_unit  = NULL;
static __thread vcode_block_t active_block = VCODE_INVALID_BLOCK;

static inline int64_t sadd64(int64_t a, int64_t b)
{
   int64_t result;
   if (__builtin_add_overflow(a, b, &result))
      return b < 0 ? INT64_MIN : INT64_MAX;

   return result;
}

static inline int64_t ssub64(int64_t a, int64_t b)
{
   int64_t result;
   if (__builtin_sub_overflow(a, b, &result))
      return b > 0 ? INT64_MIN : INT64_MAX;

   return result;
}

static inline int64_t smul64(int64_t a, int64_t b)
{
   int64_t result;
   if (__builtin_mul_overflow(a, b, &result))
      return (a > 0 && b > 0) || (a < 0 && b < 0) ? INT64_MAX : INT64_MIN;

   return result;
}

static vcode_reg_t vcode_add_reg(vcode_type_t type)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vcode_reg_t reg = active_unit->regs.count;
   reg_t *r = reg_array_alloc(&(active_unit->regs));
   memset(r, '\0', sizeof(reg_t));
   r->type   = type;
   r->bounds = type;

   return reg;
}

static block_t *vcode_block_data(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   assert(active_block != -1);
   return &(active_unit->blocks.items[active_block]);
}

static op_t *vcode_add_op(vcode_op_t kind)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   assert(active_block != VCODE_INVALID_BLOCK);

   VCODE_ASSERT(
      !vcode_block_finished(),
      "attempt to add to already finished block %d", active_block);

   block_t *block = vcode_block_data();

   op_t *op = op_array_alloc(&(block->ops));
   memset(op, '\0', sizeof(op_t));
   op->kind   = kind;
   op->result = VCODE_INVALID_REG;
   op->loc    = block->last_loc;

   return op;
}

static void vcode_add_arg(op_t *op, vcode_reg_t arg)
{
   vcode_reg_array_add(&(op->args), arg);
}

static void vcode_add_target(op_t *op, vcode_block_t block)
{
   vcode_block_array_add(&(op->targets), block);
}

static op_t *vcode_op_data(int op)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   assert(active_block != VCODE_INVALID_BLOCK);

   block_t *b = &(active_unit->blocks.items[active_block]);
   return op_array_nth_ptr(&(b->ops), op);
}

static op_t *vcode_find_definition(vcode_reg_t reg)
{
   for (int i = active_block; i >= 0; i--) {
      block_t *b = &(active_unit->blocks.items[i]);
      for (int j = b->ops.count - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
         if (b->ops.items[j].result == reg)
            return &(b->ops.items[j]);
      }
   }

   return NULL;
}

#ifdef DEBUG
static void vcode_assert_const(vcode_reg_t reg, const char *what)
{
   op_t *defn = vcode_find_definition(reg);
   VCODE_ASSERT(defn != NULL, "constant %s uses parameter r%d",
                what, reg);
   VCODE_ASSERT(defn->kind == VCODE_OP_CONST
                || defn->kind == VCODE_OP_CONST_REAL
                || defn->kind == VCODE_OP_CONST_RECORD
                || defn->kind == VCODE_OP_CONST_ARRAY
                || defn->kind == VCODE_OP_CONST_REP
                || defn->kind == VCODE_OP_NULL
                || defn->kind == VCODE_OP_UNDEFINED,
                "constant %s argument r%d is not constant", what, reg);
}
#endif

static reg_t *vcode_reg_data(vcode_reg_t reg)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   assert(reg != VCODE_INVALID_REG);
   return reg_array_nth_ptr(&(active_unit->regs), reg);
}

static vtype_t *vcode_type_data(vcode_type_t type)
{
   assert(type != VCODE_INVALID_TYPE);
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   vcode_unit_t unit = active_unit;

   int depth = MASK_CONTEXT(type);
   assert(depth <= unit->depth);
   while (depth != unit->depth)
      unit = unit->context;

   return vtype_array_nth_ptr(&(unit->types), MASK_INDEX(type));
}

static var_t *vcode_var_data(vcode_var_t var)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   assert(var != VCODE_INVALID_VAR);

   return var_array_nth_ptr(&(active_unit->vars), var);
}

void vcode_heap_allocate(vcode_reg_t reg)
{
   op_t *defn = vcode_find_definition(reg);
   if (defn == NULL) {
      // It is always safe to return a pointer to an argument
      return;
   }

   switch (defn->kind) {
   case VCODE_OP_CONST:
   case VCODE_OP_CONST_REAL:
   case VCODE_OP_CONST_ARRAY:
   case VCODE_OP_CONST_REP:
   case VCODE_OP_NULL:
   case VCODE_OP_UNDEFINED:
   case VCODE_OP_ADDRESS_OF:
   case VCODE_OP_LINK_VAR:
   case VCODE_OP_LINK_PACKAGE:
   case VCODE_OP_CONTEXT_UPREF:
   case VCODE_OP_PACKAGE_INIT:
   case VCODE_OP_BIND_EXTERNAL:
      break;

   case VCODE_OP_ALLOC:
   case VCODE_OP_REFLECT_SUBTYPE:
   case VCODE_OP_REFLECT_VALUE:
      // Always allocated in mspace
      break;

   case VCODE_OP_INDEX:
      vcode_var_data(defn->address)->flags |= VAR_HEAP;
      break;

   case VCODE_OP_VAR_UPREF:
      {
         vcode_unit_t vu = vcode_active_unit();
         for (int i = 0; i < defn->hops; i++)
            vu = vcode_unit_context(vu);

         vcode_state_t state;
         vcode_state_save(&state);

         vcode_select_unit(vu);

         vcode_var_data(defn->address)->flags |= VAR_HEAP;

         vcode_state_restore(&state);
      }
      break;

   case VCODE_OP_ARRAY_REF:
      vcode_heap_allocate(defn->args.items[0]);
      break;

   case VCODE_OP_WRAP:
   case VCODE_OP_UNWRAP:
   case VCODE_OP_RESOLVED:
      vcode_heap_allocate(defn->args.items[0]);
      break;

   case VCODE_OP_LAST_VALUE:
      // Returns a pointer into the C heap
      break;

   case VCODE_OP_LOAD:
      {
         if (vcode_reg_kind(reg) != VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY)
            return;

         // Any store to this variable must be heap allocated
         for (int i = 0; i < active_unit->blocks.count; i++) {
            block_t *b = &(active_unit->blocks.items[i]);
            for (int j = 0; j < b->ops.count; j++) {
               op_t *op = &(b->ops.items[j]);
               if (op->kind == VCODE_OP_STORE && op->address == defn->address)
                  vcode_heap_allocate(op->args.items[0]);

               VCODE_ASSERT(
                  op->kind != VCODE_OP_INDEX || op->address != defn->address,
                  "cannot heap allocate aliased pointer r%d", reg);
            }
         }
      }
      break;

   case VCODE_OP_FCALL:
      for (int i = 0; i < defn->args.count; i++) {
         const vtype_kind_t rkind = vcode_reg_kind(reg);
         if (rkind == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER || rkind == VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY) {
            // Function may return a pointer to its argument
            vcode_heap_allocate(defn->args.items[i]);
         }
      }
      break;

   case VCODE_OP_RECORD_REF:
      vcode_heap_allocate(defn->args.items[0]);
      break;

   case VCODE_OP_SELECT:
      vcode_heap_allocate(defn->args.items[1]);
      vcode_heap_allocate(defn->args.items[2]);
      break;

   case VCODE_OP_LOAD_INDIRECT:
      {
         // Always OK if scalar otherwise check the pointer source
         const vtype_kind_t vtkind = vcode_reg_kind(reg);
         if (vtkind != VCODE_TYPE_INT && vtkind != VCODE_TYPE_REAL)
            vcode_heap_allocate(defn->args.items[0]);
      }
      break;

   case VCODE_OP_ALL:
      // Must have been allocated on the heap
      break;

   case VCODE_OP_NEW:
      // On the heap by definition
      break;

   case VCODE_OP_SUB:
   case VCODE_OP_MUL:
   case VCODE_OP_DIV:
   case VCODE_OP_CAST:
   case VCODE_OP_CMP:
   case VCODE_OP_OR:
   case VCODE_OP_NOT:
   case VCODE_OP_AND:
   case VCODE_OP_NOR:
   case VCODE_OP_NAND:
   case VCODE_OP_XOR:
   case VCODE_OP_XNOR:
   case VCODE_OP_EVENT:
   case VCODE_OP_ACTIVE:
   case VCODE_OP_UARRAY_LEN:
   case VCODE_OP_UARRAY_LEFT:
   case VCODE_OP_UARRAY_RIGHT:
   case VCODE_OP_UARRAY_DIR:
   case VCODE_OP_LAST_EVENT:
   case VCODE_OP_NEG:
   case VCODE_OP_EXP:
   case VCODE_OP_ABS:
   case VCODE_OP_MOD:
   case VCODE_OP_REM:
   case VCODE_OP_ADD:
   case VCODE_OP_TRAP_ADD:
   case VCODE_OP_TRAP_SUB:
   case VCODE_OP_TRAP_MUL:
   case VCODE_OP_TRAP_NEG:
   case VCODE_OP_TRAP_EXP:
      // Result cannot reference pointer
      break;

   default:
      VCODE_ASSERT(false, "cannot heap allocate r%d", reg);
   }
}

void vcode_state_save(vcode_state_t *state)
{
   state->unit  = active_unit;
   state->block = active_block;
}

void vcode_state_restore(const vcode_state_t *state)
{
   active_unit  = state->unit;
   active_block = state->block;
}

void vcode_unit_unref(vcode_unit_t unit)
{
   assert(unit != NULL);

   if (unit == active_unit)
      vcode_close();

   for (vcode_unit_t it = unit->children; it != NULL; it = it->next) {
      assert(it->context == unit);
      it->context = NULL;
   }
   unit->children = NULL;

   if (unit->context != NULL) {
      vcode_unit_t *it = &(unit->context->children);
      for (; *it != NULL && *it != unit; it = &((*it)->next))
         ;
      assert(*it != NULL);
      *it = (*it)->next;
   }

   for (unsigned i = 0; i < unit->blocks.count; i++) {
      block_t *b = &(unit->blocks.items[i]);

      for (unsigned j = 0; j < b->ops.count; j++) {
         op_t *o = &(b->ops.items[j]);
         if (OP_HAS_COMMENT(o->kind))
            free(o->comment);
         if (OP_HAS_TARGET(o->kind))
            free(o->targets.items);
         free(o->args.items);
      }
      free(b->ops.items);
   }
   free(unit->blocks.items);

   for (unsigned i = 0; i < unit->types.count; i++) {
      vtype_t *vt = &(unit->types.items[i]);
      if (vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_RECORD)
         free(vt->fields.items);
   }
   free(unit->types.items);

   free(unit->regs.items);
   free(unit->vars.items);
   free(unit->params.items);
   free(unit);
}

vcode_unit_t vcode_unit_next(vcode_unit_t unit)
{
   return unit->next;
}

vcode_unit_t vcode_unit_child(vcode_unit_t unit)
{
   return unit->children;
}

int vcode_count_regs(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   return active_unit->regs.count;
}

vcode_type_t vcode_reg_type(vcode_reg_t reg)
{
   return vcode_reg_data(reg)->type;
}

vtype_kind_t vcode_reg_kind(vcode_reg_t reg)
{
   return vtype_kind(vcode_reg_type(reg));
}

vcode_type_t vcode_reg_bounds(vcode_reg_t reg)
{
   return vcode_reg_data(reg)->bounds;
}

bool vcode_reg_const(vcode_reg_t reg, int64_t *value)
{
   reg_t *r = vcode_reg_data(reg);

   vtype_kind_t kind = vtype_kind(r->type);
   if (kind != VCODE_TYPE_INT && kind != VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET)
      return false;

   vtype_t *bounds = vcode_type_data(r->bounds);

   VCODE_ASSERT(
      bounds->kind == VCODE_TYPE_INT || bounds->kind == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
      "integer register r%d has non-integer bounds", reg);

   if (bounds->low == bounds->high) {
      if (value) *value = bounds->low;
      return true;
   }
   else
      return false;
}

void vcode_opt(void)
{
   // Prune assignments to unused registers

   int *uses LOCAL = xmalloc_array(active_unit->regs.count, sizeof(int));

   int pruned = 0;
   do {
      memset(uses, '\0', active_unit->regs.count * sizeof(int));
      pruned = 0;

      for (int i = active_unit->blocks.count - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
         block_t *b = &(active_unit->blocks.items[i]);

         for (int j = b->ops.count - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
            op_t *o = &(b->ops.items[j]);

            switch (o->kind) {
            case VCODE_OP_FCALL:
               if (o->result == VCODE_INVALID_REG)
                  break;
            case VCODE_OP_CONST:
            case VCODE_OP_CONST_REAL:
            case VCODE_OP_CONST_ARRAY:
            case VCODE_OP_CONST_RECORD:
            case VCODE_OP_CONST_REP:
            case VCODE_OP_LOAD:
            case VCODE_OP_LOAD_INDIRECT:
            case VCODE_OP_VAR_UPREF:
            case VCODE_OP_ADD:
            case VCODE_OP_ARRAY_REF:
            case VCODE_OP_SUB:
            case VCODE_OP_MUL:
            case VCODE_OP_CMP:
            case VCODE_OP_INDEX:
            case VCODE_OP_WRAP:
            case VCODE_OP_EXP:
            case VCODE_OP_UNDEFINED:
            case VCODE_OP_UARRAY_LEN:
            case VCODE_OP_UARRAY_DIR:
            case VCODE_OP_UARRAY_LEFT:
            case VCODE_OP_UARRAY_RIGHT:
            case VCODE_OP_UNWRAP:
            case VCODE_OP_NULL:
            case VCODE_OP_ADDRESS_OF:
            case VCODE_OP_RANGE_NULL:
            case VCODE_OP_RANGE_LENGTH:
            case VCODE_OP_DEBUG_LOCUS:
            case VCODE_OP_SELECT:
            case VCODE_OP_CAST:
            case VCODE_OP_RESOLVED:
            case VCODE_OP_TRAP_ADD:
            case VCODE_OP_TRAP_SUB:
            case VCODE_OP_TRAP_MUL:
            case VCODE_OP_TRAP_EXP:
            case VCODE_OP_ALLOC:
            case VCODE_OP_FUNCTION_TRIGGER:
            case VCODE_OP_CMP_TRIGGER:
            case VCODE_OP_OR_TRIGGER:
               if (uses[o->result] == -1) {
                  vcode_dump_with_mark(j, NULL, NULL);
                  fatal_trace("definition of r%d does not dominate all uses",
                              o->result);
               }
               else if (uses[o->result] == 0) {
                  if (false DEBUG_ONLY(|| o->kind != VCODE_OP_CONST)) {
                     o->comment = xasprintf("Dead %s definition of r%d",
                                            vcode_op_string(o->kind),
                                            o->result);
                     o->kind = VCODE_OP_COMMENT;
                  }
                  else
                     o->kind = (vcode_op_t)-1;
                  vcode_reg_array_resize(&(o->args), 0, VCODE_INVALID_REG);
                  pruned++;
               }
               uses[o->result] = -1;
               break;

            default:
               break;
            }

            for (int k = 0; k < o->args.count; k++) {
               if (o->args.items[k] != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
                  uses[o->args.items[k]]++;
            }
         }
      }
   } while (pruned > 0);

   for (int i = active_unit->blocks.count - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      block_t *b = &(active_unit->blocks.items[i]);
      op_t *dst = &(b->ops.items[0]);
      size_t copied = 0;
      for (int j = 0; j < b->ops.count; j++) {
         const op_t *src = &(b->ops.items[j]);
         if (src->kind != (vcode_op_t)-1) {
            if (src != dst) {
               assert(dst < src);
               *dst = *src;
            }
            dst++;
            copied++;
         }
      }

      assert(copied <= b->ops.count);
      b->ops.count = copied;
   }
}

void vcode_close(void)
{
   active_unit  = NULL;
   active_block = -1;
}

int vcode_count_blocks(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   return active_unit->blocks.count;
}

int vcode_count_ops(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   assert(active_block != VCODE_INVALID_BLOCK);
   return active_unit->blocks.items[active_block].ops.count;
}

int vcode_count_vars(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   return active_unit->vars.count;
}

vcode_var_t vcode_find_var(ident_t name)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   for (int i = 0; i < active_unit->vars.count; i++) {
      if (active_unit->vars.items[i].name == name)
         return i;
   }

   return VCODE_INVALID_VAR;
}

ident_t vcode_var_name(vcode_var_t var)
{
   return vcode_var_data(var)->name;
}

vcode_type_t vcode_var_type(vcode_var_t var)
{
   return vcode_var_data(var)->type;
}

vcode_type_t vcode_var_bounds(vcode_var_t var)
{
   return vcode_var_data(var)->bounds;
}

vcode_var_flags_t vcode_var_flags(vcode_var_t var)
{
   return vcode_var_data(var)->flags;
}

vcode_op_t vcode_get_op(int op)
{
   return vcode_op_data(op)->kind;
}

ident_t vcode_get_func(int op)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   assert(OP_HAS_FUNC(o->kind));
   return o->func;
}

ident_t vcode_get_ident(int op)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   assert(OP_HAS_IDENT(o->kind));
   return o->ident;
}

object_t *vcode_get_object(int op)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   assert(OP_HAS_IDENT(o->kind));
   return o->object;
}

int64_t vcode_get_value(int op)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   assert(OP_HAS_VALUE(o->kind));
   return o->value;
}

double vcode_get_real(int op)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   assert(OP_HAS_REAL(o->kind));
   return o->real;
}

vcode_var_t vcode_get_address(int op)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   assert(OP_HAS_ADDRESS(o->kind));
   return o->address;
}

unsigned vcode_get_dim(int op)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   assert(OP_HAS_DIM(o->kind));
   return o->dim;
}

int vcode_get_hops(int op)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   assert(OP_HAS_HOPS(o->kind));
   return o->hops;
}

int vcode_get_field(int op)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   assert(OP_HAS_FIELD(o->kind));
   return o->field;
}

vcode_var_t vcode_get_type(int op)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   assert(OP_HAS_TYPE(o->kind));
   return o->type;
}

int vcode_count_args(int op)
{
   return vcode_op_data(op)->args.count;
}

vcode_reg_t vcode_get_arg(int op, int arg)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   return vcode_reg_array_nth(&(o->args), arg);
}

vcode_reg_t vcode_get_result(int op)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   return o->result;
}

vcode_cmp_t vcode_get_cmp(int op)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   assert(OP_HAS_CMP(o->kind));
   return o->cmp;
}

uint32_t vcode_get_tag(int op)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   assert(OP_HAS_TAG(o->kind));
   return o->tag;
}

const loc_t *vcode_get_loc(int op)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   return &(o->loc);
}

vcode_block_t vcode_get_target(int op, int nth)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_op_data(op);
   assert(OP_HAS_TARGET(o->kind));
   return vcode_block_array_nth(&(o->targets), nth);
}

bool vcode_block_empty(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   assert(active_block != VCODE_INVALID_BLOCK);

   return active_unit->blocks.items[active_block].ops.count == 0;
}

bool vcode_block_finished(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   assert(active_block != VCODE_INVALID_BLOCK);

   const block_t *b = &(active_unit->blocks.items[active_block]);
   if (b->ops.count == 0)
      return false;
   else {
      vcode_op_t kind = b->ops.items[b->ops.count - 1].kind;
      return kind == VCODE_OP_WAIT || kind == VCODE_OP_JUMP
         || kind == VCODE_OP_COND || kind == VCODE_OP_PCALL
         || kind == VCODE_OP_RETURN || kind == VCODE_OP_CASE
         || kind == VCODE_OP_UNREACHABLE;
   }
}

const char *vcode_op_string(vcode_op_t op)
{
   static const char *strs[] = {
      "cmp", "fcall", "wait", "const", "assert", "jump", "load", "store",
      "mul", "add", "comment", "const array", "index", "sub", "cast",
      "load indirect", "store indirect", "return", "sched waveform",
      "cond", "report", "div", "neg", "exp", "abs", "mod", "rem", "alloc",
      "select", "or", "wrap", "uarray left", "uarray right", "uarray dir",
      "unwrap", "not", "and", "event", "active", "const record", "record ref",
      "copy", "sched event", "pcall", "resume", "xor", "xnor", "nand", "nor",
      "memset", "case", "file open", "file write",
      "file read", "null", "new", "null check", "deallocate", "all",
      "const real", "last event", "debug out", "cover stmt", "cover branch",
      "cover toggle", "cover expr", "cover state", "uarray len", "undefined",
      "range null", "var upref", "resolved", "last value", "init signal",
      "map signal", "drive signal", "link var", "resolution wrapper",
      "last active", "driving", "driving value", "address of", "closure",
      "protected init", "context upref", "const rep", "protected free",
      "implicit signal", "disconnect", "link package",
      "index check", "debug locus", "length check", "range check", "array ref",
      "range length", "exponent check", "zero check", "map const",
      "resolve signal", "package scope", "pop scope", "alias signal",
      "trap add", "trap sub", "trap mul", "force", "release",
      "unreachable", "package init", "trap neg", "process init", "clear event",
      "trap exp", "enter state", "reflect value", "reflect subtype",
      "function trigger", "add trigger", "transfer signal",
      "port conversion", "convert in", "convert out", "bind foreign",
      "or trigger", "cmp trigger", "instance name",
      "map implicit", "bind external", "array scope", "record scope", "syscall",
      "put conversion", "dir check", "sched process",
   };
   if ((unsigned)op >= ARRAY_LEN(strs))
      return "???";
   else
      return strs[op];
}

LCOV_EXCL_START
static int vcode_dump_reg(vcode_reg_t reg)
{
   if (reg == VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      return color_printf("$red$invalid$$");
   else
      return color_printf("$green$r%d$$", reg);
}

static int vcode_pretty_print_int(int64_t n)
{
   if (n == INT64_MAX)
      return printf("2^63-1");
   else if (n == INT64_MIN)
      return printf("-2^63");
   else if (n == INT32_MAX)
      return printf("2^31-1");
   else if (n == INT32_MIN)
      return printf("-2^31");
   else
      return printf("%"PRIi64, n);
}

static int vcode_dump_one_type(vcode_type_t type)
{
   int col = 0;
   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
   switch (vt->kind) {
   case VCODE_TYPE_INT:
      if (vt->low != vt->high) {
         col += vcode_pretty_print_int(vt->low);
         col += printf("..");
         col += vcode_pretty_print_int(vt->high);
      }
      else
         col += vcode_pretty_print_int(vt->low);
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_REAL:
      if (vt->rlow == -DBL_MAX && vt->rhigh == DBL_MAX)
         col += printf("%%");
      else if (vt->rlow == vt->rhigh)
         col += printf("%f", vt->rlow);
      else
         col += printf("%f..%f", vt->rlow, vt->rhigh);
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY:
      {
         col += printf("[%u] : ", vt->size);
         col += vcode_dump_one_type(vt->elem);
         if (!vtype_eq(vt->elem, vt->bounds)) {
            col += printf(" => ");
            col += vcode_dump_one_type(vt->bounds);
         }
      }
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY:
      {
         col += printf("[");
         for (unsigned i = 0; i < vt->dims; i++)
            col += printf("%s*", i > 0 ? ", " : "");
         col += printf("] : ");
         col += vcode_dump_one_type(vt->elem);
         if (!vtype_eq(vt->elem, vt->bounds)) {
            col += printf(" => ");
            col += vcode_dump_one_type(vt->bounds);
         }
      }
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_POINTER:
      col += printf("@<");
      col += vcode_dump_one_type(vt->pointed);
      col += printf(">");
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS:
      col += printf("A<");
      col += vcode_dump_one_type(vt->pointed);
      col += printf(">");
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL:
      col += printf("$<");
      col += vcode_dump_one_type(vt->base);
      col += printf(">");
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET:
      col += printf("#");
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_RECORD:
      col += printf("%s{}", istr(vt->name));
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_FILE:
      col += printf("F<");
      col += vcode_dump_one_type(vt->base);
      col += printf(">");
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_OPAQUE:
      col += printf("?");
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_RESOLUTION:
      col += printf("R<");
      col += vcode_dump_one_type(vt->base);
      col += printf(">");
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_CLOSURE:
      col += printf("C<");
      col += vcode_dump_one_type(vt->base);
      col += printf(">");
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT:
      col += printf("P<%s>", istr(vt->name));
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS:
      col += printf("D<>");
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_TRIGGER:
      col += printf("T<>");
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_CONVERSION:
      col += printf("X<>");
      break;
   }

   return col;
}

static void vcode_dump_tab(int col, int to_col)
{
   if (col >= to_col)
      printf(" ");
   else {
      while (col < to_col)
         col += printf(" ");
   }
}

static void vcode_dump_comment(int col)
{
   vcode_dump_tab(col, 40);
   color_printf("$cyan$// ");
}

static void vcode_dump_type(int col, vcode_type_t type, vcode_type_t bounds)
{
   vcode_dump_comment(col);
   vcode_dump_one_type(type);
   if (!vtype_eq(type, bounds)) {
      printf(" => ");
      vcode_dump_one_type(bounds);
   }
}

static void vcode_dump_result_type(int col, const op_t *op)
{
   if (op->result != VCODE_INVALID_REG) {
      reg_t *r = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
      vcode_dump_type(col, r->type, r->bounds);
   }
}

static int vcode_dump_var(vcode_var_t var, int hops)
{
   vcode_unit_t owner = active_unit;
   while (owner && hops--)
      owner = owner->context;

   if (owner == NULL || var >= owner->vars.count)
      return color_printf("$red$invalid$$");
   else {
      var_t *v = var_array_nth_ptr(&(owner->vars), var);
      return color_printf("$magenta$%s$$", istr(v->name));
   }
}

void vcode_dump_with_mark(int mark_op, vcode_dump_fn_t callback, void *arg)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   const vcode_unit_t vu = active_unit;
   vcode_block_t old_block = active_block;

   printf("\n");
   if (vu->name != NULL)
      color_printf("Name       $cyan$%s$$\n", istr(vu->name));
   color_printf("Kind       $cyan$");
   switch (vu->kind) {
   case VCODE_UNIT_PROCESS:   printf("process"); break;
   case VCODE_UNIT_FUNCTION:  printf("function"); break;
   case VCODE_UNIT_PROCEDURE: printf("procedure"); break;
   case VCODE_UNIT_INSTANCE:  printf("instance"); break;
   case VCODE_UNIT_THUNK:     printf("thunk"); break;
   case VCODE_UNIT_PACKAGE:   printf("package"); break;
   case VCODE_UNIT_PROTECTED: printf("protected"); break;
   case VCODE_UNIT_PROPERTY:  printf("property"); break;
   }
   color_printf("$$\n");
   if (vu->context != NULL)
      color_printf("Context    $cyan$%s$$\n", istr(vu->context->name));
   printf("Blocks     %d\n", vu->blocks.count);
   printf("Registers  %d\n", vu->regs.count);
   printf("Types      %d\n", vu->types.count);

   for (int i = 0; i < vu->types.count; i++) {
      const vtype_t *t = &(vu->types.items[i]);
      if (t->kind == VCODE_TYPE_RECORD) {
         int col = 0;
         col += color_printf("  $magenta$%s$$", istr(t->name));
         vcode_dump_tab(col, 40);
         color_printf("$cyan${");
         for (unsigned i = 0; i < t->fields.count; i++) {
            if (i > 0)
               printf(", ");
            vcode_dump_one_type(t->fields.items[i]);
         }
         color_printf("}$$\n");
      }
   }

   printf("Variables  %d\n", vu->vars.count);

   for (int i = 0; i < vu->vars.count; i++) {
      const var_t *v = &(vu->vars.items[i]);
      int col = printf("  ");
      col += color_printf("$magenta$%s$$", istr(v->name));
      vcode_dump_type(col, v->type, v->bounds);
      if (v->flags & VAR_SIGNAL)
         col += printf(", signal");
      if (v->flags & VAR_HEAP)
         col += printf(", heap");
      if (v->flags & VAR_CONST)
         col += printf(", constant");
      if (v->flags & VAR_TEMP)
         col += printf(", temp");
      color_printf("$$\n");
   }

   if (vu->result != VCODE_INVALID_TYPE) {
      color_printf("Result     $cyan$");
      vcode_dump_one_type(vu->result);
      color_printf("$$\n");
   }

   if (vu->kind == VCODE_UNIT_FUNCTION
       || vu->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROCEDURE
       || vu->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROPERTY
       || (vu->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROTECTED && vu->params.count > 0)) {

      printf("Parameters %d\n", vu->params.count);

      for (size_t i = 0; i < vu->params.count; i++) {
         const param_t *p = &(vu->params.items[i]);
         int col = printf("  ");
         col += vcode_dump_reg(p->reg);
         while (col < 8)
            col += printf(" ");
         col += color_printf("$magenta$%s$$", istr(p->name));
         vcode_dump_type(col, p->type, p->bounds);
         color_printf("$$\n");
      }
   }

   printf("Begin\n");
   for (int i = 0; i < vu->blocks.count; i++) {
      active_block = i;
      const block_t *b = &(vu->blocks.items[i]);
      for (int j = 0; j < b->ops.count; j++) {
         int col = 0;
         if (j == 0)
            col += color_printf("  $yellow$%2d:$$ ", i);
         else
            col += printf("      ");

         const op_t *op = &(b->ops.items[j]);
         switch (op->kind) {
         case VCODE_OP_CMP:
            {
               vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               switch (op->cmp) {
               case VCODE_CMP_EQ:  printf(" == "); break;
               case VCODE_CMP_NEQ: printf(" != "); break;
               case VCODE_CMP_LT:  printf(" < "); break;
               case VCODE_CMP_GT:  printf(" > "); break;
               case VCODE_CMP_LEQ: printf(" <= "); break;
               case VCODE_CMP_GEQ: printf(" >= "); break;
               }
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_CONST:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s %"PRIi64"",
                             vcode_op_string(op->kind),
                             op->value);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_CONST_REAL:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s %g",
                             vcode_op_string(op->kind),
                             op->real);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_ALLOC:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_FCALL:
            {
               if (op->result != VCODE_INVALID_REG) {
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
                  col += printf(" := ");
               }
               col += color_printf("%s $magenta$%s$$ ",
                                   vcode_op_string(op->kind),
                                   istr(op->func));
               for (int i = 0; i < op->args.count; i++) {
                  if (i > 0)
                     col += printf(", ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[i]);
               }
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_SYSCALL:
            {
               if (op->result != VCODE_INVALID_REG) {
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
                  col += printf(" := ");
               }
               col += color_printf("%s $magenta$%s$$ ",
                                   vcode_op_string(op->kind),
                                   istr(op->func));
               for (int i = 1; i < op->args.count; i++) {
                  if (i > 1) col += printf(", ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[i]);
               }
               if (op->args.count > 1) col += printf(" ");
               col += color_printf("locus ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_MAP_CONST:
         case VCODE_OP_MAP_SIGNAL:
         case VCODE_OP_MAP_IMPLICIT:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" to ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               printf(" count ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_DRIVE_SIGNAL:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" count ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_TRANSFER_SIGNAL:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" to ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               printf(" count ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               printf(" reject ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[3]);
               printf(" after ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[4]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_RESOLVE_SIGNAL:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" resolution ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_PACKAGE_SCOPE:
         case VCODE_OP_ARRAY_SCOPE:
         case VCODE_OP_RECORD_SCOPE:
            {
               col += printf("%s locus ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               vcode_dump_type(col, op->type, op->type);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_POP_SCOPE:
            {
               printf("%s", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_INIT_SIGNAL:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := ");
               col += printf("%s count ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" size ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               col += printf(" value ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               col += printf(" flags ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[3]);
               col += printf(" locus ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[4]);
               if (op->args.count > 5) {
                  col += printf(" offset ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[5]);
               }
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_IMPLICIT_SIGNAL:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s count ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" size ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               col += printf(" locus ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               col += printf(" kind ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[3]);
               col += printf(" closure ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[4]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_RESOLUTION_WRAPPER:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += color_printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" nlits ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_CLOSURE:
         case VCODE_OP_PROTECTED_INIT:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += color_printf(" := %s $magenta$%s$$ context ",
                                   vcode_op_string(op->kind), istr(op->func));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               if (op->args.count >= 3) {
                  col += printf(" path " );
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
                  col += printf(" instance " );
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               }
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_PACKAGE_INIT:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += color_printf(" := %s $magenta$%s$$",
                                   vcode_op_string(op->kind), istr(op->func));
               if (op->args.count > 0) {
                  col += printf(" context " );
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               }
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_PROCESS_INIT:
            {
               color_printf("%s $magenta$%s$$ locus ",
                            vcode_op_string(op->kind), istr(op->func));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_PROTECTED_FREE:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_WAIT:
            {
               color_printf("%s $yellow$%d$$", vcode_op_string(op->kind),
                            op->targets.items[0]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_SCHED_PROCESS:
            {
               color_printf("%s after ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_JUMP:
            {
               color_printf("%s $yellow$%d$$", vcode_op_string(op->kind),
                            op->targets.items[0]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_COND:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               color_printf(" then $yellow$%d$$ else $yellow$%d$$",
                            op->targets.items[0], op->targets.items[1]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_ASSERT:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               if (op->args.items[2] != VCODE_INVALID_REG) {
                  printf(" report ");
                  vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
                  printf(" length ");
                  vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[3]);
               }
               printf(" severity ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               printf(" locus ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[4]);
               if (op->args.count > 5) {
                  printf(" hint ");
                  vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[5]);
                  printf(" ");
                  vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[6]);
               }
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_REPORT:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               printf(" length ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               printf(" severity ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" locus ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[3]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_LOAD:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_var(op->address, 0);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_LOAD_INDIRECT:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += color_printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_STORE:
            {
               vcode_dump_var(op->address, 0);
               printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_STORE_INDIRECT:
            {
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_INDEX:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_var(op->address, 0);
               if (op->args.count > 0) {
                  col += printf(" + ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               }
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_MUL:
         case VCODE_OP_ADD:
         case VCODE_OP_SUB:
         case VCODE_OP_DIV:
         case VCODE_OP_EXP:
         case VCODE_OP_MOD:
         case VCODE_OP_REM:
         case VCODE_OP_OR:
         case VCODE_OP_AND:
         case VCODE_OP_XOR:
         case VCODE_OP_XNOR:
         case VCODE_OP_NAND:
         case VCODE_OP_NOR:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               switch (op->kind) {
               case VCODE_OP_MUL:  col += printf(" * "); break;
               case VCODE_OP_ADD:  col += printf(" + "); break;
               case VCODE_OP_SUB:  col += printf(" - "); break;
               case VCODE_OP_DIV:  col += printf(" / "); break;
               case VCODE_OP_EXP:  col += printf(" ** "); break;
               case VCODE_OP_MOD:  col += printf(" %% "); break;
               case VCODE_OP_REM:  col += printf(" %% "); break;
               case VCODE_OP_OR:   col += printf(" || "); break;
               case VCODE_OP_AND:  col += printf(" && "); break;
               case VCODE_OP_XOR:  col += printf(" ^ "); break;
               case VCODE_OP_XNOR: col += printf(" !^ "); break;
               case VCODE_OP_NAND: col += printf(" !& "); break;
               case VCODE_OP_NOR:  col += printf(" !| "); break;
               default: break;
               }
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_TRAP_ADD:
         case VCODE_OP_TRAP_SUB:
         case VCODE_OP_TRAP_MUL:
         case VCODE_OP_TRAP_EXP:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               switch (op->kind) {
               case VCODE_OP_TRAP_ADD: col += printf(" + "); break;
               case VCODE_OP_TRAP_SUB: col += printf(" - "); break;
               case VCODE_OP_TRAP_MUL: col += printf(" * "); break;
               case VCODE_OP_TRAP_EXP: col += printf(" ** "); break;
               default: break;
               }
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               col += printf(" locus ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_NOT:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_COMMENT:
            {
               color_printf("$cyan$// %s$$ ", op->comment);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_CONST_ARRAY:
         case VCODE_OP_CONST_RECORD:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := const %c",
                             op->kind == VCODE_OP_CONST_ARRAY ? '[' : '{');
               for (int k = 0; k < op->args.count; k++) {
                  if (k > 0)
                     col += printf(",");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[k]);
               }

               putchar(op->kind == VCODE_OP_CONST_ARRAY ? ']' : '}');
               vcode_dump_result_type(col + 1, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_CONST_REP:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := const [");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf("]*%"PRIi64, op->value);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_ADDRESS_OF:
         case VCODE_OP_CAST:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_RETURN:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               if (op->args.count > 0)
                  vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_SCHED_WAVEFORM:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" count ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               printf(" values ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               printf(" reject ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[3]);
               printf(" after ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[4]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_FORCE:
         case VCODE_OP_RELEASE:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" count ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               if (op->args.count > 2) {
                  printf(" values ");
                  vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               }
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_DISCONNECT:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" count ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               printf(" reject ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               printf(" after ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[3]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_NEG:
         case VCODE_OP_TRAP_NEG:
         case VCODE_OP_ABS:
         case VCODE_OP_RESOLVED:
         case VCODE_OP_LAST_VALUE:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               if (op->args.count > 1) {
                  col += printf(" locus ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               }
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_SELECT:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" then ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               col += printf(" else ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_WRAP:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" [");
               for (int i = 1; i < op->args.count; i += 3) {
                  if (i > 1)
                     col += printf(", ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[i + 0]);
                  col += printf(" ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[i + 1]);
                  col += printf(" ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[i + 2]);
               }
               col += printf("]");
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_UARRAY_LEFT:
         case VCODE_OP_UARRAY_RIGHT:
         case VCODE_OP_UARRAY_DIR:
         case VCODE_OP_UARRAY_LEN:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" dim %d", op->dim);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_UNWRAP:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_VAR_UPREF:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s %d, ", vcode_op_string(op->kind),
                             op->hops);
               col += vcode_dump_var(op->address, op->hops);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_CONTEXT_UPREF:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s %d", vcode_op_string(op->kind), op->hops);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_ACTIVE:
         case VCODE_OP_EVENT:
         case VCODE_OP_DRIVING:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" length ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_RECORD_REF:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" field %d", op->field);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_ARRAY_REF:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" offset ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_COPY:
            {
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               if (op->args.count > 2) {
                  printf(" count " );
                  vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               }
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_SCHED_EVENT:
         case VCODE_OP_CLEAR_EVENT:
            {
               printf("%s on ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" count ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_PCALL:
            {
               color_printf("%s $magenta$%s$$", vcode_op_string(op->kind),
                            istr(op->func));
               for (int i = 0; i < op->args.count; i++) {
                  printf("%s", i > 0 ? ", " : " ");
                  vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[i]);
               }
               if (op->targets.count > 0)
                  color_printf(" resume $yellow$%d$$", op->targets.items[0]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_RESUME:
            {
               color_printf("%s $magenta$%s$$", vcode_op_string(op->kind),
                            istr(op->func));
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_MEMSET:
            {
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               printf(" length ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_CASE:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               color_printf(" default $yellow$%d$$", op->targets.items[0]);
               for (int i = 1; i < op->args.count; i++) {
                  printf(" [");
                  vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[i]);
                  color_printf(" $yellow$%d$$]", op->targets.items[i]);
               }
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_FILE_OPEN:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" name ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               printf(" length ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               printf(" kind ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[3]);
               if (op->args.count == 5) {
                  printf(" status ");
                  vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[4]);
               }
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_FILE_WRITE:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" value ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               if (op->args.count == 3) {
                  printf(" length ");
                  vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               }
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_FILE_READ:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" ptr ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               if (op->args.count >= 3) {
                  printf(" inlen ");
                  vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
                  if (op->args.count >= 4) {
                     printf(" outlen ");
                     vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[3]);
                  }
               }
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_NULL:
         case VCODE_OP_NEW:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               if (op->args.count == 1) {
                  col += printf(" length ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               }
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_NULL_CHECK:
            {
               col += printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" locus ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_DEALLOCATE:
            {
               col += printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_ALL:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_LAST_EVENT:
         case VCODE_OP_LAST_ACTIVE:
         case VCODE_OP_DRIVING_VALUE:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               if (op->args.count > 1) {
                  col += printf(" length ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               }
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_ALIAS_SIGNAL:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" locus ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_LENGTH_CHECK:
            {
               col += printf("%s left ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" == right ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               col += printf(" locus ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               if (op->args.count > 3) {
                  col += printf(" dim ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[3]);
               }
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_EXPONENT_CHECK:
         case VCODE_OP_ZERO_CHECK:
            {
               col += printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" locus ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_INDEX_CHECK:
         case VCODE_OP_RANGE_CHECK:
            {
               col += printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" left ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               col += printf(" right ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               col += printf(" dir ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[3]);
               col += printf(" locus ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[4]);
               if (op->args.items[5] != op->args.items[4]) {
                  col += printf(" hint ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[5]);
               }
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_DIR_CHECK:
            {
               col += printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" == ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               col += printf(" locus ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_DEBUG_OUT:
            {
               col += printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_COVER_STMT:
         case VCODE_OP_COVER_BRANCH:
         case VCODE_OP_COVER_EXPR:
            {
               printf("%s %u ", vcode_op_string(op->kind), op->tag);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_COVER_TOGGLE:
         case VCODE_OP_COVER_STATE:
            {
               printf("%s %u ", vcode_op_string(op->kind), op->tag);
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_UNDEFINED:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_RANGE_LENGTH:
         case VCODE_OP_RANGE_NULL:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s left ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" right ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               col += printf(" dir ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_LINK_PACKAGE:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += color_printf(" := %s $magenta$%s$$",
                                   vcode_op_string(op->kind), istr(op->ident));
               if (op->args.count > 0) {
                  col += printf(" locus ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               }
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_LINK_VAR:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += color_printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += color_printf(" $magenta$%s$$", istr(op->ident));
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_UNREACHABLE:
            {
               printf("%s", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               if (op->args.count > 0) {
                  printf(" ");
                  vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               }
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_DEBUG_LOCUS:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += color_printf(" := %s $magenta$",
                                   vcode_op_string(op->kind));

               tree_t t = tree_from_object(op->object);
               if (t != NULL)
                  col += printf("%s@", tree_kind_str(tree_kind(t)));

               col += color_printf("%p$$", op->object);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_ENTER_STATE:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               if (op->args.count > 1) {
                  printf(" strong ");
                  vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               }
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_REFLECT_VALUE:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" context ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               col += printf(" locus ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               if (op->args.count > 3) {
                  col += printf(" bounds ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[3]);
               }
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_REFLECT_SUBTYPE:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += printf(" := %s context ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += printf(" locus ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               if (op->args.count > 2) {
                  col += printf(" bounds ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               }
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_FUNCTION_TRIGGER:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += color_printf(" := %s $magenta$%s$$ ",
                                   vcode_op_string(op->kind), istr(op->func));
               for (int i = 0; i < op->args.count; i++) {
                  if (i > 0) col += printf(", ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[i]);
               }
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_OR_TRIGGER:
         case VCODE_OP_CMP_TRIGGER:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += color_printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               if (op->kind == VCODE_OP_OR_TRIGGER)
                  col += printf(" || ");
               else
                  col += printf(" == ");
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_ADD_TRIGGER:
            {
               printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_PUT_CONVERSION:
            {
               color_printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" signal ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               printf(" count ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
               printf(" values ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[3]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_PORT_CONVERSION:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += color_printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               if (op->args.count > 1) {
                  col += printf(" effective ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               }
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_CONVERT_IN:
         case VCODE_OP_CONVERT_OUT:
            {
               color_printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" signal ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               printf(" count ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[2]);
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_BIND_FOREIGN:
            {
               color_printf("%s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               printf(" length ");
               vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               if (op->args.count > 2) {
                  printf(" locus ");
                  vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[1]);
               }
            }
            break;

         case VCODE_OP_INSTANCE_NAME:
         case VCODE_OP_BIND_EXTERNAL:
            {
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->result);
               col += color_printf(" := %s ", vcode_op_string(op->kind));
               col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[0]);
               col += color_printf(" scope $magenta$%s$$ ", istr(op->ident));
               for (int i = 1; i < op->args.count; i++) {
                  if (i > 1) col += printf(", ");
                  col += vcode_dump_reg(op->args.items[i]);
               }
               vcode_dump_result_type(col, op);
            }
            break;
         }

         if (j == mark_op && i == old_block)
            color_printf("\t $red$<----$$");

         color_printf("$$\n");

         if (callback != NULL)
            (*callback)(j, arg);
      }

      if (b->ops.count == 0)
         color_printf("  $yellow$%2d:$$ $red$Empty basic block$$\n", i);
   }

   printf("\n");
   fflush(stdout);

   active_block = old_block;
}
LCOV_EXCL_STOP

static inline bool vtype_eq_internal(const vtype_t *at, const vtype_t *bt)
{
   if (at->kind != bt->kind)
      return false;

   switch (at->kind) {
   case VCODE_TYPE_INT:
      return (at->low == bt->low) && (at->high == bt->high);
   case VCODE_TYPE_REAL:
      return (at->rlow == bt->rlow) && (at->rhigh == bt->rhigh);
   case VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY:
      return at->size == bt->size && vtype_eq(at->elem, bt->elem);
   case VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY:
      return at->dims == bt->dims && vtype_eq(at->elem, bt->elem);
   case VCODE_TYPE_POINTER:
   case VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS:
      return vtype_eq(at->pointed, bt->pointed);
   case VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET:
   case VCODE_TYPE_OPAQUE:
   case VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS:
   case VCODE_TYPE_TRIGGER:
   case VCODE_TYPE_CONVERSION:
      return true;
   case VCODE_TYPE_RESOLUTION:
   case VCODE_TYPE_CLOSURE:
   case VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL:
   case VCODE_TYPE_FILE:
      return vtype_eq(at->base, bt->base);
   case VCODE_TYPE_RECORD:
   case VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT:
      return at->name == bt->name;
   default:
      should_not_reach_here();
   }
}

bool vtype_eq(vcode_type_t a, vcode_type_t b)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   if (a == b)
      return true;
   else if (MASK_CONTEXT(a) == MASK_CONTEXT(b))
      return false;   // Guaranteed by vtype_new
   else {
      const vtype_t *at = vcode_type_data(a);
      const vtype_t *bt = vcode_type_data(b);

      return vtype_eq_internal(at, bt);
   }
}

void vcode_dump(void)
{
   vcode_dump_with_mark(-1, NULL, NULL);
}

static vcode_type_t vtype_new(vtype_t *new)
{
   const int index = active_unit->types.count - 1;

   for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
      const vtype_t *cmp = vtype_array_nth_ptr(&(active_unit->types), i);
      if (vtype_eq_internal(new, cmp)) {
         active_unit->types.count--;
         return MAKE_HANDLE(active_unit->depth, i);
      }
   }

   return MAKE_HANDLE(active_unit->depth, index);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_int(int64_t low, int64_t high)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   n->kind = VCODE_TYPE_INT;
   n->low  = low;
   n->high = high;

   switch (bits_for_range(low, high)) {
   case 64:
      n->repr = low < 0 ? VCODE_REPR_I64 : VCODE_REPR_U64;
      break;
   case 32:
      n->repr = low < 0 ? VCODE_REPR_I32 : VCODE_REPR_U32;
      break;
   case 16:
      n->repr = low < 0 ? VCODE_REPR_I16 : VCODE_REPR_U16;
      break;
   case 8:
      n->repr = low < 0 ? VCODE_REPR_I8 : VCODE_REPR_U8;
      break;
   case 1:
      n->repr = VCODE_REPR_U1;
      break;
   case 0:
      n->repr = VCODE_REPR_I64;    // Null range
      break;
   default:
      fatal_trace("cannot represent %"PRIi64"..%"PRIi64, low, high);
   }

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_bool(void)
{
   return vtype_int(0, 1);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_carray(int size, vcode_type_t elem, vcode_type_t bounds)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   const vtype_kind_t ekind = vtype_kind(elem);
   VCODE_ASSERT(ekind != VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY && ekind != VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY,
                "array types may not be nested");

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   memset(n, '\0', sizeof(vtype_t));
   n->kind   = VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY;
   n->elem   = elem;
   n->bounds = bounds;
   n->size   = MAX(size, 0);

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_find_named_record(ident_t name)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   for (int i = 0; i < active_unit->types.count; i++) {
      vtype_t *other = &(active_unit->types.items[i]);
      if (other->kind == VCODE_TYPE_RECORD && other->name == name)
         return MAKE_HANDLE(active_unit->depth, i);
   }

   return VCODE_INVALID_TYPE;
}

vcode_type_t vtype_named_record(ident_t name, const vcode_type_t *field_types,
                                int nfields)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vtype_t *data = NULL;
   vcode_type_t handle = vtype_find_named_record(name);
   if (handle == VCODE_INVALID_TYPE) {
      data = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
      memset(data, '\0', sizeof(vtype_t));
      data->kind = VCODE_TYPE_RECORD;
      data->name = name;

      handle = vtype_new(data);
   }
   else {
      data = vcode_type_data(handle);
      VCODE_ASSERT(data->fields.count == 0,
                    "record type %s already defined", istr(name));
   }

   vcode_type_array_resize(&(data->fields), 0, VCODE_INVALID_TYPE);
   for (int i = 0; i < nfields; i++)
      vcode_type_array_add(&(data->fields), field_types[i]);

   return handle;
}

vcode_type_t vtype_uarray(int ndim, vcode_type_t elem, vcode_type_t bounds)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   const vtype_kind_t ekind = vtype_kind(elem);
   VCODE_ASSERT(ekind != VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY && ekind != VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY,
                "array types may not be nested");

   VCODE_ASSERT(ndim > 0, "uarray must have at least one dimension");

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   memset(n, '\0', sizeof(vtype_t));
   n->kind   = VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY;
   n->elem   = elem;
   n->bounds = bounds;
   n->dims   = ndim;

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_pointer(vcode_type_t to)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   n->kind    = VCODE_TYPE_POINTER;
   n->pointed = to;

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(to) != VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY,
                "cannot get pointer to carray type");

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_access(vcode_type_t to)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   n->kind    = VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS;
   n->pointed = to;

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_signal(vcode_type_t base)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   n->kind = VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL;
   n->base = base;

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_scalar(base), "signal base type must be scalar");

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_resolution(vcode_type_t base)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   n->kind = VCODE_TYPE_RESOLUTION;
   n->base = base;

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_closure(vcode_type_t result)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   n->kind = VCODE_TYPE_CLOSURE;
   n->base = result;

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_context(ident_t name)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   assert(name != NULL);

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   n->kind = VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT;
   n->name = name;

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_file(vcode_type_t base)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   n->kind = VCODE_TYPE_FILE;
   n->base = base;

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_offset(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   n->kind = VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET;
   n->low  = INT64_MIN;
   n->high = INT64_MAX;
   n->repr = VCODE_REPR_I64;

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_time(void)
{
   return vtype_int(INT64_MIN, INT64_MAX);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_char(void)
{
   return vtype_int(0, 255);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_opaque(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   n->kind = VCODE_TYPE_OPAQUE;

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_debug_locus(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   n->kind = VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS;

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_trigger(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   n->kind = VCODE_TYPE_TRIGGER;

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_conversion(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   n->kind = VCODE_TYPE_CONVERSION;

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vcode_type_t vtype_real(double low, double high)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vtype_t *n = vtype_array_alloc(&(active_unit->types));
   n->kind  = VCODE_TYPE_REAL;
   n->rlow  = low;
   n->rhigh = high;

   return vtype_new(n);
}

vtype_kind_t vtype_kind(vcode_type_t type)
{
   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
   return vt->kind;
}

vtype_repr_t vtype_repr(vcode_type_t type)
{
   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
   assert(vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_INT || vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET);
   return vt->repr;
}

vcode_type_t vtype_elem(vcode_type_t type)
{
   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
   assert(vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY || vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY);
   return vt->elem;
}

vcode_type_t vtype_base(vcode_type_t type)
{
   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
   assert(vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL || vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_FILE
          || vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_RESOLUTION
          || vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_CLOSURE);
   return vt->base;
}

vcode_type_t vtype_bounds(vcode_type_t type)
{
   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
   assert(vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY || vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY);
   return vt->bounds;
}

unsigned vtype_dims(vcode_type_t type)
{
   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
   assert(vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY);
   return vt->dims;
}

unsigned vtype_size(vcode_type_t type)
{
   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
   assert(vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY);
   return vt->size;
}

int vtype_fields(vcode_type_t type)
{
   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
   assert(vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_RECORD);
   return vt->fields.count;
}

vcode_type_t vtype_field(vcode_type_t type, int field)
{
   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
   assert(vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_RECORD);
   return vcode_type_array_nth(&(vt->fields), field);
}

ident_t vtype_name(vcode_type_t type)
{
   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
   assert(vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_RECORD || vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT);
   return vt->name;
}

vcode_type_t vtype_pointed(vcode_type_t type)
{
   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
   assert(vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER || vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS);
   return vt->pointed;
}

int64_t vtype_low(vcode_type_t type)
{
   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
   assert(vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_INT || vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET);
   return vt->low;
}

int64_t vtype_high(vcode_type_t type)
{
   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
   assert(vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_INT || vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET);
   return vt->high;
}

static bool vtype_is_pointer(vcode_type_t type, vtype_kind_t to)
{
   return vtype_kind(type) == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER
      && vtype_kind(vtype_pointed(type)) == to;
}

bool vtype_is_scalar(vcode_type_t type)
{
   const vtype_kind_t kind = vtype_kind(type);
   return kind == VCODE_TYPE_INT || kind == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET
      || kind == VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY || kind == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER
      || kind == VCODE_TYPE_FILE || kind == VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS
      || kind == VCODE_TYPE_REAL || kind == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL
      || kind == VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT || kind == VCODE_TYPE_TRIGGER
      || kind == VCODE_TYPE_RESOLUTION;
}

bool vtype_is_numeric(vcode_type_t type)
{
   const vtype_kind_t kind = vtype_kind(type);
   return kind == VCODE_TYPE_INT || kind == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET
      || kind == VCODE_TYPE_REAL;
}

bool vtype_is_composite(vcode_type_t type)
{
   const vtype_kind_t kind = vtype_kind(type);
   return kind == VCODE_TYPE_RECORD || kind == VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY;
}

bool vtype_is_signal(vcode_type_t type)
{
   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
   switch (vt->kind) {
   case VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL:
      return true;
   case VCODE_TYPE_POINTER:
      return vtype_is_signal(vt->pointed);
   case VCODE_TYPE_RECORD:
      for (int i = 0; i < vt->fields.count; i++) {
         if (vtype_is_signal(vt->fields.items[i]))
            return true;
      }
      return false;
   case VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY:
   case VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY:
      return vtype_is_signal(vt->elem);
   default:
      return false;
   }
}

int vtype_repr_bits(vtype_repr_t repr)
{
   switch (repr) {
   case VCODE_REPR_U1: return 1;
   case VCODE_REPR_U8: case VCODE_REPR_I8: return 8;
   case VCODE_REPR_U16: case VCODE_REPR_I16: return 16;
   case VCODE_REPR_U32: case VCODE_REPR_I32: return 32;
   case VCODE_REPR_U64: case VCODE_REPR_I64: return 64;
   default: return -1;
   }
}

bool vtype_repr_signed(vtype_repr_t repr)
{
   return repr == VCODE_REPR_I8 || repr == VCODE_REPR_I16
      || repr == VCODE_REPR_I32 || repr == VCODE_REPR_I64;
}

static int64_t vtype_repr_low(vtype_repr_t repr)
{
   switch (repr) {
   case VCODE_REPR_U1:
   case VCODE_REPR_U8:
   case VCODE_REPR_U16:
   case VCODE_REPR_U32:
   case VCODE_REPR_U64: return 0;
   case VCODE_REPR_I8:  return INT8_MIN;
   case VCODE_REPR_I16: return INT16_MIN;
   case VCODE_REPR_I32: return INT32_MIN;
   case VCODE_REPR_I64: return INT64_MIN;
   default:             return 0;
   }
}

static uint64_t vtype_repr_high(vtype_repr_t repr)
{
   switch (repr) {
   case VCODE_REPR_U1:  return 1;
   case VCODE_REPR_U8:  return UINT8_MAX;
   case VCODE_REPR_U16: return UINT16_MAX;
   case VCODE_REPR_U32: return UINT32_MAX;
   case VCODE_REPR_U64: return UINT64_MAX;
   case VCODE_REPR_I8:  return INT8_MAX;
   case VCODE_REPR_I16: return INT16_MAX;
   case VCODE_REPR_I32: return INT32_MAX;
   case VCODE_REPR_I64: return INT64_MAX;
   default:             return 0;
   }
}

static bool vtype_clamp_to_repr(vtype_repr_t repr, int64_t *low, int64_t *high)
{
   int64_t clamp_low = vtype_repr_low(repr);
   uint64_t clamp_high = vtype_repr_high(repr);

   if (*low >= clamp_low && *high <= clamp_high)
      return true;
   else {
      *low = MAX(clamp_low, *low);
      *high = MIN(clamp_high, *high);
      return false;
   }
}

int vcode_count_params(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   assert(active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_FUNCTION
          || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROCEDURE
          || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROPERTY
          || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROTECTED);

   return active_unit->params.count;
}

vcode_type_t vcode_param_type(int param)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   assert(active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_FUNCTION
          || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROCEDURE
          || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROPERTY
          || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROTECTED);
   assert(param < active_unit->params.count);

   return active_unit->params.items[param].type;
}

ident_t vcode_param_name(int param)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   assert(active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_FUNCTION
          || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROCEDURE
          || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROPERTY
          || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROTECTED);
   assert(param < active_unit->params.count);

   return active_unit->params.items[param].name;
}

vcode_reg_t vcode_param_reg(int param)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   assert(active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_FUNCTION
          || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROCEDURE
          || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROPERTY
          || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROTECTED);
   assert(param < active_unit->params.count);

   return active_unit->params.items[param].reg;
}

vcode_block_t emit_block(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vcode_block_t bnum = active_unit->blocks.count;

   block_t *bptr = block_array_alloc(&(active_unit->blocks));
   memset(bptr, '\0', sizeof(block_t));

   if (active_block != VCODE_INVALID_BLOCK)
      bptr->last_loc = active_unit->blocks.items[active_block].last_loc;
   else
      bptr->last_loc = LOC_INVALID;

   return bnum;
}

void vcode_select_unit(vcode_unit_t unit)
{
   active_unit  = unit;
   active_block = VCODE_INVALID_BLOCK;
}

void vcode_select_block(vcode_block_t block)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   active_block = block;
}

vcode_block_t vcode_active_block(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   assert(active_block != -1);
   return active_block;
}

const loc_t *vcode_last_loc(void)
{
   return &(vcode_block_data()->last_loc);
}

vcode_unit_t vcode_active_unit(void)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   return active_unit;
}

ident_t vcode_unit_name(vcode_unit_t vu)
{
   assert(vu != NULL);
   return vu->name;
}

bool vcode_unit_has_undefined(vcode_unit_t vu)
{
   assert(vu != NULL);
   return !!(vu->flags & UNIT_UNDEFINED);
}

int vcode_unit_depth(vcode_unit_t vu)
{
   assert(vu != NULL);
   return vu->depth;
}

void vcode_set_result(vcode_type_t type)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);
   assert(active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_FUNCTION
          || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_THUNK);

   active_unit->result = type;
}

vcode_type_t vcode_unit_result(vcode_unit_t vu)
{
   assert(vu != NULL);
   assert(vu->kind == VCODE_UNIT_FUNCTION || vu->kind == VCODE_UNIT_THUNK);
   return vu->result;
}

vunit_kind_t vcode_unit_kind(vcode_unit_t vu)
{
   assert(vu != NULL);
   return vu->kind;
}

vcode_unit_t vcode_unit_context(vcode_unit_t vu)
{
   assert(vu != NULL);
   return vu->context;
}

object_t *vcode_unit_object(vcode_unit_t vu)
{
   assert(vu != NULL);
   return vu->object;
}

static unsigned vcode_unit_calc_depth(vcode_unit_t unit)
{
   int hops = 0;
   for (; (unit = unit->context); hops++)
      ;
   return hops;
}

static void vcode_add_child(vcode_unit_t context, vcode_unit_t child)
{
   assert(context->kind != VCODE_UNIT_THUNK);

   child->next = NULL;
   if (context->children == NULL)
      context->children = child;
   else {
      vcode_unit_t it;
      for (it = context->children; it->next != NULL; it = it->next)
         ;
      it->next = child;
   }
}

vcode_unit_t emit_function(ident_t name, object_t *obj, vcode_unit_t context)
{
   vcode_unit_t vu = xcalloc(sizeof(struct _vcode_unit));
   vu->kind     = VCODE_UNIT_FUNCTION;
   vu->name     = name;
   vu->context  = context;
   vu->result   = VCODE_INVALID_TYPE;
   vu->depth    = vcode_unit_calc_depth(vu);
   vu->object   = obj;

   vcode_add_child(context, vu);

   vcode_select_unit(vu);
   vcode_select_block(emit_block());
   emit_debug_info(&(obj->loc));

   return vu;
}

vcode_unit_t emit_procedure(ident_t name, object_t *obj, vcode_unit_t context)
{
   vcode_unit_t vu = xcalloc(sizeof(struct _vcode_unit));
   vu->kind     = VCODE_UNIT_PROCEDURE;
   vu->name     = name;
   vu->context  = context;
   vu->result   = VCODE_INVALID_TYPE;
   vu->depth    = vcode_unit_calc_depth(vu);
   vu->object   = obj;

   vcode_add_child(context, vu);

   vcode_select_unit(vu);
   vcode_select_block(emit_block());
   emit_debug_info(&(obj->loc));

   return vu;
}

vcode_unit_t emit_process(ident_t name, object_t *obj, vcode_unit_t context)
{
   assert(context->kind == VCODE_UNIT_INSTANCE);

   vcode_unit_t vu = xcalloc(sizeof(struct _vcode_unit));
   vu->kind     = VCODE_UNIT_PROCESS;
   vu->name     = name;
   vu->context  = context;
   vu->depth    = vcode_unit_calc_depth(vu);
   vu->result   = VCODE_INVALID_TYPE;
   vu->object   = obj;

   vcode_add_child(context, vu);

   vcode_select_unit(vu);
   vcode_select_block(emit_block());
   emit_debug_info(&(obj->loc));

   return vu;
}

vcode_unit_t emit_instance(ident_t name, object_t *obj, vcode_unit_t context)
{
   assert(context == NULL || context->kind == VCODE_UNIT_INSTANCE);

   vcode_unit_t vu = xcalloc(sizeof(struct _vcode_unit));
   vu->kind     = VCODE_UNIT_INSTANCE;
   vu->name     = name;
   vu->context  = context;
   vu->depth    = vcode_unit_calc_depth(vu);
   vu->result   = VCODE_INVALID_TYPE;
   vu->object   = obj;

   if (context != NULL)
      vcode_add_child(context, vu);

   vcode_select_unit(vu);
   vcode_select_block(emit_block());
   emit_debug_info(&(obj->loc));

   return vu;
}

vcode_unit_t emit_package(ident_t name, object_t *obj, vcode_unit_t context)
{
   vcode_unit_t vu = xcalloc(sizeof(struct _vcode_unit));
   vu->kind     = VCODE_UNIT_PACKAGE;
   vu->name     = name;
   vu->context  = context;
   vu->depth    = vcode_unit_calc_depth(vu);
   vu->result   = VCODE_INVALID_TYPE;
   vu->object   = obj;

   if (context != NULL)
      vcode_add_child(context, vu);

   vcode_select_unit(vu);
   vcode_select_block(emit_block());
   emit_debug_info(&(obj->loc));

   return vu;
}

vcode_unit_t emit_protected(ident_t name, object_t *obj, vcode_unit_t context)
{
   vcode_unit_t vu = xcalloc(sizeof(struct _vcode_unit));
   vu->kind     = VCODE_UNIT_PROTECTED;
   vu->name     = name;
   vu->context  = context;
   vu->depth    = vcode_unit_calc_depth(vu);
   vu->result   = VCODE_INVALID_TYPE;
   vu->object   = obj;

   if (context != NULL)
      vcode_add_child(context, vu);

   vcode_select_unit(vu);
   vcode_select_block(emit_block());
   emit_debug_info(&(obj->loc));

   return vu;
}

vcode_unit_t emit_property(ident_t name, object_t *obj, vcode_unit_t context)
{
   vcode_unit_t vu = xcalloc(sizeof(struct _vcode_unit));
   vu->kind     = VCODE_UNIT_PROPERTY;
   vu->name     = name;
   vu->context  = context;
   vu->depth    = vcode_unit_calc_depth(vu);
   vu->result   = VCODE_INVALID_TYPE;
   vu->object   = obj;

   if (context != NULL)
      vcode_add_child(context, vu);

   vcode_select_unit(vu);
   vcode_select_block(emit_block());
   emit_debug_info(&(obj->loc));

   return vu;
}

vcode_unit_t emit_thunk(ident_t name, object_t *obj, vcode_unit_t context)
{
   vcode_unit_t vu = xcalloc(sizeof(struct _vcode_unit));
   vu->kind     = VCODE_UNIT_THUNK;
   vu->name     = name;
   vu->context  = context;
   vu->depth    = vcode_unit_calc_depth(vu);
   vu->result   = VCODE_INVALID_TYPE;
   vu->depth    = vcode_unit_calc_depth(vu);
   vu->object   = obj;

   if (context != NULL)
      vcode_add_child(context, vu);

   vcode_select_unit(vu);
   vcode_select_block(emit_block());

   return vu;
}

void emit_assert(vcode_reg_t value, vcode_reg_t message, vcode_reg_t length,
                 vcode_reg_t severity, vcode_reg_t locus, vcode_reg_t hint_left,
                 vcode_reg_t hint_right)
{
   int64_t value_const;
   if (vcode_reg_const(value, &value_const) && value_const != 0) {
      emit_comment("Always true assertion on r%d", value);
      return;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_ASSERT);
   vcode_add_arg(op, value);
   vcode_add_arg(op, severity);
   vcode_add_arg(op, message);
   vcode_add_arg(op, length);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);

   if (hint_left != VCODE_INVALID_REG) {
      vcode_add_arg(op, hint_left);
      vcode_add_arg(op, hint_right);

      VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_scalar(vcode_reg_type(hint_left)),
                   "left hint must be scalar");
      VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_scalar(vcode_reg_type(hint_right)),
                   "right hint must be scalar");
   }

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(value), vtype_bool()),
                "value parameter to assert is not bool");
   VCODE_ASSERT(message == VCODE_INVALID_REG
                || vcode_reg_kind(message) == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER,
                "message parameter to assert is not a pointer");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(value), vtype_bool()),
                "value parameter to assert is not bool");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to report must be a debug locus");
}

void emit_report(vcode_reg_t message, vcode_reg_t length, vcode_reg_t severity,
                 vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_REPORT);
   vcode_add_arg(op, severity);
   vcode_add_arg(op, message);
   vcode_add_arg(op, length);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(message) == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER,
                "message parameter to report is not a pointer");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vtype_pointed(vcode_reg_type(message)), vtype_char()),
                "message parameter to report is not a character pointer");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to report must be a debug locus");
}

vcode_reg_t emit_cmp(vcode_cmp_t cmp, vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs)
{
   if (lhs == rhs) {
      if (cmp == VCODE_CMP_EQ)
         return emit_const(vtype_bool(), 1);
      else if (cmp == VCODE_CMP_NEQ)
         return emit_const(vtype_bool(), 0);
      else if (cmp == VCODE_CMP_LEQ || cmp == VCODE_CMP_GEQ)
         return emit_const(vtype_bool(), 1);
      else if (cmp == VCODE_CMP_LT || cmp == VCODE_CMP_GT)
         return emit_const(vtype_bool(), 0);
   }

   int64_t lconst, rconst;
   if (vcode_reg_const(lhs, &lconst) && vcode_reg_const(rhs, &rconst)) {
      switch (cmp) {
      case VCODE_CMP_EQ:
         return emit_const(vtype_bool(), lconst == rconst);
      case VCODE_CMP_NEQ:
         return emit_const(vtype_bool(), lconst != rconst);
      case VCODE_CMP_LT:
         return emit_const(vtype_bool(), lconst < rconst);
      case VCODE_CMP_GT:
         return emit_const(vtype_bool(), lconst > rconst);
      case VCODE_CMP_LEQ:
         return emit_const(vtype_bool(), lconst <= rconst);
      case VCODE_CMP_GEQ:
         return emit_const(vtype_bool(), lconst >= rconst);
      default:
         fatal_trace("cannot fold comparison %d", cmp);
      }
   }

   // Reuse any previous operation in this block with the same arguments
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_CMP) {
      if (other->args.count == 2 && other->args.items[0] == lhs
          && other->args.items[1] == rhs && other->cmp == cmp)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_CMP);
   vcode_add_arg(op, lhs);
   vcode_add_arg(op, rhs);
   op->cmp    = cmp;
   op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_bool());

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(lhs), vcode_reg_type(rhs)),
                "arguments to cmp are not the same type");

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_fcall(ident_t func, vcode_type_t type, vcode_type_t bounds,
                       const vcode_reg_t *args, int nargs)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_FCALL);
   o->func = func;
   o->type = type;
   for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
      vcode_add_arg(o, args[i]);

   for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
      VCODE_ASSERT(args[i] != VCODE_INVALID_REG,
                   "invalid argument to function");

   if (type == VCODE_INVALID_TYPE)
      return (o->result = VCODE_INVALID_REG);
   else {
      o->result = vcode_add_reg(type);

      reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(o->result);
      rr->bounds = bounds;

      return o->result;
   }
}

void emit_pcall(ident_t func, const vcode_reg_t *args, int nargs,
                vcode_block_t resume_bb)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_PCALL);
   o->func = func;
   for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
      vcode_add_arg(o, args[i]);

   vcode_block_array_add(&(o->targets), resume_bb);

   for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
      VCODE_ASSERT(args[i] != VCODE_INVALID_REG,
                   "invalid argument to procedure");

   VCODE_ASSERT(nargs > 0 && vcode_reg_kind(args[0]) == VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT,
                "first argument to VHDL procedure must be context pointer");
}

vcode_reg_t emit_syscall(ident_t func, vcode_type_t type, vcode_type_t bounds,
                         vcode_reg_t locus, const vcode_reg_t *args, int nargs)
{
   op_t *o = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_SYSCALL);
   o->func = func;
   o->type = type;
   vcode_add_arg(o, locus);
   for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
      vcode_add_arg(o, args[i]);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to syscall must be a debug locus");

   for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
      VCODE_ASSERT(args[i] != VCODE_INVALID_REG, "invalid argument to syscall");

   if (type == VCODE_INVALID_TYPE)
      return (o->result = VCODE_INVALID_REG);
   else {
      o->result = vcode_add_reg(type);

      reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(o->result);
      rr->bounds = bounds;

      return o->result;
   }
}

vcode_reg_t emit_alloc(vcode_type_t type, vcode_type_t bounds,
                       vcode_reg_t count)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_ALLOC);
   op->type    = type;
   op->result  = vcode_add_reg(vtype_pointer(type));
   vcode_add_arg(op, count);

   const vtype_kind_t tkind = vtype_kind(type);
   VCODE_ASSERT(tkind != VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY && tkind != VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY,
                "alloca element type cannot be array");
   VCODE_ASSERT(count != VCODE_INVALID_REG,
                "alloca must have valid count argument");

   reg_t *r = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
   r->bounds = bounds;

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_const(vcode_type_t type, int64_t value)
{
   // Reuse any previous constant in this block with the same type and value
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_CONST) {
      if (other->value == value && vtype_eq(type, other->type))
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_CONST);
   op->value  = value;
   op->type   = type;
   op->result = vcode_add_reg(type);

   vtype_kind_t type_kind = vtype_kind(type);
   VCODE_ASSERT(type_kind == VCODE_TYPE_INT || type_kind == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "constant must have integer or offset type");

   reg_t *r = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
   r->bounds = vtype_int(value, value);

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_const_real(vcode_type_t type, double value)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_CONST_REAL) {
      if (other->real == value && other->type == type)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_CONST_REAL);
   op->real   = value;
   op->type   = type;
   op->result = vcode_add_reg(op->type);

   reg_t *r = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
   r->bounds = vtype_real(value, value);

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_const_array(vcode_type_t type, vcode_reg_t *values, int num)
{
   vtype_kind_t kind = vtype_kind(type);

   // Reuse any previous operation in this block with the same arguments
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_CONST_ARRAY) {
      if (other->args.count != num)
         continue;
      else if (!vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(other->result), type))
         continue;

      bool match = true;
      for (int i = 0; match && i < num; i++) {
         if (other->args.items[i] != values[i])
            match = false;
      }

      if (match) return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_CONST_ARRAY);
   op->result = vcode_add_reg(type);

   for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
      vcode_add_arg(op, values[i]);

   VCODE_ASSERT(kind == VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY,
                "constant array must have constrained array type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_size(type) == num, "expected %d elements but have %d",
                vtype_size(type), num);

#ifdef DEBUG
   vcode_type_t elem = vtype_elem(type);
   for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
      VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(values[i]), elem),
                   "wrong element type for item %d", i);
      vcode_assert_const(values[i], "array");
   }
#endif

   reg_t *r = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
   r->bounds = vtype_elem(type);

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_const_rep(vcode_type_t type, vcode_reg_t value, int rep)
{
   // Reuse any previous operation in this block with the same arguments
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_CONST_REP) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == value && other->value == rep)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_CONST_REP);
   op->value = rep;
   vcode_add_arg(op, value);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(type) == VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY,
                "constant array must have constrained array type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(rep >= 0, "repeat count must be non-negative");

   DEBUG_ONLY(vcode_assert_const(value, "repeat"));

   op->result = vcode_add_reg(type);

   reg_t *r = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
   r->bounds = vtype_bounds(type);

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_const_record(vcode_type_t type, vcode_reg_t *values, int num)
{
   // Reuse any previous constant in this block with the same type and value
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_CONST_RECORD) {
      if (other->args.count == num && vtype_eq(type, other->type)) {
         bool same_regs = true;
         for (int i = 0; same_regs && i < num; i++)
            same_regs = other->args.items[i] == values[i];

         if (same_regs)
            return other->result;
      }
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_CONST_RECORD);
   op->type   = type;
   op->result = vcode_add_reg(type);

   for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
      vcode_add_arg(op, values[i]);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(type) == VCODE_TYPE_RECORD,
                "constant record must have record type");

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_fields(type) == num, "expected %d fields but have %d",
                vtype_fields(type), num);

#ifdef DEBUG
   for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
      VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vtype_field(type, i), vcode_reg_type(values[i])),
                   "wrong type for field %d", i);
      vcode_assert_const(values[i], "record");
   }
#endif

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_address_of(vcode_reg_t value)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_ADDRESS_OF) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == value)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_ADDRESS_OF);
   vcode_add_arg(op, value);

   vcode_type_t type = vcode_reg_type(value);
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_composite(type),
                "address of argument must be record or array");

   if (vtype_kind(type) == VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY) {
      vcode_type_t elem = vtype_elem(type);
      op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_pointer(elem));

      reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
      rr->bounds = elem;

      return op->result;
   }
   else
      return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_pointer(type)));
}

void emit_wait(vcode_block_t target)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_WAIT);
   vcode_add_target(op, target);
}

void emit_jump(vcode_block_t target)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_JUMP);
   vcode_add_target(op, target);

   VCODE_ASSERT(target != VCODE_INVALID_BLOCK, "invalid jump target");
}

vcode_var_t emit_var(vcode_type_t type, vcode_type_t bounds, ident_t name,
                     vcode_var_flags_t flags)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   vcode_var_t var = active_unit->vars.count;
   var_t *v = var_array_alloc(&(active_unit->vars));
   memset(v, '\0', sizeof(var_t));
   v->type     = type;
   v->bounds   = bounds;
   v->name     = name;
   v->flags    = flags;

   return var;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_param(vcode_type_t type, vcode_type_t bounds, ident_t name)
{
   assert(active_unit != NULL);

   param_t *p = param_array_alloc(&(active_unit->params));
   memset(p, '\0', sizeof(param_t));
   p->type   = type;
   p->bounds = bounds;
   p->name   = name;
   p->reg    = vcode_add_reg(type);

   reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(p->reg);
   rr->bounds = bounds;

   return p->reg;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_load(vcode_var_t var)
{
   // Try scanning backwards through the block for another load or store to
   // this variable
   enum { EAGER, CONSERVATIVE, UNSAFE } state = EAGER;
   vcode_reg_t fold = VCODE_INVALID_REG;
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_OP(other) {
      switch (state) {
      case EAGER:
         if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_LOAD && other->address == var)
            return other->result;
         else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_STORE && other->address == var)
            return other->args.items[0];
         else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_FCALL
                  || other->kind == VCODE_OP_PCALL
                  || other->kind == VCODE_OP_FILE_READ
                  || other->kind == VCODE_OP_FILE_OPEN
                  || other->kind == VCODE_OP_STORE_INDIRECT
                  || other->kind == VCODE_OP_DEALLOCATE)
            state = CONSERVATIVE;   // May write to variable
         break;

      case CONSERVATIVE:
         if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_LOAD && other->address == var
             && fold == VCODE_INVALID_REG)
            fold = other->result;
         else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_STORE && other->address == var
                  && fold == VCODE_INVALID_REG)
            fold = other->args.items[0];
         else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_INDEX && other->address == var)
            state = UNSAFE;
         else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_CONTEXT_UPREF && other->hops == 0)
            state = UNSAFE;   // Nested call captures variables
         break;

      case UNSAFE:
         break;
      }
   }

   if (fold != VCODE_INVALID_REG && state != UNSAFE)
      return fold;

   var_t *v = vcode_var_data(var);

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_LOAD);
   op->address = var;
   op->result  = vcode_add_reg(v->type);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_scalar(v->type), "cannot load non-scalar type");

   reg_t *r = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
   r->bounds = v->bounds;

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_load_indirect(vcode_reg_t reg)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_OP(other) {
      if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_LOAD_INDIRECT
          && other->args.items[0] == reg) {
         return other->result;
      }
      else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_FCALL
               || other->kind == VCODE_OP_PCALL
               || other->kind == VCODE_OP_STORE
               || other->kind == VCODE_OP_STORE_INDIRECT
               || other->kind == VCODE_OP_MEMSET
               || other->kind == VCODE_OP_COPY
               || other->kind == VCODE_OP_FILE_READ)
         break;   // May write to this pointer
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_LOAD_INDIRECT);
   vcode_add_arg(op, reg);

   vcode_type_t rtype = vcode_reg_type(reg);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(rtype) == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER,
                "load indirect with non-pointer argument");

   vcode_type_t deref = vtype_pointed(rtype);
   op->result = vcode_add_reg(deref);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_scalar(deref), "cannot load non-scalar type");

   vcode_reg_data(op->result)->bounds = vcode_reg_data(reg)->bounds;

   return op->result;
}

void emit_store(vcode_reg_t reg, vcode_var_t var)
{
   // Any previous store to this variable in this block is dead
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_OP(other) {
      if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_STORE && other->address == var) {
         other->kind = VCODE_OP_COMMENT;
         other->comment =
            xasprintf("Dead store to %s", istr(vcode_var_name(var)));
         vcode_reg_array_resize(&(other->args), 0, VCODE_INVALID_REG);
      }
      else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_FCALL || other->kind == VCODE_OP_PCALL)
         break;   // Needs to get variable for display
      else if ((other->kind == VCODE_OP_INDEX || other->kind == VCODE_OP_LOAD)
               && other->address == var)
         break;   // Previous value may be used
   }

   var_t *v = vcode_var_data(var);
   reg_t *r = vcode_reg_data(reg);

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_STORE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, reg);
   op->address = var;

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(v->type, r->type),
                "variable and stored value do not have same type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_scalar(v->type), "cannot store non-scalar type");
}

void emit_store_indirect(vcode_reg_t reg, vcode_reg_t ptr)
{
   reg_t *p = vcode_reg_data(ptr);
   reg_t *r = vcode_reg_data(reg);

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_STORE_INDIRECT);
   vcode_add_arg(op, reg);
   vcode_add_arg(op, ptr);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(p->type) == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER,
                "store indirect target is not a pointer");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vtype_pointed(p->type), r->type),
                "pointer and stored value do not have same type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_scalar(r->type), "cannot store non-scalar type");
}

static vcode_reg_t emit_arith(vcode_op_t kind, vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs,
                              vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   // Reuse any previous operation in this block with the same arguments
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, kind) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == lhs && other->args.items[1] == rhs)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(kind);
   vcode_add_arg(op, lhs);
   vcode_add_arg(op, rhs);
   if (locus != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, locus);

   op->result = vcode_add_reg(vcode_reg_type(lhs));

   vcode_type_t lhs_type = vcode_reg_type(lhs);
   vcode_type_t rhs_type = vcode_reg_type(rhs);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(lhs_type, rhs_type),
                "arguments to %s are not the same type", vcode_op_string(kind));

   return op->result;
}

static vcode_reg_t emit_mul_op(vcode_op_t op, vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs,
                               vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   int64_t lconst, rconst;
   const bool l_is_const = vcode_reg_const(lhs, &lconst);
   const bool r_is_const = vcode_reg_const(rhs, &rconst);
   if (l_is_const && r_is_const)
      return emit_const(vcode_reg_type(lhs), lconst * rconst);
   else if (r_is_const && rconst == 1)
      return lhs;
   else if (l_is_const && lconst == 1)
      return rhs;
   else if ((r_is_const && rconst == 0) || (l_is_const && lconst == 0))
      return emit_const(vcode_reg_type(lhs), 0);

   reg_t *lhs_r = vcode_reg_data(lhs);
   reg_t *rhs_r = vcode_reg_data(rhs);

   vtype_t *bl = vcode_type_data(lhs_r->bounds);
   vtype_t *br = vcode_type_data(rhs_r->bounds);

   vcode_type_t vbounds;
   if (vcode_reg_kind(lhs) == VCODE_TYPE_REAL) {
      const double ll = bl->rlow * br->rlow;
      const double lh = bl->rlow * br->rhigh;
      const double hl = bl->rhigh * br->rlow;
      const double hh = bl->rhigh * br->rhigh;

      double min = MIN(MIN(ll, lh), MIN(hl, hh));
      double max = MAX(MAX(ll, lh), MAX(hl, hh));

      vbounds = vtype_real(min, max);
   }
   else {
      const int64_t ll = smul64(bl->low, br->low);
      const int64_t lh = smul64(bl->low, br->high);
      const int64_t hl = smul64(bl->high, br->low);
      const int64_t hh = smul64(bl->high, br->high);

      int64_t min = MIN(MIN(ll, lh), MIN(hl, hh));
      int64_t max = MAX(MAX(ll, lh), MAX(hl, hh));

      if (min > INT64_MIN && max < INT64_MAX) {
         vtype_repr_t repr = vtype_repr(lhs_r->type);
         if (op == VCODE_OP_TRAP_MUL && vtype_clamp_to_repr(repr, &min, &max)) {
            op = VCODE_OP_MUL;   // Cannot overflow
            locus = VCODE_INVALID_REG;
         }
      }

      vbounds = vtype_int(min, max);
   }

   vcode_reg_t reg = emit_arith(op, lhs, rhs, locus);

   if (vbounds != VCODE_INVALID_TYPE)
      vcode_reg_data(reg)->bounds = vbounds;

   return reg;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_mul(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs)
{
   return emit_mul_op(VCODE_OP_MUL, lhs, rhs, VCODE_INVALID_REG);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_trap_mul(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs, vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   vcode_reg_t result = emit_mul_op(VCODE_OP_TRAP_MUL, lhs, rhs, locus);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(result) == VCODE_TYPE_INT,
                "trapping add may only be used with integer types");

   return result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_div(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs)
{
   int64_t lconst, rconst;
   const bool l_is_const = vcode_reg_const(lhs, &lconst);
   const bool r_is_const = vcode_reg_const(rhs, &rconst);
   if (l_is_const && r_is_const && rconst != 0)
      return emit_const(vcode_reg_type(lhs), lconst / rconst);
   else if (r_is_const && rconst == 1)
      return lhs;

   vcode_reg_t reg = emit_arith(VCODE_OP_DIV, lhs, rhs, VCODE_INVALID_REG);

   vtype_t *bl = vcode_type_data(vcode_reg_data(lhs)->bounds);

   if (bl->kind == VCODE_TYPE_INT && r_is_const && rconst != 0) {
      reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(reg);
      rr->bounds = vtype_int(bl->low / rconst, bl->high / rconst);
   }
   else if (bl->kind == VCODE_TYPE_REAL) {
      reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(reg);
      rr->bounds = vtype_real(-INFINITY, INFINITY);
   }

   return reg;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_exp(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs)
{
   return emit_arith(VCODE_OP_EXP, lhs, rhs, VCODE_INVALID_REG);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_trap_exp(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs, vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   int64_t rconst;
   if (vcode_reg_const(rhs, &rconst)) {
      if (rconst == 0)
         return emit_const(vcode_reg_type(lhs), 1);
      else if (rconst == 1)
         return lhs;
   }

   vcode_reg_t result = emit_arith(VCODE_OP_TRAP_EXP, lhs, rhs, locus);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(result) == VCODE_TYPE_INT,
                "trapping exp may only be used with integer types");

   return result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_mod(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs)
{
   int64_t lconst, rconst;
   if (vcode_reg_const(lhs, &lconst) && vcode_reg_const(rhs, &rconst)
       && lconst > 0 && rconst > 0)
      return emit_const(vcode_reg_type(lhs), lconst % rconst);

   vtype_t *bl = vcode_type_data(vcode_reg_data(lhs)->bounds);
   vtype_t *br = vcode_type_data(vcode_reg_data(rhs)->bounds);

   if (bl->low >= 0 && br->low >= 0) {
      // If both arguments are non-negative then rem is equivalent and
      // cheaper to compute
      vcode_reg_t reg = emit_arith(VCODE_OP_REM, lhs, rhs, VCODE_INVALID_REG);

      reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(reg);
      rr->bounds = vtype_int(0, MAX(0, br->high - 1));

      return reg;
   }
   else
      return emit_arith(VCODE_OP_MOD, lhs, rhs, VCODE_INVALID_REG);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_rem(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs)
{
   int64_t lconst, rconst;
   if (vcode_reg_const(lhs, &lconst) && vcode_reg_const(rhs, &rconst)
       && lconst > 0 && rconst > 0)
      return emit_const(vcode_reg_type(lhs), lconst % rconst);

   vcode_reg_t reg = emit_arith(VCODE_OP_REM, lhs, rhs, VCODE_INVALID_REG);

   vtype_t *bl = vcode_type_data(vcode_reg_data(lhs)->bounds);
   vtype_t *br = vcode_type_data(vcode_reg_data(rhs)->bounds);

   if (bl->low >= 0 && br->low >= 0) {
      reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(reg);
      rr->bounds = vtype_int(0, br->high - 1);
   }

   return reg;
}

static vcode_reg_t emit_add_op(vcode_op_t op, vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs,
                               vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   int64_t lconst, rconst;
   const bool l_is_const = vcode_reg_const(lhs, &lconst);
   const bool r_is_const = vcode_reg_const(rhs, &rconst);
   if (l_is_const && r_is_const)
      return emit_const(vcode_reg_type(lhs), lconst + rconst);
   else if (r_is_const && rconst == 0)
      return lhs;
   else if (l_is_const && lconst == 0)
      return rhs;

   vcode_type_t vbounds = VCODE_INVALID_TYPE;
   if (vcode_reg_kind(lhs) != VCODE_TYPE_REAL) {
      reg_t *lhs_r = vcode_reg_data(lhs);
      reg_t *rhs_r = vcode_reg_data(rhs);

      vtype_t *bl = vcode_type_data(lhs_r->bounds);
      vtype_t *br = vcode_type_data(rhs_r->bounds);

      int64_t rbl = sadd64(bl->low, br->low);
      int64_t rbh = sadd64(bl->high, br->high);

      if (rbl > INT64_MIN && rbh < INT64_MAX) {
         vtype_repr_t repr = vtype_repr(lhs_r->type);
         if (op == VCODE_OP_TRAP_ADD && vtype_clamp_to_repr(repr, &rbl, &rbh)) {
            op = VCODE_OP_ADD;   // Cannot overflow
            locus = VCODE_INVALID_REG;
         }
      }

      vbounds = vtype_int(rbl, rbh);
   }

   vcode_reg_t reg = emit_arith(op, lhs, rhs, locus);

   if (vbounds != VCODE_INVALID_TYPE)
      vcode_reg_data(reg)->bounds = vbounds;

   return reg;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_add(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs)
{
   return emit_add_op(VCODE_OP_ADD, lhs, rhs, VCODE_INVALID_REG);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_trap_add(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs, vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   vcode_reg_t result = emit_add_op(VCODE_OP_TRAP_ADD, lhs, rhs, locus);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(result) == VCODE_TYPE_INT,
                "trapping add may only be used with integer types");

   return result;
}

static vcode_reg_t emit_sub_op(vcode_op_t op, vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs,
                               vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   int64_t lconst, rconst;
   const bool l_is_const = vcode_reg_const(lhs, &lconst);
   const bool r_is_const = vcode_reg_const(rhs, &rconst);
   if (l_is_const && r_is_const)
      return emit_const(vcode_reg_type(lhs), lconst - rconst);
   else if (r_is_const && rconst == 0)
      return lhs;
   else if (l_is_const && lconst == 0)
      return emit_neg(rhs);

   vcode_type_t vbounds = VCODE_INVALID_TYPE;
   if (vcode_reg_kind(lhs) != VCODE_TYPE_REAL) {
      reg_t *lhs_r = vcode_reg_data(lhs);
      reg_t *rhs_r = vcode_reg_data(rhs);

      vtype_t *bl = vcode_type_data(lhs_r->bounds);
      vtype_t *br = vcode_type_data(rhs_r->bounds);

      int64_t rbl = ssub64(bl->low, br->high);
      int64_t rbh = ssub64(bl->high, br->low);

      if (rbl > INT64_MIN && rbh < INT64_MAX) {
         vtype_repr_t repr = vtype_repr(lhs_r->type);
         if (op == VCODE_OP_TRAP_SUB && vtype_clamp_to_repr(repr, &rbl, &rbh)) {
            op = VCODE_OP_SUB;   // Cannot overflow
            locus = VCODE_INVALID_REG;
         }
      }

      vbounds = vtype_int(rbl, rbh);
   }

   vcode_reg_t reg = emit_arith(op, lhs, rhs, locus);

   if (vbounds != VCODE_INVALID_TYPE)
      vcode_reg_data(reg)->bounds = vbounds;

   return reg;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_sub(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs)
{
   return emit_sub_op(VCODE_OP_SUB, lhs, rhs, VCODE_INVALID_REG);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_trap_sub(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs, vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   vcode_reg_t result = emit_sub_op(VCODE_OP_TRAP_SUB, lhs, rhs, locus);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(result) == VCODE_TYPE_INT,
                "trapping sub may only be used with integer types");

   return result;
}

static void vcode_calculate_var_index_type(op_t *op, var_t *var)
{
   switch (vtype_kind(var->type)) {
   case VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY:
      op->type = vtype_pointer(vtype_elem(var->type));
      op->result = vcode_add_reg(op->type);
      vcode_reg_data(op->result)->bounds = vtype_bounds(var->type);
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_RECORD:
      op->type = vtype_pointer(var->type);
      op->result = vcode_add_reg(op->type);
      break;

   case VCODE_TYPE_INT:
   case VCODE_TYPE_FILE:
   case VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS:
   case VCODE_TYPE_REAL:
   case VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY:
   case VCODE_TYPE_POINTER:
   case VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL:
   case VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT:
   case VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET:
   case VCODE_TYPE_TRIGGER:
   case VCODE_TYPE_RESOLUTION:
      op->type = vtype_pointer(var->type);
      op->result = vcode_add_reg(op->type);
      vcode_reg_data(op->result)->bounds = var->bounds;
      break;

   default:
      VCODE_ASSERT(false, "variable %s cannot be indexed",
                   istr(var->name));
   }
}

vcode_reg_t emit_index(vcode_var_t var, vcode_reg_t offset)
{
   // Try to find a previous index of this var by this offset
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_INDEX) {
      if (other->address == var
          && ((offset == VCODE_INVALID_REG && other->args.count == 0)
              || (offset != VCODE_INVALID_REG
                  && other->args.items[0] == offset)))
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_INDEX);
   op->address = var;

   if (offset != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, offset);

   vcode_calculate_var_index_type(op, vcode_var_data(var));

   if (offset != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(vcode_reg_type(offset)) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                   "index offset r%d does not have offset type", offset);

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_cast(vcode_type_t type, vcode_type_t bounds, vcode_reg_t reg)
{
   if (vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(reg), type))
      return reg;

   vtype_kind_t from = vtype_kind(vcode_reg_type(reg));
   vtype_kind_t to   = vtype_kind(type);

   const bool integral =
      (from == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET || from == VCODE_TYPE_INT)
      && (to == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET || to == VCODE_TYPE_INT);

   int64_t value;
   if (integral && vcode_reg_const(reg, &value))
      return emit_const(type, value);

   // Try to find a previous cast of this register to this type
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_CAST) {
      if (vtype_eq(other->type, type) && other->args.items[0] == reg)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_CAST);
   vcode_add_arg(op, reg);
   op->type   = type;
   op->result = vcode_add_reg(type);

   static const vcode_type_t allowed[][2] = {
      { VCODE_TYPE_INT,    VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET  },
      { VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET, VCODE_TYPE_INT     },
      { VCODE_TYPE_INT,    VCODE_TYPE_INT     },
      { VCODE_TYPE_INT,    VCODE_TYPE_REAL    },
      { VCODE_TYPE_REAL,   VCODE_TYPE_INT     },
      { VCODE_TYPE_REAL,   VCODE_TYPE_REAL    },
      { VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS, VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS  },
   };

   if (integral) {
      vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(type);
      int64_t low = vt->low, high = vt->high;

      vtype_t *rt = vcode_type_data(vcode_reg_bounds(reg));
      low = MAX(low, rt->low);
      high = MIN(high, rt->high);

      if (bounds != VCODE_INVALID_REG) {
         vtype_t *bt = vcode_type_data(bounds);
         low = MAX(low, bt->low);
         high = MIN(high, bt->high);
      }

      reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
      rr->bounds = vtype_int(low, high);
   }
   else if (bounds != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_reg_data(op->result)->bounds = bounds;

   for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_LEN(allowed); i++) {
      if (from == allowed[i][0] && to == allowed[i][1])
         return op->result;
   }

   VCODE_ASSERT(false, "invalid type conversion in cast");
}

void emit_return(vcode_reg_t reg)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_RETURN);
   if (reg != VCODE_INVALID_REG) {
      vcode_add_arg(op, reg);

      const vtype_kind_t rkind = vcode_reg_kind(reg);
      if (rkind == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER || rkind == VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY)
         vcode_heap_allocate(reg);

      VCODE_ASSERT(active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_FUNCTION
                   || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_THUNK
                   || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROPERTY,
                   "returning value fron non-function unit");
      VCODE_ASSERT((active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROPERTY
                    && rkind == VCODE_TYPE_INT)
                   || vtype_eq(active_unit->result, vcode_reg_type(reg))
                   || (vtype_kind(active_unit->result) == VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS
                       && rkind == VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS),
                   "return value incorrect type");
   }
}

void emit_sched_waveform(vcode_reg_t nets, vcode_reg_t nnets,
                         vcode_reg_t values, vcode_reg_t reject,
                         vcode_reg_t after)
{
   int64_t nconst;
   if (vcode_reg_const(nnets, &nconst) && nconst == 0) {
      emit_comment("Skip empty waveform");
      return;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_SCHED_WAVEFORM);
   vcode_add_arg(op, nets);
   vcode_add_arg(op, nnets);
   vcode_add_arg(op, values);
   vcode_add_arg(op, reject);
   vcode_add_arg(op, after);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(nets) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "sched_waveform target is not signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(nnets) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "sched_waveform net count is not offset type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(values) != VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "signal cannot be values argument for sched_waveform");
}

void emit_force(vcode_reg_t nets, vcode_reg_t nnets, vcode_reg_t values)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_FORCE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, nets);
   vcode_add_arg(op, nnets);
   vcode_add_arg(op, values);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(nets) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "force target is not signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(nnets) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "force net count is not offset type");
}

void emit_release(vcode_reg_t nets, vcode_reg_t nnets)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_RELEASE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, nets);
   vcode_add_arg(op, nnets);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(nets) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "release target is not signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(nnets) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "release net count is not offset type");
}

void emit_disconnect(vcode_reg_t nets, vcode_reg_t nnets, vcode_reg_t reject,
                     vcode_reg_t after)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_DISCONNECT);
   vcode_add_arg(op, nets);
   vcode_add_arg(op, nnets);
   vcode_add_arg(op, reject);
   vcode_add_arg(op, after);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(nets) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "disconnect target is not signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(nnets) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "disconnect net count is not offset type");
}

void emit_cond(vcode_reg_t test, vcode_block_t btrue, vcode_block_t bfalse)
{
   int64_t tconst;
   if (vcode_reg_const(test, &tconst)) {
      emit_jump(!!tconst ? btrue : bfalse);
      return;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_COND);
   vcode_add_arg(op, test);
   vcode_add_target(op, btrue);
   vcode_add_target(op, bfalse);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(test), vtype_bool()),
                "cond test is not a bool");
   VCODE_ASSERT(btrue != VCODE_INVALID_BLOCK && bfalse != VCODE_INVALID_BLOCK,
                "invalid cond targets");
}

vcode_reg_t emit_neg(vcode_reg_t lhs)
{
   int64_t lconst;
   if (vcode_reg_const(lhs, &lconst))
      return emit_const(vcode_reg_type(lhs), -lconst);

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_NEG);
   vcode_add_arg(op, lhs);
   op->result = vcode_add_reg(vcode_reg_type(lhs));

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_trap_neg(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   int64_t lconst;
   if (vcode_reg_const(lhs, &lconst) && lconst >= 0)
      return emit_const(vcode_reg_type(lhs), -lconst);
   else if (vcode_type_data(vcode_reg_data(lhs)->bounds)->low >= 0)
      return emit_neg(lhs);   // Cannot overflow

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_TRAP_NEG);
   vcode_add_arg(op, lhs);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to trap neg must be a debug locus");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(lhs) == VCODE_TYPE_INT,
                "trapping neg may only be used with integer types");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vcode_reg_type(lhs)));
}

vcode_reg_t emit_abs(vcode_reg_t lhs)
{
   int64_t lconst;
   if (vcode_reg_const(lhs, &lconst))
      return emit_const(vcode_reg_type(lhs), llabs(lconst));

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_ABS);
   vcode_add_arg(op, lhs);
   op->result = vcode_add_reg(vcode_reg_type(lhs));

   return op->result;
}

void emit_comment(const char *fmt, ...)
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
   va_list ap;
   va_start(ap, fmt);

   char *buf = xvasprintf(fmt, ap);
   for (char *p = buf + strlen(buf) - 1;
        p >= buf && isspace_iso88591(*p); p--)
      *p = '\0';

   vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_COMMENT)->comment = buf;
   va_end(ap);
#endif
}

vcode_reg_t emit_select(vcode_reg_t test, vcode_reg_t rtrue,
                        vcode_reg_t rfalse)
{
   int64_t tconst;
   if (vcode_reg_const(test, &tconst))
      return !!tconst ? rtrue : rfalse;
   else if (rtrue == rfalse)
      return rtrue;

   // Find a previous identical select
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_SELECT) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == test && other->args.items[1] == rtrue
          && other->args.items[2] == rfalse)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_SELECT);
   vcode_add_arg(op, test);
   vcode_add_arg(op, rtrue);
   vcode_add_arg(op, rfalse);
   op->result = vcode_add_reg(vcode_reg_type(rtrue));

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(test), vtype_bool()),
                "select test must have bool type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(rtrue), vcode_reg_type(rfalse)),
                "select arguments are not the same type");

   return op->result;
}

static vcode_reg_t emit_logical_identity(vcode_op_t op, vcode_reg_t reg, bool b)
{
   switch (op) {
   case VCODE_OP_AND:  return b ? reg : emit_const(vtype_bool(), 0);
   case VCODE_OP_OR:   return b ? emit_const(vtype_bool(), 1) : reg;
   case VCODE_OP_XOR:  return b ? emit_not(reg) : reg;
   case VCODE_OP_XNOR: return b ? reg : emit_not(reg);
   case VCODE_OP_NAND: return b ? emit_not(reg) : emit_const(vtype_bool(), 1);
   case VCODE_OP_NOR:  return b ? emit_const(vtype_bool(), 0) : emit_not(reg);
   default:
      fatal_trace("missing logicial identity for %s", vcode_op_string(op));
   }
}

static vcode_reg_t emit_logical(vcode_op_t op, vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs)
{
   vcode_type_t vtbool = vtype_bool();

   int64_t lconst, rconst;
   const bool l_is_const = vcode_reg_const(lhs, &lconst);
   const bool r_is_const = vcode_reg_const(rhs, &rconst);
   if (l_is_const && r_is_const) {
      switch (op) {
      case VCODE_OP_AND:  return emit_const(vtbool, lconst && rconst);
      case VCODE_OP_OR:   return emit_const(vtbool, lconst || rconst);
      case VCODE_OP_XOR:  return emit_const(vtbool, lconst ^ rconst);
      case VCODE_OP_XNOR: return emit_const(vtbool, !(lconst ^ rconst));
      case VCODE_OP_NAND: return emit_const(vtbool, !(lconst && rconst));
      case VCODE_OP_NOR:  return emit_const(vtbool, !(lconst || rconst));
      default:
         fatal_trace("cannot constant fold logical %s", vcode_op_string(op));
      }
   }
   else if (l_is_const)
      return emit_logical_identity(op, rhs, !!lconst);
   else if (r_is_const)
      return emit_logical_identity(op, lhs, !!rconst);
   else if (lhs == rhs) {
      switch (op) {
      case VCODE_OP_AND:
      case VCODE_OP_OR:
         return lhs;
      case VCODE_OP_NAND:
      case VCODE_OP_NOR:
         return emit_not(lhs);
      case VCODE_OP_XOR:
         return emit_const(vtbool, 0);
      case VCODE_OP_XNOR:
         return emit_const(vtbool, 1);
      default:
         fatal_trace("cannot constant fold logical %s", vcode_op_string(op));
      }
   }

   vcode_reg_t result = emit_arith(op, lhs, rhs, VCODE_INVALID_REG);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(lhs), vtbool)
                && vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(rhs), vtbool),
                "arguments to %s are not boolean", vcode_op_string(op));

   return result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_or(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs)
{
   return emit_logical(VCODE_OP_OR, lhs, rhs);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_and(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs)
{
   return emit_logical(VCODE_OP_AND, lhs, rhs);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_nand(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs)
{
   return emit_logical(VCODE_OP_NAND, lhs, rhs);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_nor(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs)
{
   return emit_logical(VCODE_OP_NOR, lhs, rhs);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_xor(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs)
{
   return emit_logical(VCODE_OP_XOR, lhs, rhs);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_xnor(vcode_reg_t lhs, vcode_reg_t rhs)
{
   return emit_logical(VCODE_OP_XNOR, lhs, rhs);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_not(vcode_reg_t arg)
{
   int64_t cval;
   if (vcode_reg_const(arg, &cval))
      return emit_const(vtype_bool(), !cval);

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_NOT);
   vcode_add_arg(op, arg);

   vcode_type_t vtbool = vtype_bool();
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(arg), vtbool),
                "argument to not is not boolean");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtbool));
}

vcode_reg_t emit_wrap(vcode_reg_t data, const vcode_dim_t *dims, int ndims)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_WRAP) {
      if (other->args.count == ndims*3 + 1 && other->args.items[0] == data) {
         bool match = true;
         for (int i = 0; match && i < ndims; i++) {
            match = other->args.items[i*3 + 1] == dims[i].left
               && other->args.items[i*3 + 2] == dims[i].right
               && other->args.items[i*3 + 3] == dims[i].dir;
         }
         if (match)
            return other->result;
      }
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_WRAP);
   vcode_add_arg(op, data);
   for (int i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
      vcode_add_arg(op, dims[i].left);
      vcode_add_arg(op, dims[i].right);
      vcode_add_arg(op, dims[i].dir);
   }

   vcode_type_t ptr_type = vcode_reg_type(data);
   const vtype_kind_t ptrkind = vtype_kind(ptr_type);
   VCODE_ASSERT(ptrkind == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER || ptrkind == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "wrapped data is not pointer or signal");

#ifdef DEBUG
   for (int i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
      VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_scalar(vcode_reg_type(dims[i].left)),
                   "dimension %d left bound must be scalar", i + 1);
      VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_scalar(vcode_reg_type(dims[i].right)),
                   "dimension %d right bound must be scalar", i + 1);
      VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vtype_bool(), vcode_reg_type(dims[i].dir)),
                   "dimension %d direction must be bool", i + 1);
   }
#endif

   vcode_type_t elem = (ptrkind == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER)
      ? vtype_pointed(ptr_type) : ptr_type;

   op->result = vcode_add_reg(
      vtype_uarray(ndims, elem, vcode_reg_bounds(data)));

   return op->result;
}

static vcode_reg_t emit_uarray_op(vcode_op_t o, vcode_type_t rtype,
                                  vcode_reg_t array, unsigned dim,
                                  unsigned arg_index)
{
   // Reuse any previous operation in this block with the same arguments
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_OP(other) {
      if (other->kind == o && other->args.items[0] == array && other->dim == dim
          && (rtype == VCODE_INVALID_TYPE
              || vtype_eq(rtype, vcode_reg_type(other->result))))
         return other->result;
      else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_WRAP && other->result == array)
         return other->args.items[1 + (dim * 3) + arg_index];
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(o);
   vcode_add_arg(op, array);
   op->dim = dim;

   vcode_type_t atype = vcode_reg_type(array);
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(atype) == VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY,
                "cannot use %s with non-uarray type", vcode_op_string(o));

   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(atype);
   VCODE_ASSERT(dim < vt->dims, "invalid dimension %d", dim);

   if (rtype == VCODE_INVALID_TYPE)
      rtype = vtype_offset();

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(rtype));
}

vcode_reg_t emit_uarray_left(vcode_reg_t array, unsigned dim)
{
   return emit_uarray_op(VCODE_OP_UARRAY_LEFT, VCODE_INVALID_TYPE,
                         array, dim, 0);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_uarray_right(vcode_reg_t array, unsigned dim)
{
   return emit_uarray_op(VCODE_OP_UARRAY_RIGHT, VCODE_INVALID_TYPE,
                         array, dim, 1);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_uarray_dir(vcode_reg_t array, unsigned dim)
{
   return emit_uarray_op(VCODE_OP_UARRAY_DIR, vtype_bool(),
                         array, dim, 2);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_uarray_len(vcode_reg_t array, unsigned dim)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_OP(other) {
      if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_UARRAY_LEN) {
         if (other->args.items[0] == array && other->dim == dim)
            return other->result;
      }
      else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_WRAP && other->result == array) {
         VCODE_ASSERT(dim < (other->args.count - 1) / 3,
                      "array dimension %d out of bounds", dim);

         vcode_reg_t left_reg = other->args.items[dim * 3 + 1];
         vcode_reg_t right_reg = other->args.items[dim * 3 + 2];
         vcode_reg_t dir_reg = other->args.items[dim * 3 + 3];
         return emit_range_length(left_reg, right_reg, dir_reg);
      }
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_UARRAY_LEN);
   vcode_add_arg(op, array);
   op->dim = dim;

   vcode_type_t atype = vcode_reg_type(array);
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(atype) == VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY,
                "cannot use uarray len with non-uarray type");

   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(atype);
   VCODE_ASSERT(dim < vt->dims, "invalid dimension %d", dim);

   op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_offset());

   reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
   rr->bounds = vtype_int(0, INT64_MAX);

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_unwrap(vcode_reg_t array)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_OP(other) {
      if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_WRAP && other->result == array)
         return other->args.items[0];
      else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_UNWRAP && other->args.items[0] == array)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_UNWRAP);
   vcode_add_arg(op, array);

   vtype_t *vt = vcode_type_data(vcode_reg_type(array));
   VCODE_ASSERT(vt->kind == VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY,
                "unwrap can only only be used with uarray types");

   vcode_type_t elem = vt->elem;

   vcode_type_t rtype = (vtype_kind(elem) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL)
      ? elem : vtype_pointer(elem);

   op->result = vcode_add_reg(rtype);

   reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
   rr->bounds = elem;

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_range_null(vcode_reg_t left, vcode_reg_t right,
                            vcode_reg_t dir)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_RANGE_NULL) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == left
          && other->args.items[1] == right
          && other->args.items[2] == dir)
         return other->result;
   }

   int64_t dir_const;
   if (vcode_reg_const(dir, &dir_const)) {
      vtype_t *lbounds = vcode_type_data(vcode_reg_bounds(left));
      vtype_t *rbounds = vcode_type_data(vcode_reg_bounds(right));

      if (dir_const == RANGE_TO && lbounds->low > rbounds->high)
         return emit_const(vtype_bool(), 1);
      else if (dir_const == RANGE_TO && lbounds->high <= rbounds->low)
         return emit_const(vtype_bool(), 0);
      else if (dir_const == RANGE_DOWNTO && rbounds->low > lbounds->high)
         return emit_const(vtype_bool(), 1);
      else if (dir_const == RANGE_DOWNTO && rbounds->high <= lbounds->low)
         return emit_const(vtype_bool(), 0);
      else if (dir_const == RANGE_TO)
         return emit_cmp(VCODE_CMP_GT, left, right);
      else
         return emit_cmp(VCODE_CMP_GT, right, left);
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_RANGE_NULL);
   vcode_add_arg(op, left);
   vcode_add_arg(op, right);
   vcode_add_arg(op, dir);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(left), vcode_reg_type(right)),
                "range left and right have different types");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(dir) == VCODE_TYPE_INT,
                "dir argument to range length is not int");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_bool()));
}

vcode_reg_t emit_range_length(vcode_reg_t left, vcode_reg_t right,
                              vcode_reg_t dir)
{
   vcode_reg_t left_array = VCODE_INVALID_REG,
      right_array = VCODE_INVALID_REG,
      dir_array = VCODE_INVALID_REG;
   int left_dim = -1, right_dim = -1, dir_dim = -1;

   VCODE_FOR_EACH_OP(other) {
      if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_RANGE_LENGTH
          && other->args.items[0] == left
          && other->args.items[1] == right
          && other->args.items[2] == dir)
         return other->result;
      else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_UARRAY_LEFT && other->result == left) {
         left_array = other->args.items[0];
         left_dim = other->dim;
      }
      else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_UARRAY_RIGHT && other->result == right) {
         right_array = other->args.items[0];
         right_dim = other->dim;
      }
      else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_UARRAY_DIR && other->result == dir) {
         dir_array = other->args.items[0];
         dir_dim = other->dim;
      }
   }

   if (left_array != VCODE_INVALID_REG && left_array == right_array
       && right_array == dir_array && left_dim == right_dim
       && right_dim == dir_dim)
      return emit_uarray_len(left_array, left_dim);

   int64_t lconst, rconst, dconst;
   if (vcode_reg_const(dir, &dconst) && vcode_reg_const(left, &lconst)
       && vcode_reg_const(right, &rconst)) {

      int64_t diff;
      if (dconst == RANGE_TO)
         diff = rconst - lconst;
      else
         diff = lconst - rconst;

      return emit_const(vtype_offset(), diff < 0 ? 0 : diff + 1);
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_RANGE_LENGTH);
   vcode_add_arg(op, left);
   vcode_add_arg(op, right);
   vcode_add_arg(op, dir);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(left), vcode_reg_type(right)),
                "range left and right have different types");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(dir) == VCODE_TYPE_INT,
                "dir argument to range length is not int");

   op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_offset());

   reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
   rr->bounds = vtype_int(0, INT64_MAX);

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_var_upref(int hops, vcode_var_t var)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_VAR_UPREF) {
      if (other->hops == hops && other->address == var)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_VAR_UPREF);
   op->hops    = hops;
   op->address = var;

   VCODE_ASSERT(hops > 0, "invalid hop count");

   vcode_unit_t vu = active_unit;
   for (int i = 0; i < hops; i++) {
      vu = vu->context;
      VCODE_ASSERT(vu, "hop count is greater than depth");
   }

   VCODE_ASSERT(var < vu->vars.count, "upref %d is not a variable", var);

   vcode_calculate_var_index_type(op, &(vu->vars.items[var]));

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_init_signal(vcode_type_t type, vcode_reg_t count,
                             vcode_reg_t size, vcode_reg_t value,
                             vcode_reg_t flags, vcode_reg_t locus,
                             vcode_reg_t offset)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_INIT_SIGNAL);
   vcode_add_arg(op, count);
   vcode_add_arg(op, size);
   vcode_add_arg(op, value);
   vcode_add_arg(op, flags);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);
   if (offset != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, offset);

   vcode_type_t vtype = vcode_reg_type(value);
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_scalar(type), "signal type must be scalar");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(vtype, type)
                || vtype_kind(vtype) == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER,
                "init signal value type does not match signal type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to init signal must be a debug locus");
   VCODE_ASSERT(offset == VCODE_INVALID_REG
                || vcode_reg_kind(offset) == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER,
                "init signal offset argument must have pointer type");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_signal(type)));
}

void emit_resolve_signal(vcode_reg_t signal, vcode_reg_t resolution)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_RESOLVE_SIGNAL);
   vcode_add_arg(op, signal);
   vcode_add_arg(op, resolution);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(signal) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "signal argument has wrong type");

   vcode_type_t rtype = vcode_reg_type(resolution);
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(rtype) == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER,
                "resolution wrapper argument must be pointer");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(vtype_pointed(rtype)) == VCODE_TYPE_RESOLUTION,
                "resolution wrapper argument has wrong type");
}

vcode_reg_t emit_implicit_signal(vcode_type_t type, vcode_reg_t count,
                                 vcode_reg_t size, vcode_reg_t locus,
                                 vcode_reg_t kind, vcode_reg_t closure,
                                 vcode_reg_t delay)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_IMPLICIT_SIGNAL);
   vcode_add_arg(op, count);
   vcode_add_arg(op, size);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);
   vcode_add_arg(op, kind);
   vcode_add_arg(op, closure);
   vcode_add_arg(op, delay);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(count) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "count argument to implicit signal is not offset");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(kind) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "kind argument to implicit signal is not offset");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(closure) == VCODE_TYPE_CLOSURE,
                "closure argument to implicit signal is not a closure");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to implicit signal must be a debug locus");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(delay) == VCODE_TYPE_INT,
                "delay argument to implicit signal must be time");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_signal(type)));
}

void emit_map_signal(vcode_reg_t src, vcode_reg_t dst, vcode_reg_t count)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_MAP_SIGNAL);
   vcode_add_arg(op, src);
   vcode_add_arg(op, dst);
   vcode_add_arg(op, count);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(src) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "src argument to map signal is not a signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(dst) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "dst argument to map signal is not a signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(count) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "count argument type to map signal is not offset");
}

void emit_map_const(vcode_reg_t src, vcode_reg_t dst, vcode_reg_t count)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_MAP_CONST);
   vcode_add_arg(op, src);
   vcode_add_arg(op, dst);
   vcode_add_arg(op, count);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(dst) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "dst argument to map const is not a signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(count) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "count argument type to map const is not offset");
}

void emit_map_implicit(vcode_reg_t src, vcode_reg_t dst, vcode_reg_t count)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_MAP_IMPLICIT);
   vcode_add_arg(op, src);
   vcode_add_arg(op, dst);
   vcode_add_arg(op, count);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(src) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "src argument to map implicit is not a signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(dst) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "dst argument to map implicit is not a signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(count) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "count argument type to map implicit is not offset");
}

void emit_drive_signal(vcode_reg_t target, vcode_reg_t count)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_DRIVE_SIGNAL) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == target && other->args.items[1] == count)
         return;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_DRIVE_SIGNAL);
   vcode_add_arg(op, target);
   vcode_add_arg(op, count);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(target) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "target argument to drive signal is not a signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(count) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "count argument type to drive signal is not offset");
}

void emit_transfer_signal(vcode_reg_t target, vcode_reg_t source,
                          vcode_reg_t count, vcode_reg_t reject,
                          vcode_reg_t after)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_TRANSFER_SIGNAL);
   vcode_add_arg(op, target);
   vcode_add_arg(op, source);
   vcode_add_arg(op, count);
   vcode_add_arg(op, reject);
   vcode_add_arg(op, after);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(target) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "target argument to transfer signal is not a signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(count) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "count argument type to transfer signal is not offset");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(source) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "source argument to transfer signal is not a signal");
}

vcode_reg_t emit_resolution_wrapper(vcode_type_t type, vcode_reg_t closure,
                                    vcode_reg_t nlits)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_RESOLUTION_WRAPPER) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == closure && other->args.items[1] == nlits)
         return other->result;
   }

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(closure) == VCODE_TYPE_CLOSURE,
                "first argument to resolution wrapper must be closure");

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_RESOLUTION_WRAPPER);
   vcode_add_arg(op, closure);
   vcode_add_arg(op, nlits);

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_resolution(type)));
}

vcode_reg_t emit_closure(ident_t func, vcode_reg_t context, vcode_type_t rtype)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_CLOSURE) {
      if (other->func == func && other->args.items[0] == context)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_CLOSURE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, context);
   op->func = func;

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(context) == VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT,
                "invalid closure context argument");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_closure(rtype)));
}

vcode_reg_t emit_package_init(ident_t name, vcode_reg_t context)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_PACKAGE_INIT) {
      if (other->func == name)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_PACKAGE_INIT);
   op->func = name;
   if (context != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, context);

   VCODE_ASSERT(context == VCODE_INVALID_REG
                || vcode_reg_kind(context) == VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT,
                "invalid protected init context argument");
   VCODE_ASSERT(active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_INSTANCE
                || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PACKAGE
                || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_THUNK,
                "cannot use package init here");
   VCODE_ASSERT(name != active_unit->name, "cyclic package init");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_context(name)));
}

vcode_reg_t emit_protected_init(vcode_type_t type, vcode_reg_t context,
                                vcode_reg_t path_name, vcode_reg_t inst_name)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_PROTECTED_INIT);
   vcode_add_arg(op, context);
   op->func = vtype_name(type);

   if (path_name != VCODE_INVALID_REG && inst_name != VCODE_INVALID_REG) {
      vcode_add_arg(op, path_name);
      vcode_add_arg(op, inst_name);

      VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(path_name) == VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY,
                   "path name argument must be uarray");
      VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(inst_name) == VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY,
                   "inst name argument must be uarray");
   }

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(type) == VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT,
                "protected init type must be context");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(context) == VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT,
                "invalid protected init context argument");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(type));
}

void emit_process_init(ident_t name, vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_PROCESS_INIT);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);
   op->func = name;

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to process init must be a debug locus");
}

void emit_protected_free(vcode_reg_t obj)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_PROTECTED_FREE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, obj);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(obj) == VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT,
                "protected object type must be context");
}

vcode_reg_t emit_context_upref(int hops)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_CONTEXT_UPREF) {
      if (other->hops == hops)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_CONTEXT_UPREF);
   op->hops = hops;

   VCODE_ASSERT(hops >= 0, "invalid hop count");

   vcode_unit_t vu = active_unit;
   for (int i = 0; i < hops; i++) {
      vu = vu->context;
      VCODE_ASSERT(vu, "hop count is greater than depth");
   }

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_context(vu->name)));
}

static vcode_reg_t emit_signal_flag(vcode_op_t opkind, vcode_reg_t nets,
                                    vcode_reg_t len)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(opkind);
   vcode_add_arg(op, nets);
   vcode_add_arg(op, len);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(nets) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "argument to %s is not a signal", vcode_op_string(opkind));

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_bool()));
}

vcode_reg_t emit_event_flag(vcode_reg_t nets, vcode_reg_t len)
{
   return emit_signal_flag(VCODE_OP_EVENT, nets, len);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_active_flag(vcode_reg_t nets, vcode_reg_t len)
{
   return emit_signal_flag(VCODE_OP_ACTIVE, nets, len);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_record_ref(vcode_reg_t record, unsigned field)
{
   // Try scanning backwards through the block for another record ref
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_RECORD_REF) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == record && other->field == field)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_RECORD_REF);
   op->field = field;
   vcode_add_arg(op, record);

   vtype_t *rptype = vcode_type_data(vcode_reg_type(record));

   VCODE_ASSERT(rptype->kind == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER,
                "argument to record ref must be a pointer");

   vtype_t *rtype = vcode_type_data(rptype->pointed);
   VCODE_ASSERT(rtype->kind == VCODE_TYPE_RECORD,
                "argument must be pointer to record or record signal");

   VCODE_ASSERT(field < rtype->fields.count, "invalid field %d", field);

   vcode_type_t field_type  = rtype->fields.items[field];
   vcode_type_t bounds_type = field_type;
   vcode_type_t result_type = field_type;

   const vtype_kind_t fkind = vtype_kind(field_type);
   if (fkind == VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY)
      result_type = bounds_type = vtype_elem(field_type);
   else if (fkind == VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY) {
      bounds_type = vtype_elem(field_type);
      result_type = field_type;
   }

   op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_pointer(result_type));

   reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
   rr->bounds = bounds_type;

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_array_ref(vcode_reg_t array, vcode_reg_t offset)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_ARRAY_REF) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == array && other->args.items[1] == offset)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_ARRAY_REF);
   vcode_add_arg(op, array);
   vcode_add_arg(op, offset);

   vcode_type_t rtype = vcode_reg_type(array);
   VCODE_ASSERT((vtype_kind(rtype) == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER
                 && vtype_kind(vtype_pointed(rtype)) != VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY)
                || vtype_kind(rtype) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "argument to array ref must be a pointer or signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(offset) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "array ref offset argument must have offset type");

   op->result = vcode_add_reg(rtype);

   reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
   rr->bounds = vcode_reg_bounds(array);

   return op->result;
}

void emit_copy(vcode_reg_t dest, vcode_reg_t src, vcode_reg_t count)
{
   int64_t cconst;
   if (count != VCODE_INVALID_REG && vcode_reg_const(count, &cconst)
       && cconst == 0)
      return;
   else if (dest == src)
      return;

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_COPY);
   vcode_add_arg(op, dest);
   vcode_add_arg(op, src);
   if (count != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, count);

   vcode_type_t dtype = vcode_reg_type(dest);
   vcode_type_t stype = vcode_reg_type(src);

   vtype_kind_t dkind = vtype_kind(dtype);
   vtype_kind_t skind = vtype_kind(stype);

   VCODE_ASSERT(dkind == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER || dkind == VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS,
                "destination type is not a pointer or access");
   VCODE_ASSERT(skind == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER || skind == VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS,
                "source type is not a pointer or access");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_eq(dtype, stype),
                "source and destination types do not match");
   VCODE_ASSERT(count == VCODE_INVALID_REG
                || vcode_reg_kind(count) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "count is not offset type");

   op->type = vtype_pointed(dtype);
}

void emit_sched_event(vcode_reg_t nets, vcode_reg_t n_elems)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_OP(other) {
      if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_CLEAR_EVENT)
         break;
      else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_SCHED_EVENT
               && other->args.items[0] == nets
               && other->args.items[1] == n_elems)
         return;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_SCHED_EVENT);
   vcode_add_arg(op, nets);
   vcode_add_arg(op, n_elems);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(nets) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "nets argument to sched event must be signal");
}

void emit_clear_event(vcode_reg_t nets, vcode_reg_t n_elems)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_OP(other) {
      if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_SCHED_EVENT)
         break;
      else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_CLEAR_EVENT
               && other->args.items[0] == nets
               && other->args.items[1] == n_elems)
         return;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_CLEAR_EVENT);
   vcode_add_arg(op, nets);
   vcode_add_arg(op, n_elems);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(nets) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "nets argument to clear event must be signal");
}

void emit_sched_process(vcode_reg_t delay)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_SCHED_PROCESS);
   vcode_add_arg(op, delay);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(delay) == VCODE_TYPE_INT,
                "delay must have integer type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROCEDURE
                || active_unit->kind == VCODE_UNIT_PROCESS,
                "sched process only allowed in process or procedure");
}

void emit_resume(ident_t func)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_RESUME);
   op->func = func;

   block_t *b = &(active_unit->blocks.items[active_block]);
   VCODE_ASSERT(b->ops.count == 1, "resume must be first op in a block");
}

void emit_memset(vcode_reg_t ptr, vcode_reg_t value, vcode_reg_t len)
{
   int64_t lconst;
   if (vcode_reg_const(len, &lconst) && lconst == 0)
      return;

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_MEMSET);
   vcode_add_arg(op, ptr);
   vcode_add_arg(op, value);
   vcode_add_arg(op, len);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(vcode_reg_type(ptr)) == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER,
                "target of memset must have pointer type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_scalar(vcode_reg_type(value)),
                "value of memset must have scalar type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(vcode_reg_type(len)) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "length of memset must have offset type");
}

void emit_case(vcode_reg_t value, vcode_block_t def, const vcode_reg_t *cases,
               const vcode_block_t *blocks, int ncases)
{
   int64_t cval1, cval2;
   bool is_const = vcode_reg_const(value, &cval1);

   for (int i = 0; i < ncases; i++) {
      bool can_fold = false;
      if (cases[i] == value)
         can_fold = true;
      else if (is_const && vcode_reg_const(cases[i], &cval2))
         can_fold = (cval1 == cval2);

      if (can_fold) {
         emit_jump(blocks[i]);
         return;
      }
   }

   if (is_const) {
      emit_jump(def);
      return;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_CASE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, value);
   vcode_add_target(op, def);

   for (int i = 0; i < ncases; i++) {
      vcode_add_arg(op, cases[i]);
      vcode_add_target(op, blocks[i]);

#ifdef DEBUG
      for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
         VCODE_ASSERT(cases[i] != cases[j], "duplicate case choice");
#endif
   }
}

void emit_file_open(vcode_reg_t file, vcode_reg_t name, vcode_reg_t length,
                    vcode_reg_t kind, vcode_reg_t status)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_FILE_OPEN);
   vcode_add_arg(op, file);
   vcode_add_arg(op, name);
   vcode_add_arg(op, length);
   vcode_add_arg(op, kind);
   if (status != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, status);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_pointer(vcode_reg_type(file), VCODE_TYPE_FILE),
                "file open first argument must have file pointer type");
}

void emit_file_write(vcode_reg_t file, vcode_reg_t value, vcode_reg_t length)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_FILE_WRITE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, file);
   vcode_add_arg(op, value);
   if (length != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, length);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_pointer(vcode_reg_type(file), VCODE_TYPE_FILE),
                "file write first argument must have file pointer type");
}

void emit_file_read(vcode_reg_t file, vcode_reg_t ptr,
                    vcode_reg_t inlen, vcode_reg_t outlen)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_FILE_READ);
   vcode_add_arg(op, file);
   vcode_add_arg(op, ptr);
   if (inlen != VCODE_INVALID_REG) {
      vcode_add_arg(op, inlen);
      if (outlen != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
         vcode_add_arg(op, outlen);
   }

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_pointer(vcode_reg_type(file), VCODE_TYPE_FILE),
                "file read first argument must have file pointer type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(vcode_reg_type(ptr)) == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER,
                "file read pointer argument must have pointer type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(outlen == VCODE_INVALID_REG
                || vtype_kind(vcode_reg_type(outlen)) == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER,
                "file read outlen argument must have pointer type");
}

vcode_reg_t emit_null(vcode_type_t type)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_NULL) {
      if (vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(other->result), type))
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_NULL);
   op->result = vcode_add_reg(type);

   vtype_kind_t kind = vtype_kind(type);
   VCODE_ASSERT(kind == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER || kind == VCODE_TYPE_FILE
                || kind == VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS || kind == VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT,
                "null type must be file, access, context, or pointer");

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_new(vcode_type_t type, vcode_reg_t length)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_NEW);
   if (length != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, length);

   op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_access(type));

   vtype_kind_t kind = vtype_kind(type);
   VCODE_ASSERT(kind == VCODE_TYPE_INT || kind == VCODE_TYPE_RECORD
                || kind == VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY || kind == VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS
                || kind == VCODE_TYPE_REAL || kind == VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT,
                "new type must be int, real, record, access, or uarray");
   VCODE_ASSERT(length == VCODE_INVALID_REG
                || vtype_kind(vcode_reg_type(length)) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "new length must have offset type");

   return op->result;
}

void emit_null_check(vcode_reg_t ptr, vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_OP(other) {
      if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_NULL_CHECK && other->args.items[0] == ptr)
         return;
      else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_NEW && other->result == ptr)
         return;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_NULL_CHECK);
   vcode_add_arg(op, ptr);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(vcode_reg_type(ptr)) == VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS,
                "null check argument must be an access");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to null check must be a debug locus");
}

void emit_deallocate(vcode_reg_t ptr)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_DEALLOCATE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, ptr);

   vcode_type_t ptype = vcode_reg_type(ptr);
   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(ptype) == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER
                && vtype_kind(vtype_pointed(ptype)) == VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS,
                "deallocate argument must be pointer to access");
}

vcode_reg_t emit_all(vcode_reg_t reg)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_ALL) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == reg)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_ALL);
   vcode_add_arg(op, reg);

   vcode_type_t vtype = vcode_reg_type(reg);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(vtype) == VCODE_TYPE_ACCESS,
                "all argument must be an access");

   vcode_type_t pointed = vtype_pointed(vtype);
   op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_pointer(pointed));

   reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
   rr->bounds = pointed;

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(pointed) != VCODE_TYPE_OPAQUE,
                "cannot dereference opaque type");

   return op->result;
}

static vcode_reg_t emit_signal_data_op(vcode_op_t kind, vcode_reg_t sig)
{
   block_t *b = &(active_unit->blocks.items[active_block]);
   for (int i = b->ops.count - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      const op_t *other = &(b->ops.items[i]);
      if (other->kind == kind && other->args.items[0] == sig)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(kind);
   vcode_add_arg(op, sig);

   vcode_type_t stype = vcode_reg_type(sig);
   op->type = stype;

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(stype) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "argument r%d to resolved is not a signal", sig);

   vcode_type_t rtype = vtype_base(stype);

   const vtype_kind_t rkind = vtype_kind(rtype);
   if (rkind == VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY || rkind == VCODE_TYPE_UARRAY)
      rtype = vtype_elem(rtype);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_scalar(rtype),
                "resolved signal base type must be scalar");

   op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_pointer(rtype));

   reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
   rr->bounds = rtype;

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_resolved(vcode_reg_t sig, vcode_reg_t count)
{
   return emit_signal_data_op(VCODE_OP_RESOLVED, sig);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_last_value(vcode_reg_t sig, vcode_reg_t count)
{
   return emit_signal_data_op(VCODE_OP_LAST_VALUE, sig);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_last_event(vcode_reg_t signal, vcode_reg_t len)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_LAST_EVENT);
   vcode_add_arg(op, signal);
   if (len != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, len);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(signal) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "signal argument to last event must have signal type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(len == VCODE_INVALID_REG
                || vcode_reg_kind(len) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "length argument to last event must have offset type");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_time()));
}

vcode_reg_t emit_last_active(vcode_reg_t signal, vcode_reg_t len)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_LAST_ACTIVE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, signal);
   if (len != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, len);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(signal) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "signal argument to last active must have signal type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(len == VCODE_INVALID_REG
                || vcode_reg_kind(len) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "length argument to last active must have offset type");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_time()));
}

void emit_alias_signal(vcode_reg_t signal, vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_ALIAS_SIGNAL);
   vcode_add_arg(op, signal);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(signal) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "signal argument must have signal type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument must have debug locus type");
}

vcode_reg_t emit_driving_flag(vcode_reg_t signal, vcode_reg_t len)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_DRIVING);
   vcode_add_arg(op, signal);
   vcode_add_arg(op, len);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(signal) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "signal argument to last active must have signal type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(len) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "length argument to last active must have offset type");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_bool()));
}

vcode_reg_t emit_driving_value(vcode_reg_t signal, vcode_reg_t len)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_DRIVING_VALUE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, signal);
   if (len != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, len);

   vcode_type_t signal_type = vcode_reg_type(signal);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_kind(signal_type) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "signal argument to last active must have signal type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(len == VCODE_INVALID_REG
                || vcode_reg_kind(len) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "length argument to last active must have offset type");

   vcode_type_t base_type = vtype_base(signal_type);
   op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_pointer(base_type));

   reg_t *rr = vcode_reg_data(op->result);
   rr->bounds = base_type;

   return op->result;
}

void emit_length_check(vcode_reg_t llen, vcode_reg_t rlen, vcode_reg_t locus,
                       vcode_reg_t dim)
{
   if (rlen == llen)
      return;

   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_LENGTH_CHECK) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == llen && other->args.items[1] == rlen)
         return;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_LENGTH_CHECK);
   vcode_add_arg(op, llen);
   vcode_add_arg(op, rlen);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);
   if (dim != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, dim);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to length check must be a debug locus");
}

void emit_exponent_check(vcode_reg_t exp, vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   int64_t cval;
   if (vcode_reg_const(exp, &cval) && cval >= 0)
      return;

   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_EXPONENT_CHECK) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == exp)
         return;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_EXPONENT_CHECK);
   vcode_add_arg(op, exp);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(exp) == VCODE_TYPE_INT,
                "exp argument to exponent check must be a integer");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to exponent check must be a debug locus");
}

void emit_zero_check(vcode_reg_t denom, vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   int64_t cval;
   if (vcode_reg_const(denom, &cval) && cval != 0)
      return;

   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_ZERO_CHECK) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == denom)
         return;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_ZERO_CHECK);
   vcode_add_arg(op, denom);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(denom) == VCODE_TYPE_INT,
                "denom argument to zero check must be a integer");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to zero check must be a debug locus");
}

static bool vcode_can_elide_bounds(vcode_reg_t reg, vcode_reg_t left,
                                   vcode_reg_t right, vcode_reg_t dir)
{
   int64_t dconst;
   if (vcode_reg_const(dir, &dconst)) {
      int64_t lconst, rconst;
      if (vcode_reg_const(left, &lconst) && vcode_reg_const(right, &rconst)) {
         const bool is_null = (dconst == RANGE_TO && lconst > rconst)
            || (dconst == RANGE_DOWNTO && rconst > lconst);

         vtype_t *bounds = vcode_type_data(vcode_reg_bounds(reg));

         const bool ok_static =
            (dconst == RANGE_TO
             && bounds->low >= lconst && bounds->high <= rconst)
            || (dconst == RANGE_DOWNTO
                && bounds->low >= rconst && bounds->high <= lconst)
            || (!is_null && (reg == left || reg == right));

         return ok_static;
      }
      else if (vcode_reg_kind(reg) == VCODE_TYPE_REAL) {
         vtype_t *lbounds = vcode_type_data(vcode_reg_bounds(left));
         vtype_t *rbounds = vcode_type_data(vcode_reg_bounds(right));

         assert(lbounds->kind == VCODE_TYPE_REAL);
         assert(rbounds->kind == VCODE_TYPE_REAL);

         vtype_t *bounds = vcode_type_data(vcode_reg_bounds(reg));
         assert(bounds->kind == VCODE_TYPE_REAL);

         if (isfinite(bounds->rlow) && lbounds->rlow == -DBL_MAX
             && isfinite(bounds->rhigh) && rbounds->rhigh == DBL_MAX) {
            // Covers the complete double range so can never overflow
            return true;
         }
      }
   }

   return false;
}

static void emit_bounds_check(vcode_op_t kind, vcode_reg_t reg,
                              vcode_reg_t left, vcode_reg_t right,
                              vcode_reg_t dir, vcode_reg_t locus,
                              vcode_reg_t hint)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, kind) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == reg && other->args.items[1] == left
          && other->args.items[2] == right && other->args.items[3] == dir)
         return;
   }

   if (vcode_can_elide_bounds(reg, left, right, dir)) {
      emit_comment("Elided bounds check for r%d", reg);
      return;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(kind);
   vcode_add_arg(op, reg);
   vcode_add_arg(op, left);
   vcode_add_arg(op, right);
   vcode_add_arg(op, dir);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);
   vcode_add_arg(op, hint);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vtype_is_numeric(vcode_reg_type(reg)),
                "argument to bounds check must be numeric");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to bounds check must be a debug locus");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(hint) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "hint argument to bounds check must be a debug locus");
}

void emit_range_check(vcode_reg_t reg, vcode_reg_t left, vcode_reg_t right,
                      vcode_reg_t dir, vcode_reg_t locus, vcode_reg_t hint)
{
   emit_bounds_check(VCODE_OP_RANGE_CHECK, reg, left, right, dir, locus, hint);
}

void emit_index_check(vcode_reg_t reg, vcode_reg_t left, vcode_reg_t right,
                      vcode_reg_t dir, vcode_reg_t locus, vcode_reg_t hint)
{
   emit_bounds_check(VCODE_OP_INDEX_CHECK, reg, left, right, dir, locus, hint);
}

void emit_dir_check(vcode_reg_t reg, vcode_reg_t dir, vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   if (reg == dir)
      return;

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_DIR_CHECK);
   vcode_add_arg(op, reg);
   vcode_add_arg(op, dir);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to dir check must be a debug locus");
}

void emit_package_scope(vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_PACKAGE_SCOPE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to package scope must be a debug locus");
}

void emit_array_scope(vcode_reg_t locus, vcode_type_t type)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_ARRAY_SCOPE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);
   op->type = type;

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to array scope must be a debug locus");
}

void emit_record_scope(vcode_reg_t locus, vcode_type_t type)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_RECORD_SCOPE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);
   op->type = type;

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to record scope must be a debug locus");
}

void emit_pop_scope(void)
{
   vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_POP_SCOPE);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_debug_locus(object_t *obj)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_DEBUG_LOCUS) {
      if (other->object == obj)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_DEBUG_LOCUS);
   op->object = obj;

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_debug_locus()));
}

void emit_debug_out(vcode_reg_t reg)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_DEBUG_OUT);
   vcode_add_arg(op, reg);
}

void emit_cover_stmt(uint32_t tag)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_COVER_STMT);
   op->tag = tag;
}

void emit_cover_branch(uint32_t tag)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_COVER_BRANCH);
   op->tag = tag;
}

void emit_cover_toggle(vcode_reg_t signal, uint32_t tag)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_COVER_TOGGLE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, signal);
   op->tag = tag;
}

void emit_cover_state(vcode_reg_t signal, vcode_reg_t low, uint32_t tag)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_COVER_STATE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, signal);
   vcode_add_arg(op, low);
   op->tag = tag;
}

void emit_cover_expr(uint32_t tag)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_COVER_EXPR);
   op->tag = tag;
}

void emit_unreachable(vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_UNREACHABLE);
   if (locus != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, locus);
}

vcode_reg_t emit_undefined(vcode_type_t type, vcode_type_t bounds)
{
   active_unit->flags |= UNIT_UNDEFINED;

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_UNDEFINED);
   op->result = vcode_add_reg(type);
   vcode_reg_data(op->result)->bounds = bounds;

   return op->result;
}

void emit_debug_info(const loc_t *loc)
{
   if (!loc_invalid_p(loc))
      vcode_block_data()->last_loc = *loc;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_link_var(vcode_reg_t context, ident_t name, vcode_type_t type)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_LINK_VAR) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == context && other->ident == name)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_LINK_VAR);
   vcode_add_arg(op, context);
   op->ident = name;

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(context) == VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT,
                "first argument to link var must be context");

   if (vtype_kind(type) == VCODE_TYPE_CARRAY) {
      op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_pointer(vtype_elem(type)));
      vcode_reg_data(op->result)->bounds = vtype_bounds(type);
   }
   else {
      op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_pointer(type));
      vcode_reg_data(op->result)->bounds = type;
   }

   return op->result;
}

vcode_reg_t emit_link_package(ident_t name)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_OP(other) {
      if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_LINK_PACKAGE && other->ident == name)
         return other->result;
      else if (other->kind == VCODE_OP_PACKAGE_INIT && other->func == name)
         return other->result;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_LINK_PACKAGE);
   op->ident = name;

   VCODE_ASSERT(name != active_unit->name, "cannot link the current unit");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_context(name)));
}

void emit_enter_state(vcode_reg_t state, vcode_reg_t strong)
{
   VCODE_FOR_EACH_MATCHING_OP(other, VCODE_OP_ENTER_STATE) {
      if (other->args.items[0] == state)
         return;
   }

   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_ENTER_STATE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, state);
   if (strong != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, strong);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(state) == VCODE_TYPE_INT,
                "state must have integer type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(strong == VCODE_INVALID_REG
                || vtype_eq(vcode_reg_type(strong), vtype_bool()),
                "strong argument not is not boolean");
}

vcode_reg_t emit_reflect_value(vcode_reg_t value, vcode_reg_t context,
                               vcode_reg_t locus, vcode_reg_t bounds)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_REFLECT_VALUE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, value);
   vcode_add_arg(op, context);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);
   if (bounds != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, bounds);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(context) == VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT,
                "invalid reflect value context argument");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to reflect value must be a debug locus");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_access(vtype_opaque())));
}

vcode_reg_t emit_reflect_subtype(vcode_reg_t context, vcode_reg_t locus,
                                 vcode_reg_t bounds)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_REFLECT_SUBTYPE);
   vcode_add_arg(op, context);
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);
   if (bounds != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, bounds);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(context) == VCODE_TYPE_CONTEXT,
                "invalid reflect value context argument");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to reflect value must be a debug locus");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_access(vtype_opaque())));
}

vcode_reg_t emit_function_trigger(ident_t func, const vcode_reg_t *args,
                                  int nargs)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_FUNCTION_TRIGGER);
   op->func = func;

   for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
      vcode_add_arg(op, args[i]);

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_trigger()));
}

vcode_reg_t emit_or_trigger(vcode_reg_t left, vcode_reg_t right)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_OR_TRIGGER);
   vcode_add_arg(op, left);
   vcode_add_arg(op, right);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(left) == VCODE_TYPE_TRIGGER,
                "or trigger left argument must be trigger");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(right) == VCODE_TYPE_TRIGGER,
                "or trigger right argument must be trigger");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_trigger()));
}

vcode_reg_t emit_cmp_trigger(vcode_reg_t left, vcode_reg_t right)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_CMP_TRIGGER);
   vcode_add_arg(op, left);
   vcode_add_arg(op, right);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(left) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "cmp trigger left argument must be signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(right) == VCODE_TYPE_INT,
                "cmp trigger right argument must be integer");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_trigger()));
}

void emit_add_trigger(vcode_reg_t trigger)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_ADD_TRIGGER);
   vcode_add_arg(op, trigger);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(trigger) == VCODE_TYPE_TRIGGER,
                "add trigger argument must be trigger");
}

vcode_reg_t emit_port_conversion(vcode_reg_t driving, vcode_reg_t effective)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_PORT_CONVERSION);
   vcode_add_arg(op, driving);
   if (effective != VCODE_INVALID_REG && effective != driving)
      vcode_add_arg(op, effective);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(driving) == VCODE_TYPE_CLOSURE,
                "port conversion argument must be a closure");
   VCODE_ASSERT(effective == VCODE_INVALID_REG
                || vcode_reg_kind(effective) == VCODE_TYPE_CLOSURE,
                "port conversion argument must be a closure");

   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_conversion()));
}

vcode_reg_t emit_bind_external(vcode_reg_t locus, ident_t scope,
                               vcode_type_t type, vcode_type_t bounds,
                               const vcode_reg_t *args, int nargs)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_BIND_EXTERNAL);
   op->type  = type;
   op->ident = scope;
   vcode_add_arg(op, locus);
   for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
      vcode_add_arg(op, args[i]);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "bind external argument must be locus");

   op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_pointer(type));
   vcode_reg_data(op->result)->bounds = bounds;
   return op->result;
}

void emit_put_conversion(vcode_reg_t cf, vcode_reg_t target, vcode_reg_t count,
                         vcode_reg_t values)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_PUT_CONVERSION);
   vcode_add_arg(op, cf);
   vcode_add_arg(op, target);
   vcode_add_arg(op, count);
   vcode_add_arg(op, values);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(target) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "put conversion target is not signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(count) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "put conversion net count is not offset type");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(values) != VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "signal cannot be values argument for put conversion");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(cf) == VCODE_TYPE_CONVERSION,
                "cf argument to put conversion must be conversion function");
}

void emit_convert_in(vcode_reg_t conv, vcode_reg_t nets, vcode_reg_t count)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_CONVERT_IN);
   vcode_add_arg(op, conv);
   vcode_add_arg(op, nets);
   vcode_add_arg(op, count);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(conv) == VCODE_TYPE_CONVERSION,
                "conv argument to convert must be a port conversion");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(nets) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "nets argument to convert must be a signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(count) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "count argument to convert must be offset");
}

void emit_convert_out(vcode_reg_t conv, vcode_reg_t nets, vcode_reg_t count)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_CONVERT_OUT);
   vcode_add_arg(op, conv);
   vcode_add_arg(op, nets);
   vcode_add_arg(op, count);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(conv) == VCODE_TYPE_CONVERSION,
                "conv argument to convert must be a port conversion");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(nets) == VCODE_TYPE_SIGNAL,
                "nets argument to convert must be a signal");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(count) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "count argument to convert must be offset");
}

void emit_bind_foreign(vcode_reg_t spec, vcode_reg_t length, vcode_reg_t locus)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_BIND_FOREIGN);
   vcode_add_arg(op, spec);
   vcode_add_arg(op, length);
   if (locus != VCODE_INVALID_REG)
      vcode_add_arg(op, locus);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(spec) == VCODE_TYPE_POINTER,
                "spec argument to bind foreign must be a pointer");
   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(length) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "length argument to bind foreign must be offset");
   VCODE_ASSERT(locus == VCODE_INVALID_REG
                || vcode_reg_kind(locus) == VCODE_TYPE_DEBUG_LOCUS,
                "locus argument to bind foreign value must be a debug locus");
}

vcode_reg_t emit_instance_name(vcode_reg_t kind)
{
   op_t *op = vcode_add_op(VCODE_OP_INSTANCE_NAME);
   vcode_add_arg(op, kind);

   VCODE_ASSERT(vcode_reg_kind(kind) == VCODE_TYPE_OFFSET,
                "kind argument to instance name must be offset");

   vcode_type_t vchar = vtype_char();
   return (op->result = vcode_add_reg(vtype_uarray(1, vchar, vchar)));
}

void vcode_walk_dependencies(vcode_unit_t vu, vcode_dep_fn_t fn, void *ctx)
{
   vcode_state_t state;
   vcode_state_save(&state);

   vcode_select_unit(vu);

   const int nblocks = vcode_count_blocks();
   for (int i = 0; i < nblocks; i++) {
      vcode_select_block(i);

      const int nops = vcode_count_ops();
      for (int op = 0; op < nops; op++) {
         switch (vcode_get_op(op)) {
         case VCODE_OP_LINK_PACKAGE:
            (*fn)(vcode_get_ident(op), ctx);
            break;
         case VCODE_OP_FCALL:
         case VCODE_OP_PCALL:
         case VCODE_OP_CLOSURE:
         case VCODE_OP_PROTECTED_INIT:
         case VCODE_OP_PACKAGE_INIT:
         case VCODE_OP_FUNCTION_TRIGGER:
            (*fn)(vcode_get_func(op), ctx);
            break;
         default:
            break;
         }
      }
   }

   vcode_state_restore(&state);
}

#if VCODE_CHECK_UNIONS
#define OP_USE_COUNT_U0(x)                                              \
   (OP_HAS_IDENT(x) + OP_HAS_FUNC(x) + OP_HAS_ADDRESS(x))
#define OP_USE_COUNT_U1(x)                                              \
   (OP_HAS_CMP(x) + OP_HAS_VALUE(x) + OP_HAS_REAL(x) +                  \
    OP_HAS_COMMENT(x) + OP_HAS_DIM(x) + OP_HAS_TARGET(x) +              \
    OP_HAS_HOPS(x) + OP_HAS_FIELD(x) + OP_HAS_TAG(x))

__attribute__((constructor))
static void vcode_check_unions(void)
{
   printf("sizeof(op_t) = %ld\n", sizeof(op_t));
   for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
      assert(OP_USE_COUNT_U0(i) <= 1);
      assert(OP_USE_COUNT_U1(i) <= 1);
   }
}
#endif  // VCODE_CHECK_UNIONS

nickg / nvc / 20317112060

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