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box/lua: implement inheritance of error payload fields

Suppose an error has a cause with some payload fields, for example:
  local e1 = box.error.new{'e1', foo = 'bar'} -- cause
  local e2 = box.error.new{'e2', prev = e1}   -- effect

Now it is possible to access cause payload fields via e2 directly:
  e2.foo -- 'bar'

While looking for a payload field with a given name, we always stop at
the topmost (closest to the effect) field. If there's a field with the
same name deeper in the stack it is masked.

Closes #9106

@TarantoolBot document
Title: Document inheritance of error payload fields
Product: Tarantool
Since: 3.1
Root document: https://www.tarantool.io/en/doc/latest/reference/reference_lua/box_error/error_object/

[Link to the design document](https://www.notion.so/tarantool/Error-subsystem-improvements-90faa0a4714b4143abaf8bed2c10b2fc?pvs=4#c080fe2ac28b46c8b0eda7234a8852ce)

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