Qiskit / qiskit / 9498296748

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Commit Message

Add infrastructure for gates, instruction, and operations in Rust (#12459)

* Add infrastructure for gates, instruction, and operations in Rust

This commit adds a native representation of Gates, Instruction, and
Operations to rust's circuit module. At a high level this works by
either wrapping the Python object in a rust wrapper struct that tracks
metadata about the operations (name, num_qubits, etc) and then for other
details it calls back to Python to get dynamic details like the
definition, matrix, etc. For standard library gates like Swap, CX, H,
etc this replaces the on-circuit representation with a new rust enum
StandardGate. The enum representation is much more efficient and has a
minimal memory footprint (just the enum variant and then any parameters
or other mutable state stored in the circuit instruction). All the gate
properties such as the matrix, definiton, name, etc are statically
defined in rust code based on the enum variant (which represents the
gate).

The use of an enum to represent standard gates does mean a change in
what we store on a CircuitInstruction. To represent a standard gate
fully we need to store the mutable properties of the existing Gate class
on the circuit instruction as the gate by itself doesn't contain this
detail. That means, the parameters, label, unit, duration, and condition
are added to the rust side of circuit instrucion. However no Python side
access methods are added for these as they're internal only to the Rust
code. In Qiskit 2.0 to simplify this storage we'll be able to drop, unit,
duration, and condition from the api leaving only label and parameters.
But for right now we're tracking all of the fields.

To facilitate working with circuits and gates full from rust the
setting the `operation` attribute of a `CircuitInstruction` object now
transltates the python object to an internal rust representation.
For standard gates this translates it to the enum form described earlier,
and for other circuit oper... (continued)

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25 existing lines in 3 files now uncovered.

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