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Emit a descriptive error when the QPY version is too new (#11074) (#11131)

This commit updates the qpy load() function to ensure we are raising a
descriptive error message when a user attempts to load a qpy version
that's not supported by this version of qiskit. Previously it would
fail but with a hard to understand internal error message which was just
confusing and not helpful. For example, when trying to load a QPY
version 10 payload with qiskit 0.25.2 (which only supported up to
version 9) it would raise an error message like:

```
Invalid payload format data kind 'b'p''."
```

which doesn't tell you anything meaningful unless you are intimately
familiar with the QPY file format and how the load() function works.
With this commit it now checks if the version number is supported
immediately and if it's too new it will raise an error message that says
exactly that. So in the above scenario instead of that error message it
will say:

```
The QPY format version being read, 10, isn't supported by this Qiskit
version. Please upgrade your version of Qiskit to load this QPY payload.
```

(cherry picked from commit 0de8730cc)

Co-authored-by: Matthew Treinish <mtreinish@kortar.org>

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