#38163

Committed 07 Aug 2025 12:47PM UTC coverage: 69.322% (+43.6%) from 25.688%

Build # #38163

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Fix precompiling when there's no manifest (#59212)

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/base/strings/cstring.jl

# This file is a part of Julia. License is MIT: https://julialang.org/license

import Core.Intrinsics: bitcast

"""
    Cwstring

A C-style string composed of the native wide character type
[`Cwchar_t`](@ref)s. `Cwstring`s are NUL-terminated. For
C-style strings composed of the native character
type, see [`Cstring`](@ref). For more information
about string interoperability with C, see the
[manual](@ref man-bits-types).

"""
Cwstring

"""
    Cstring

A C-style string composed of the native character type
[`Cchar`](@ref)s. `Cstring`s are NUL-terminated. For
C-style strings composed of the native wide character
type, see [`Cwstring`](@ref). For more information
about string interoperability with C, see the
[manual](@ref man-bits-types).
"""
Cstring

# construction from pointers
Cstring(p::Union{Ptr{Int8},Ptr{UInt8},Ptr{Cvoid}}) = bitcast(Cstring, p)
Cwstring(p::Union{Ptr{Cwchar_t},Ptr{Cvoid}})       = bitcast(Cwstring, p)
Ptr{T}(p::Cstring) where {T<:Union{Int8,UInt8,Cvoid}} = bitcast(Ptr{T}, p)
Ptr{T}(p::Cwstring) where {T<:Union{Cwchar_t,Cvoid}}  = bitcast(Ptr{Cwchar_t}, p)

convert(::Type{Cstring}, p::Union{Ptr{Int8},Ptr{UInt8},Ptr{Cvoid}}) = Cstring(p)
convert(::Type{Cwstring}, p::Union{Ptr{Cwchar_t},Ptr{Cvoid}}) = Cwstring(p)
convert(::Type{Ptr{T}}, p::Cstring) where {T<:Union{Int8,UInt8,Cvoid}} = Ptr{T}(p)
convert(::Type{Ptr{T}}, p::Cwstring) where {T<:Union{Cwchar_t,Cvoid}} = Ptr{T}(p)

"""
    pointer(array [, index])

Get the native address of an array or string, optionally at a given location `index`.

This function is "unsafe". Be careful to ensure that a Julia reference to
`array` exists as long as this pointer will be used. The [`GC.@preserve`](@ref)
macro should be used to protect the `array` argument from garbage collection
within a given block of code.

Calling [`Ref(array[, index])`](@ref Ref) is generally preferable to this function as it guarantees validity.
"""
function pointer end

pointer(p::Cstring) = convert(Ptr{Cchar}, p)
pointer(p::Cwstring) = convert(Ptr{Cwchar_t}, p)

# comparisons against pointers (mainly to support `cstr==C_NULL`)
==(x::Union{Cstring,Cwstring}, y::Ptr) = pointer(x) == y
==(x::Ptr, y::Union{Cstring,Cwstring}) = x == pointer(y)

unsafe_string(s::Cstring) = unsafe_string(convert(Ptr{UInt8}, s))

# convert strings to String etc. to pass as pointers
cconvert(::Type{Cstring}, s::String) = s
cconvert(::Type{Cstring}, s::AbstractString) =
    cconvert(Cstring, String(s)::String)

function cconvert(::Type{Cwstring}, s::AbstractString)
    v = transcode(Cwchar_t, String(s))
    push!(v, 0)
    return cconvert(Cwstring, v)
end

eltype(::Type{Cstring}) = Cchar
eltype(::Type{Cwstring}) = Cwchar_t

containsnul(p::Ptr, len) =
    C_NULL != ccall(:memchr, Ptr{Cchar}, (Ptr{Cchar}, Cint, Csize_t), p, 0, len)
containsnul(s::String) = containsnul(unsafe_convert(Ptr{Cchar}, s), sizeof(s))
containsnul(s::AbstractString) = '\0' in s

function unsafe_convert(::Type{Cstring}, s::String)
    p = unsafe_convert(Ptr{Cchar}, s)
    containsnul(p, sizeof(s)) &&
        throw(ArgumentError("embedded NULs are not allowed in C strings: $(repr(s))"))
    return Cstring(p)
end

unsafe_convert(::Type{Cstring}, s::Union{Memory{UInt8},Memory{Int8}}) = Cstring(unsafe_convert(Ptr{Cvoid}, s))

function cconvert(::Type{Cwstring}, v::Vector{Cwchar_t})
    for i = 1:length(v)-1
        v[i] == 0 &&
            throw(ArgumentError("embedded NULs are not allowed in C strings: $(repr(v))"))
    end
    v[end] == 0 ||
        throw(ArgumentError("C string data must be NUL terminated: $(repr(v))"))
    return cconvert(Ptr{Cwchar_t}, v)
end
unsafe_convert(::Type{Cwstring}, s) = Cwstring(unsafe_convert(Ptr{Cwchar_t}, s))
unsafe_convert(::Type{Cwstring}, s::Cwstring) = s

# symbols are guaranteed not to contain embedded NUL
cconvert(::Type{Cstring}, s::Symbol) = s
unsafe_convert(::Type{Cstring}, s::Symbol) = Cstring(unsafe_convert(Ptr{Cchar}, s))

if ccall(:jl_get_UNAME, Any, ()) === :NT
"""
    Base.cwstring(s)

Converts a string `s` to a NUL-terminated `Vector{Cwchar_t}`, suitable for passing to C
functions expecting a `Ptr{Cwchar_t}`. The main advantage of using this over the implicit
conversion provided by [`Cwstring`](@ref) is if the function is called multiple times with the
same argument.

This is only available on Windows.
"""
function cwstring(s::AbstractString)
    bytes = codeunits(String(s))
    0 in bytes && throw(ArgumentError("embedded NULs are not allowed in C strings: $(repr(s))"))
    return push!(transcode(UInt16, bytes), 0)
end
end

# transcoding between data in UTF-8 and UTF-16 for Windows APIs,
# and also UTF-32 for APIs using Cwchar_t on other platforms.

"""
    transcode(T, src)

Convert string data between Unicode encodings. `src` is either a
`String` or a `Vector{UIntXX}` of UTF-XX code units, where
`XX` is 8, 16, or 32. `T` indicates the encoding of the return value:
`String` to return a (UTF-8 encoded) `String` or `UIntXX`
to return a `Vector{UIntXX}` of UTF-`XX` data. (The alias [`Cwchar_t`](@ref)
can also be used as the integer type, for converting `wchar_t*` strings
used by external C libraries.)

The `transcode` function succeeds as long as the input data can be
reasonably represented in the target encoding; it always succeeds for
conversions between UTF-XX encodings, even for invalid Unicode data.

Only conversion to/from UTF-8 is currently supported.

# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> str = "αβγ"
"αβγ"

julia> transcode(UInt16, str)
3-element Vector{UInt16}:
 0x03b1
 0x03b2
 0x03b3

julia> transcode(String, transcode(UInt16, str))
"αβγ"
```
"""
function transcode end

transcode(::Type{T}, src::AbstractVector{T}) where {T<:Union{UInt8,UInt16,UInt32,Int32}} = src
transcode(::Type{T}, src::String) where {T<:Union{Int32,UInt32}} = T[T(c) for c in src]
transcode(::Type{T}, src::AbstractVector{UInt8}) where {T<:Union{Int32,UInt32}} =
    transcode(T, String(Vector(src)))
transcode(::Type{T}, src::CodeUnits{UInt8,String}) where {T<:Union{Int32,UInt32}} =
    transcode(T, String(src))

function transcode(::Type{UInt8}, src::Vector{<:Union{Int32,UInt32}})
    buf = IOBuffer()
    for c in src
        print(buf, Char(c))
    end
    take!(buf)
end
transcode(::Type{String}, src::String) = src
transcode(T, src::String) = transcode(T, codeunits(src))
transcode(::Type{String}, src) = String(transcode(UInt8, src))

function transcode(::Type{UInt16}, src::AbstractVector{UInt8})
    require_one_based_indexing(src)
    dst = UInt16[]
    i, n = 1, length(src)
    n > 0 || return dst
    sizehint!(dst, 2n)
    a = src[1]
    while true
        if i < n && -64 <= a % Int8 <= -12 # multi-byte character
            b = src[i += 1]
            if -64 <= (b % Int8) || a == 0xf4 && 0x8f < b
                # invalid UTF-8 (non-continuation or too-high code point)
                push!(dst, a)
                a = b; continue
            elseif a < 0xe0 # 2-byte UTF-8
                push!(dst, xor(0x3080, UInt16(a) << 6, b))
            elseif i < n # 3/4-byte character
                c = src[i += 1]
                if -64 <= (c % Int8) # invalid UTF-8 (non-continuation)
                    push!(dst, a, b)
                    a = c; continue
                elseif a < 0xf0 # 3-byte UTF-8
                    push!(dst, xor(0x2080, UInt16(a) << 12, UInt16(b) << 6, c))
                elseif i < n
                    d = src[i += 1]
                    if -64 <= (d % Int8) # invalid UTF-8 (non-continuation)
                        push!(dst, a, b, c)
                        a = d; continue
                    elseif a == 0xf0 && b < 0x90 # overlong encoding
                        push!(dst, xor(0x2080, UInt16(b) << 12, UInt16(c) << 6, d))
                    else # 4-byte UTF-8
                        push!(dst, 0xe5b8 + (UInt16(a) << 8) + (UInt16(b) << 2) + (c >> 4),
                                   xor(0xdc80, UInt16(c & 0xf) << 6, d))
                    end
                else # too short
                    push!(dst, a, b, c)
                    break
                end
            else # too short
                push!(dst, a, b)
                break
            end
        else # ASCII or invalid UTF-8 (continuation byte or too-high code point)
            push!(dst, a)
        end
        i < n || break
        a = src[i += 1]
    end
    return dst
end

function transcode(::Type{UInt8}, src::AbstractVector{UInt16})
    require_one_based_indexing(src)
    n = length(src)
    n == 0 && return UInt8[]

    # Precompute m = sizeof(dst).   This involves annoying duplication
    # of the loop over the src array.   However, this is not just an
    # optimization: it is problematic for security reasons to grow
    # dst dynamically, because Base.winprompt uses this function to
    # convert passwords to UTF-8 and we don't want to make unintentional
    # copies of the password data.
    a = src[1]
    i, m = 1, 0
    while true
        if a < 0x80
            m += 1
        elseif a < 0x800 # 2-byte UTF-8
            m += 2
        elseif a & 0xfc00 == 0xd800 && i < length(src)
            b = src[i += 1]
            if (b & 0xfc00) == 0xdc00 # 2-unit UTF-16 sequence => 4-byte UTF-8
                m += 4
            else
                m += 3
                a = b; continue
            end
        else
            # 1-unit high UTF-16 or unpaired high surrogate
            # either way, encode as 3-byte UTF-8 code point
            m += 3
        end
        i < n || break
        a = src[i += 1]
    end

    dst = StringVector(m)
    a = src[1]
    i, j = 1, 0
    while true
        if a < 0x80 # ASCII
            dst[j += 1] = a % UInt8
        elseif a < 0x800 # 2-byte UTF-8
            dst[j += 1] = 0xc0 | ((a >> 6) % UInt8)
            dst[j += 1] = 0x80 | ((a % UInt8) & 0x3f)
        elseif a & 0xfc00 == 0xd800 && i < n
            b = src[i += 1]
            if (b & 0xfc00) == 0xdc00
                # 2-unit UTF-16 sequence => 4-byte UTF-8
                a += 0x2840
                dst[j += 1] = 0xf0 | ((a >> 8) % UInt8)
                dst[j += 1] = 0x80 | ((a % UInt8) >> 2)
                dst[j += 1] = xor(0xf0, ((a % UInt8) << 4) & 0x3f, (b >> 6) % UInt8)
                dst[j += 1] = 0x80 | ((b % UInt8) & 0x3f)
            else
                dst[j += 1] = 0xe0 | ((a >> 12) % UInt8)
                dst[j += 1] = 0x80 | (((a >> 6) % UInt8) & 0x3f)
                dst[j += 1] = 0x80 | ((a % UInt8) & 0x3f)
                a = b; continue
            end
        else
            # 1-unit high UTF-16 or unpaired high surrogate
            # either way, encode as 3-byte UTF-8 code point
            dst[j += 1] = 0xe0 | ((a >> 12) % UInt8)
            dst[j += 1] = 0x80 | (((a >> 6) % UInt8) & 0x3f)
            dst[j += 1] = 0x80 | ((a % UInt8) & 0x3f)
        end
        i < n || break
        a = src[i += 1]
    end
    return dst
end

function unsafe_string(p::Ptr{T}, length::Integer) where {T<:Union{UInt16,UInt32,Cwchar_t}}
    transcode(String, unsafe_wrap(Array, p, length; own=false))
end
function unsafe_string(cw::Cwstring)
    p = convert(Ptr{Cwchar_t}, cw)
    n = 1
    while unsafe_load(p, n) != 0
        n += 1
    end
    return unsafe_string(p, n - 1)
end

1	# This file is a part of Julia. License is MIT: https://julialang.org/license
2
3	import Core.Intrinsics: bitcast
4
5	"""
6	Cwstring
7
8	A C-style string composed of the native wide character type
9	[`Cwchar_t`](@ref)s. `Cwstring`s are NUL-terminated. For
10	C-style strings composed of the native character
11	type, see [`Cstring`](@ref). For more information
12	about string interoperability with C, see the
13	[manual](@ref man-bits-types).
14
15	"""
16	Cwstring
17
18	"""
19	Cstring
20
21	A C-style string composed of the native character type
22	[`Cchar`](@ref)s. `Cstring`s are NUL-terminated. For
23	C-style strings composed of the native wide character
24	type, see [`Cwstring`](@ref). For more information
25	about string interoperability with C, see the
26	[manual](@ref man-bits-types).
27	"""
28	Cstring
29
30	# construction from pointers
31	Cstring(p::Union{Ptr{Int8},Ptr{UInt8},Ptr{Cvoid}}) = bitcast(Cstring, p)	365,651✔
32	Cwstring(p::Union{Ptr{Cwchar_t},Ptr{Cvoid}}) = bitcast(Cwstring, p)	34✔
33	Ptr{T}(p::Cstring) where {T<:Union{Int8,UInt8,Cvoid}} = bitcast(Ptr{T}, p)	61,387✔
34	Ptr{T}(p::Cwstring) where {T<:Union{Cwchar_t,Cvoid}} = bitcast(Ptr{Cwchar_t}, p)	×
35
36	convert(::Type{Cstring}, p::Union{Ptr{Int8},Ptr{UInt8},Ptr{Cvoid}}) = Cstring(p)	188,342✔
37	convert(::Type{Cwstring}, p::Union{Ptr{Cwchar_t},Ptr{Cvoid}}) = Cwstring(p)	×
38	convert(::Type{Ptr{T}}, p::Cstring) where {T<:Union{Int8,UInt8,Cvoid}} = Ptr{T}(p)	61,387✔
39	convert(::Type{Ptr{T}}, p::Cwstring) where {T<:Union{Cwchar_t,Cvoid}} = Ptr{T}(p)	×
40
41	"""
42	pointer(array [, index])
43
44	Get the native address of an array or string, optionally at a given location `index`.
45
46	This function is "unsafe". Be careful to ensure that a Julia reference to
47	`array` exists as long as this pointer will be used. The [`GC.@preserve`](@ref)
48	macro should be used to protect the `array` argument from garbage collection
49	within a given block of code.
50
51	Calling [`Ref(array[, index])`](@ref Ref) is generally preferable to this function as it guarantees validity.
52	"""
53	function pointer end
54
55	pointer(p::Cstring) = convert(Ptr{Cchar}, p)	60,801✔
56	pointer(p::Cwstring) = convert(Ptr{Cwchar_t}, p)	×
57
58	# comparisons against pointers (mainly to support `cstr==C_NULL`)
59	==(x::Union{Cstring,Cwstring}, y::Ptr) = pointer(x) == y	60,797✔
60	==(x::Ptr, y::Union{Cstring,Cwstring}) = x == pointer(y)	4✔
61
62	unsafe_string(s::Cstring) = unsafe_string(convert(Ptr{UInt8}, s))	581✔
63
64	# convert strings to String etc. to pass as pointers
UNCOV 65	cconvert(::Type{Cstring}, s::String) = s	×
66	cconvert(::Type{Cstring}, s::AbstractString) =	5,803✔
67	cconvert(Cstring, String(s)::String)
68
69	function cconvert(::Type{Cwstring}, s::AbstractString)	2✔
70	v = transcode(Cwchar_t, String(s))	34✔
71	push!(v, 0)	34✔
72	return cconvert(Cwstring, v)	34✔
73	end
74
75	eltype(::Type{Cstring}) = Cchar	×
76	eltype(::Type{Cwstring}) = Cwchar_t	×
77
78	containsnul(p::Ptr, len) =	47,828✔
79	C_NULL != ccall(:memchr, Ptr{Cchar}, (Ptr{Cchar}, Cint, Csize_t), p, 0, len)
80	containsnul(s::String) = containsnul(unsafe_convert(Ptr{Cchar}, s), sizeof(s))	1,085✔
UNCOV 81	containsnul(s::AbstractString) = '\0' in s	×
82
83	function unsafe_convert(::Type{Cstring}, s::String)
84	p = unsafe_convert(Ptr{Cchar}, s)	46,743✔
85	containsnul(p, sizeof(s)) &&	46,743✔
86	throw(ArgumentError("embedded NULs are not allowed in C strings: $(repr(s))"))
87	return Cstring(p)	46,738✔
88	end
89
90	unsafe_convert(::Type{Cstring}, s::Union{Memory{UInt8},Memory{Int8}}) = Cstring(unsafe_convert(Ptr{Cvoid}, s))	51✔
91
92	function cconvert(::Type{Cwstring}, v::Vector{Cwchar_t})
93	for i = 1:length(v)-1	34✔
94	v[i] == 0 &&	443✔
95	throw(ArgumentError("embedded NULs are not allowed in C strings: $(repr(v))"))
96	end	852✔
97	v[end] == 0 \|\|	34✔
98	throw(ArgumentError("C string data must be NUL terminated: $(repr(v))"))
99	return cconvert(Ptr{Cwchar_t}, v)	34✔
100	end
101	unsafe_convert(::Type{Cwstring}, s) = Cwstring(unsafe_convert(Ptr{Cwchar_t}, s))	34✔
102	unsafe_convert(::Type{Cwstring}, s::Cwstring) = s	×
103
104	# symbols are guaranteed not to contain embedded NUL
UNCOV 105	cconvert(::Type{Cstring}, s::Symbol) = s	×
106	unsafe_convert(::Type{Cstring}, s::Symbol) = Cstring(unsafe_convert(Ptr{Cchar}, s))	96,327✔
107
108	if ccall(:jl_get_UNAME, Any, ()) === :NT
109	"""
110	Base.cwstring(s)
111
112	Converts a string `s` to a NUL-terminated `Vector{Cwchar_t}`, suitable for passing to C
113	functions expecting a `Ptr{Cwchar_t}`. The main advantage of using this over the implicit
114	conversion provided by [`Cwstring`](@ref) is if the function is called multiple times with the
115	same argument.
116
117	This is only available on Windows.
118	"""
119	function cwstring(s::AbstractString)	×
120	bytes = codeunits(String(s))	×
121	0 in bytes && throw(ArgumentError("embedded NULs are not allowed in C strings: $(repr(s))"))	×
122	return push!(transcode(UInt16, bytes), 0)	×
123	end
124	end
125
126	# transcoding between data in UTF-8 and UTF-16 for Windows APIs,
127	# and also UTF-32 for APIs using Cwchar_t on other platforms.
128
129	"""
130	transcode(T, src)
131
132	Convert string data between Unicode encodings. `src` is either a
133	`String` or a `Vector{UIntXX}` of UTF-XX code units, where
134	`XX` is 8, 16, or 32. `T` indicates the encoding of the return value:
135	`String` to return a (UTF-8 encoded) `String` or `UIntXX`
136	to return a `Vector{UIntXX}` of UTF-`XX` data. (The alias [`Cwchar_t`](@ref)
137	can also be used as the integer type, for converting `wchar_t*` strings
138	used by external C libraries.)
139
140	The `transcode` function succeeds as long as the input data can be
141	reasonably represented in the target encoding; it always succeeds for
142	conversions between UTF-XX encodings, even for invalid Unicode data.
143
144	Only conversion to/from UTF-8 is currently supported.
145
146	# Examples
147	```jldoctest
148	julia> str = "αβγ"
149	"αβγ"
150
151	julia> transcode(UInt16, str)
152	3-element Vector{UInt16}:
153	0x03b1
154	0x03b2
155	0x03b3
156
157	julia> transcode(String, transcode(UInt16, str))
158	"αβγ"
159	```
160	"""
161	function transcode end
162
163	transcode(::Type{T}, src::AbstractVector{T}) where {T<:Union{UInt8,UInt16,UInt32,Int32}} = src	16✔
164	transcode(::Type{T}, src::String) where {T<:Union{Int32,UInt32}} = T[T(c) for c in src]	×
165	transcode(::Type{T}, src::AbstractVector{UInt8}) where {T<:Union{Int32,UInt32}} =	×
166	transcode(T, String(Vector(src)))
167	transcode(::Type{T}, src::CodeUnits{UInt8,String}) where {T<:Union{Int32,UInt32}} =	×
168	transcode(T, String(src))
169
170	function transcode(::Type{UInt8}, src::Vector{<:Union{Int32,UInt32}})	4✔
171	buf = IOBuffer()	4✔
172	for c in src	4✔
173	print(buf, Char(c))	19✔
174	end	10✔
175	take!(buf)	4✔
176	end
177	transcode(::Type{String}, src::String) = src	×
178	transcode(T, src::String) = transcode(T, codeunits(src))	196,286✔
179	transcode(::Type{String}, src) = String(transcode(UInt8, src))	85✔
180
181	function transcode(::Type{UInt16}, src::AbstractVector{UInt8})	14✔
182	require_one_based_indexing(src)	14✔
183	dst = UInt16[]	14✔
184	i, n = 1, length(src)	14✔
185	n > 0 \|\| return dst	14✔
186	sizehint!(dst, 2n)	14✔
187	a = src[1]	14✔
188	while true	36✔
189	if i < n && -64 <= a % Int8 <= -12 # multi-byte character	36✔
190	b = src[i += 1]	27✔
191	if -64 <= (b % Int8) \|\| a == 0xf4 && 0x8f < b	54✔
192	# invalid UTF-8 (non-continuation or too-high code point)
193	push!(dst, a)	×
194	a = b; continue	×
195	elseif a < 0xe0 # 2-byte UTF-8	27✔
196	push!(dst, xor(0x3080, UInt16(a) << 6, b))	15✔
197	elseif i < n # 3/4-byte character	12✔
198	c = src[i += 1]	12✔
199	if -64 <= (c % Int8) # invalid UTF-8 (non-continuation)	12✔
200	push!(dst, a, b)	×
201	a = c; continue	×
202	elseif a < 0xf0 # 3-byte UTF-8	12✔
203	push!(dst, xor(0x2080, UInt16(a) << 12, UInt16(b) << 6, c))	6✔
204	elseif i < n	6✔
205	d = src[i += 1]	6✔
206	if -64 <= (d % Int8) # invalid UTF-8 (non-continuation)	6✔
207	push!(dst, a, b, c)	×
208	a = d; continue	×
209	elseif a == 0xf0 && b < 0x90 # overlong encoding	6✔
210	push!(dst, xor(0x2080, UInt16(b) << 12, UInt16(c) << 6, d))	×
211	else # 4-byte UTF-8
212	push!(dst, 0xe5b8 + (UInt16(a) << 8) + (UInt16(b) << 2) + (c >> 4),	6✔
213	xor(0xdc80, UInt16(c & 0xf) << 6, d))
214	end
215	else # too short
216	push!(dst, a, b, c)	×
217	break	×
218	end
219	else # too short
220	push!(dst, a, b)	×
221	break	×
222	end
223	else # ASCII or invalid UTF-8 (continuation byte or too-high code point)
224	push!(dst, a)	9✔
225	end
226	i < n \|\| break	50✔
227	a = src[i += 1]	22✔
228	end	22✔
229	return dst	14✔
230	end
231
232	function transcode(::Type{UInt8}, src::AbstractVector{UInt16})	14✔
233	require_one_based_indexing(src)	14✔
234	n = length(src)	14✔
235	n == 0 && return UInt8[]	14✔
236
237	# Precompute m = sizeof(dst). This involves annoying duplication
238	# of the loop over the src array. However, this is not just an
239	# optimization: it is problematic for security reasons to grow
240	# dst dynamically, because Base.winprompt uses this function to
241	# convert passwords to UTF-8 and we don't want to make unintentional
242	# copies of the password data.
243	a = src[1]	14✔
244	i, m = 1, 0	14✔
245	while true	36✔
246	if a < 0x80	36✔
247	m += 1	9✔
248	elseif a < 0x800 # 2-byte UTF-8	27✔
249	m += 2	15✔
250	elseif a & 0xfc00 == 0xd800 && i < length(src)	12✔
251	b = src[i += 1]	6✔
252	if (b & 0xfc00) == 0xdc00 # 2-unit UTF-16 sequence => 4-byte UTF-8	6✔
253	m += 4	6✔
254	else
255	m += 3	×
256	a = b; continue	×
257	end
258	else
259	# 1-unit high UTF-16 or unpaired high surrogate
260	# either way, encode as 3-byte UTF-8 code point
261	m += 3	6✔
262	end
263	i < n \|\| break	50✔
264	a = src[i += 1]	22✔
265	end	22✔
266
267	dst = StringVector(m)	14✔
268	a = src[1]	14✔
269	i, j = 1, 0	14✔
270	while true	36✔
271	if a < 0x80 # ASCII	36✔
272	dst[j += 1] = a % UInt8	9✔
273	elseif a < 0x800 # 2-byte UTF-8	27✔
274	dst[j += 1] = 0xc0 \| ((a >> 6) % UInt8)	15✔
275	dst[j += 1] = 0x80 \| ((a % UInt8) & 0x3f)	15✔
276	elseif a & 0xfc00 == 0xd800 && i < n	12✔
277	b = src[i += 1]	6✔
278	if (b & 0xfc00) == 0xdc00	6✔
279	# 2-unit UTF-16 sequence => 4-byte UTF-8
280	a += 0x2840	6✔
281	dst[j += 1] = 0xf0 \| ((a >> 8) % UInt8)	6✔
282	dst[j += 1] = 0x80 \| ((a % UInt8) >> 2)	6✔
283	dst[j += 1] = xor(0xf0, ((a % UInt8) << 4) & 0x3f, (b >> 6) % UInt8)	6✔
284	dst[j += 1] = 0x80 \| ((b % UInt8) & 0x3f)	6✔
285	else
286	dst[j += 1] = 0xe0 \| ((a >> 12) % UInt8)	×
287	dst[j += 1] = 0x80 \| (((a >> 6) % UInt8) & 0x3f)	×
288	dst[j += 1] = 0x80 \| ((a % UInt8) & 0x3f)	×
289	a = b; continue	×
290	end
291	else
292	# 1-unit high UTF-16 or unpaired high surrogate
293	# either way, encode as 3-byte UTF-8 code point
294	dst[j += 1] = 0xe0 \| ((a >> 12) % UInt8)	6✔
295	dst[j += 1] = 0x80 \| (((a >> 6) % UInt8) & 0x3f)	6✔
296	dst[j += 1] = 0x80 \| ((a % UInt8) & 0x3f)	6✔
297	end
298	i < n \|\| break	50✔
299	a = src[i += 1]	22✔
300	end	22✔
301	return dst	14✔
302	end
303
304	function unsafe_string(p::Ptr{T}, length::Integer) where {T<:Union{UInt16,UInt32,Cwchar_t}}	1✔
305	transcode(String, unsafe_wrap(Array, p, length; own=false))	1✔
306	end
307	function unsafe_string(cw::Cwstring)	×
308	p = convert(Ptr{Cwchar_t}, cw)	×
309	n = 1	×
310	while unsafe_load(p, n) != 0	×
311	n += 1	×
312	end	×
313	return unsafe_string(p, n - 1)	×
314	end

JuliaLang / julia / #38163

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