4961272002772992

Committed 05 May 2026 01:19PM UTC coverage: 63.437% (-1.8%) from 65.246%

Build # 4961272002772992

Build Type

Pull #10627

CirrusCI

Committed by

ecdsa

Commit Message

synchronizer:
 - do not end session if a wallet address receives HISTORY_TOO_LONG,
   so that lnwatcher keeps working
 - separation between addresses_up_to_date and outpoints_up_to_date

Pull Request Pull Request #10627: Protocol 1.7

Coverage Stats

66 of 169 new or added lines in 12 files covered. (39.05%)

644 existing lines in 14 files now uncovered.

24111 of 38008 relevant lines covered (63.44%)

0.63 hits per line

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33.27

/electrum/interface.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Electrum - lightweight Bitcoin client
# Copyright (C) 2011 thomasv@gitorious
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
# obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files
# (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
# including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
# publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
# and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
# subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
# BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN
# ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
# CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
# SOFTWARE.
import os
import re
import ssl
import sys
import time
import traceback
import asyncio
import socket
from typing import Tuple, Union, List, TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, Set, NamedTuple, Any, Sequence, Dict
from collections import defaultdict
from ipaddress import IPv4Network, IPv6Network, ip_address, IPv6Address, IPv4Address
import itertools
import logging
import hashlib
import functools
import random
import enum

import aiorpcx
from aiorpcx import RPCSession, Notification, NetAddress, NewlineFramer
from aiorpcx.curio import timeout_after, TaskTimeout
from aiorpcx.jsonrpc import JSONRPC, CodeMessageError
from aiorpcx.rawsocket import RSClient, RSTransport
import certifi

from .util import (ignore_exceptions, log_exceptions, bfh, ESocksProxy,
                   is_integer, is_non_negative_integer, is_hash256_str, is_hex_str,
                   is_int_or_float, is_non_negative_int_or_float, OldTaskGroup,
                   send_exception_to_crash_reporter, error_text_str_to_safe_str, versiontuple)
from . import util
from . import x509
from . import pem
from . import version
from . import blockchain
from .blockchain import Blockchain, HEADER_SIZE, CHUNK_SIZE
from . import bitcoin
from .bitcoin import DummyAddress, DummyAddressUsedInTxException, script_to_scripthash
from . import constants
from .i18n import _
from .logging import Logger
from .transaction import Transaction
from .fee_policy import FEE_ETA_TARGETS
from .lrucache import LRUCache

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from .network import Network
    from .simple_config import SimpleConfig


ca_path = certifi.where()

BUCKET_NAME_OF_ONION_SERVERS = 'onion'

KNOWN_ELEC_PROTOCOL_TRANSPORTS = {'t', 's'}
PREFERRED_NETWORK_PROTOCOL = 's'
assert PREFERRED_NETWORK_PROTOCOL in KNOWN_ELEC_PROTOCOL_TRANSPORTS

MAX_NUM_HEADERS_PER_REQUEST = 2016
assert MAX_NUM_HEADERS_PER_REQUEST >= CHUNK_SIZE

RPC_ERROR_HISTORY_TOO_LONG = 10001

class HistoryTooLong(Exception):
    # we should not close the connection in that case
    pass

class NetworkTimeout:
    # seconds
    class Generic:
        NORMAL = 30
        RELAXED = 45
        MOST_RELAXED = 600

    class Urgent(Generic):
        NORMAL = 10
        RELAXED = 20
        MOST_RELAXED = 60


def assert_non_negative_integer(val: Any) -> None:
    if not is_non_negative_integer(val):
        raise RequestCorrupted(f'{val!r} should be a non-negative integer')


def assert_integer(val: Any) -> None:
    if not is_integer(val):
        raise RequestCorrupted(f'{val!r} should be an integer')


def assert_int_or_float(val: Any) -> None:
    if not is_int_or_float(val):
        raise RequestCorrupted(f'{val!r} should be int or float')


def assert_non_negative_int_or_float(val: Any) -> None:
    if not is_non_negative_int_or_float(val):
        raise RequestCorrupted(f'{val!r} should be a non-negative int or float')


def assert_hash256_str(val: Any) -> None:
    if not is_hash256_str(val):
        raise RequestCorrupted(f'{val!r} should be a hash256 str')


def assert_hex_str(val: Any) -> None:
    if not is_hex_str(val):
        raise RequestCorrupted(f'{val!r} should be a hex str')


def assert_dict_contains_field(d: Any, *, field_name: str) -> Any:
    if not isinstance(d, dict):
        raise RequestCorrupted(f'{d!r} should be a dict')
    if field_name not in d:
        raise RequestCorrupted(f'required field {field_name!r} missing from dict')
    return d[field_name]


def assert_list_or_tuple(val: Any) -> None:
    if not isinstance(val, (list, tuple)):
        raise RequestCorrupted(f'{val!r} should be a list or tuple')


def protocol_tuple(s: Any) -> tuple[int, ...]:
    """Converts a protocol version number, such as "1.0" to a tuple (1, 0).

    If the version number is bad, (0, ) indicating version 0 is returned.
    """
    try:
        assert isinstance(s, str)
        return versiontuple(s)
    except Exception:
        return (0, )


class ChainResolutionMode(enum.Enum):
    CATCHUP = enum.auto()
    BACKWARD = enum.auto()
    BINARY = enum.auto()
    FORK = enum.auto()
    NO_FORK = enum.auto()


class NotificationSession(RPCSession):

    def __init__(self, *args, interface: 'Interface', **kwargs):
        super(NotificationSession, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.subscriptions = defaultdict(list)
        self.cache = {}
        self._msg_counter = itertools.count(start=1)
        self.interface = interface
        self.taskgroup = interface.taskgroup
        self.cost_hard_limit = 0  # disable aiorpcx resource limits

        # To log pre-processed json traffic, uncomment:
        #self.logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)  # from aiorpcx
        #self.verbosity = 4

    async def handle_request(self, request):
        self.maybe_log(f"--> {request}")
        try:
            if isinstance(request, Notification):
                params, result = request.args[:-1], request.args[-1]
                key = self.get_hashable_key_for_rpc_call(request.method, params)
                if key in self.subscriptions:
                    self.cache[key] = result
                    for queue in self.subscriptions[key]:
                        await queue.put(request.args)
                else:
                    raise Exception(f'unexpected notification {self.subscriptions}')
            else:
                raise Exception(f'unexpected request. not a notification')
        except Exception as e:
            self.interface.logger.info(f"error handling request {request}. exc: {repr(e)}")
            await self.close()

    async def send_request(self, *args, timeout=None, **kwargs):
        # note: semaphores/timeouts/backpressure etc are handled by
        # aiorpcx. the timeout arg here in most cases should not be set
        msg_id = next(self._msg_counter)
        self.maybe_log(f"<-- {args} {kwargs} (id: {msg_id})")
        try:
            # note: RPCSession.send_request raises TaskTimeout in case of a timeout.
            # TaskTimeout is a subclass of CancelledError, which is *suppressed* in TaskGroups
            response = await util.wait_for2(
                super().send_request(*args, **kwargs),
                timeout)
        except (TaskTimeout, asyncio.TimeoutError) as e:
            self.maybe_log(f"--> request timed out: {args} (id: {msg_id})")
            raise RequestTimedOut(f'request timed out: {args} (id: {msg_id})') from e
        except CodeMessageError as e:
            self.maybe_log(f"--> {repr(e)} (id: {msg_id})")
            if e.code == RPC_ERROR_HISTORY_TOO_LONG:
                raise HistoryTooLong()
            else:
                raise
        except BaseException as e:  # cancellations, etc. are useful for debugging
            self.maybe_log(f"--> {repr(e)} (id: {msg_id})")
            raise
        else:
            self.maybe_log(f"--> {response} (id: {msg_id})")
            return response

    def set_default_timeout(self, timeout):
        assert hasattr(self, "sent_request_timeout")  # in base class
        self.sent_request_timeout = timeout
        assert hasattr(self, "max_send_delay")        # in base class
        self.max_send_delay = timeout

    async def subscribe(self, method: str, params: List, queue: asyncio.Queue):
        # note: until the cache is written for the first time,
        # each 'subscribe' call might make a request on the network.
        params2 = params[:]
        if method == 'blockchain.scriptpubkey.subscribe':
            params2[0] = script_to_scripthash(bytes.fromhex(params2[0]))
        key = self.get_hashable_key_for_rpc_call(method, params2)
        self.subscriptions[key].append(queue)
        if key in self.cache:
            result = self.cache[key]
        else:
            result = await self.send_request(method, params)
            self.cache[key] = result
        await queue.put(params2 + [result])

    def unsubscribe(self, queue):
        """Unsubscribe a callback to free object references to enable GC."""
        # note: we can't unsubscribe from the server, so we keep receiving
        # subsequent notifications
        for v in self.subscriptions.values():
            if queue in v:
                v.remove(queue)

    @classmethod
    def get_hashable_key_for_rpc_call(cls, method, params):
        """Hashable index for subscriptions and cache"""
        return str(method) + repr(params)

    def maybe_log(self, msg: str) -> None:
        if not self.interface: return
        if self.interface.debug or self.interface.network.debug:
            self.interface.logger.debug(msg)

    def default_framer(self):
        # overridden so that max_size can be customized
        max_size = self.interface.network.config.NETWORK_MAX_INCOMING_MSG_SIZE
        assert max_size > 500_000, f"{max_size=} (< 500_000) is too small"
        return NewlineFramer(max_size=max_size)

    async def close(self, *, force_after: int = None):
        """Closes the connection and waits for it to be closed.
        We try to flush buffered data to the wire, which can take some time.
        """
        if force_after is None:
            # We give up after a while and just abort the connection.
            # Note: specifically if the server is running Fulcrum, waiting seems hopeless,
            #       the connection must be aborted (see https://github.com/cculianu/Fulcrum/issues/76)
            # Note: if the ethernet cable was pulled or wifi disconnected, that too might
            #       wait until this timeout is triggered
            force_after = 1  # seconds
        await super().close(force_after=force_after)


class NetworkException(Exception): pass


class GracefulDisconnect(NetworkException):
    log_level = logging.INFO

    def __init__(self, *args, log_level=None, **kwargs):
        Exception.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        if log_level is not None:
            self.log_level = log_level


class RequestTimedOut(GracefulDisconnect):
    def __str__(self):
        return _("Network request timed out.")


class RequestCorrupted(Exception): pass

class ErrorParsingSSLCert(Exception): pass
class ErrorGettingSSLCertFromServer(Exception): pass
class ErrorSSLCertFingerprintMismatch(Exception): pass
class InvalidOptionCombination(Exception): pass
class ConnectError(NetworkException): pass


class TxBroadcastError(NetworkException):
    def get_message_for_gui(self):
        raise NotImplementedError()


class TxBroadcastHashMismatch(TxBroadcastError):
    def get_message_for_gui(self):
        return "{}\n{}\n\n{}" \
            .format(_("The server returned an unexpected transaction ID when broadcasting the transaction."),
                    _("Consider trying to connect to a different server, or updating Electrum."),
                    str(self))


class TxBroadcastServerReturnedError(TxBroadcastError):
    def get_message_for_gui(self):
        return "{}\n{}\n\n{}" \
            .format(_("The server returned an error when broadcasting the transaction."),
                    _("Consider trying to connect to a different server, or updating Electrum."),
                    str(self))


class TxBroadcastUnknownError(TxBroadcastError):
    def get_message_for_gui(self):
        return "{}\n{}" \
            .format(_("Unknown error when broadcasting the transaction."),
                    _("Consider trying to connect to a different server, or updating Electrum."))


class _RSClient(RSClient):
    async def create_connection(self):
        try:
            return await super().create_connection()
        except OSError as e:
            # note: using "from e" here will set __cause__ of ConnectError
            raise ConnectError(e) from e


class PaddedRSTransport(RSTransport):
    """A raw socket transport that provides basic countermeasures against traffic analysis
    by padding the jsonrpc payload with whitespaces to have ~uniform-size TCP packets.
    (it is assumed that a network observer does not see plaintext transport contents,
    due to it being wrapped e.g. in TLS)
    """

    MIN_PACKET_SIZE = 1024
    WAIT_FOR_BUFFER_GROWTH_SECONDS = 1.0
    # (unpadded) amount of bytes sent instantly before beginning with polling.
    # This makes the initial handshake where a few small messages are exchanged faster.
    WARMUP_BUDGET_SIZE = 1024

    session: Optional['RPCSession']

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        RSTransport.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        self._sbuffer = bytearray()  # "send buffer"
        self._sbuffer_task = None  # type: Optional[asyncio.Task]
        self._sbuffer_has_data_evt = asyncio.Event()
        self._last_send = time.monotonic()
        self._force_send = False  # type: bool

    # note: this does not call super().write() but is a complete reimplementation
    async def write(self, message):
        await self._can_send.wait()
        if self.is_closing():
            return
        framed_message = self._framer.frame(message)
        self._sbuffer += framed_message
        self._sbuffer_has_data_evt.set()
        self._maybe_consume_sbuffer()

    def _maybe_consume_sbuffer(self) -> None:
        """Maybe take some data from sbuffer and send it on the wire."""
        if not self._can_send.is_set() or self.is_closing():
            return
        buf = self._sbuffer
        if not buf:
            return
        # if there is enough data in the buffer, or if we haven't sent in a while, send now:
        if not (
            self._force_send
            or len(buf) >= self.MIN_PACKET_SIZE
            or self._last_send + self.WAIT_FOR_BUFFER_GROWTH_SECONDS < time.monotonic()
            or self.session.send_size < self.WARMUP_BUDGET_SIZE
        ):
            return
        assert buf[-2:] in (b"}\n", b"]\n"), f"unexpected json-rpc terminator: {buf[-2:]=!r}"
        # either (1) pad length to next power of two, to create "lsize" packet:
        payload_lsize = len(buf)
        total_lsize = max(self.MIN_PACKET_SIZE, 2 ** (payload_lsize.bit_length()))
        npad_lsize = total_lsize - payload_lsize
        # or if that wasted a lot of bandwidth with padding, (2) defer sending some messages
        # and create a packet with half that size ("ssize", s for small)
        total_ssize = max(self.MIN_PACKET_SIZE, total_lsize // 2)
        payload_ssize = buf.rfind(b"\n", 0, total_ssize)
        if payload_ssize != -1:
            payload_ssize += 1  # for "\n" char
            npad_ssize = total_ssize - payload_ssize
        else:
            npad_ssize = float("inf")
        # decide between (1) and (2):
        if self._force_send or npad_lsize <= npad_ssize:
            # (1) create "lsize" packet: consume full buffer
            npad = npad_lsize
            p_idx = payload_lsize
        else:
            # (2) create "ssize" packet: consume some, but defer some for later
            npad = npad_ssize
            p_idx = payload_ssize
        # pad by adding spaces near end
        # self.session.maybe_log(
        #     f"PaddedRSTransport. calling low-level write(). "
        #     f"chose between (lsize:{payload_lsize}+{npad_lsize}, ssize:{payload_ssize}+{npad_ssize}). "
        #     f"won: {'tie' if npad_lsize == npad_ssize else 'lsize' if npad_lsize < npad_ssize else 'ssize'}."
        # )
        json_rpc_terminator = buf[p_idx-2:p_idx]
        assert json_rpc_terminator in (b"}\n", b"]\n"), f"unexpected {json_rpc_terminator=!r}"
        buf2 = buf[:p_idx-2] + (npad * b" ") + json_rpc_terminator
        self._asyncio_transport.write(buf2)
        self._last_send = time.monotonic()
        del self._sbuffer[:p_idx]
        if not self._sbuffer:
            self._sbuffer_has_data_evt.clear()

    async def _poll_sbuffer(self):
        while not self.is_closing():
            await self._can_send.wait()
            await self._sbuffer_has_data_evt.wait()  # to avoid busy-waiting
            self._maybe_consume_sbuffer()
            # If there is still data in the buffer, sleep until it would time out.
            # note: If the transport is ~idle, when we wake up, we will send the current buf data,
            #       but if busy, we might wake up to completely new buffer contents. Either is fine.
            if len(self._sbuffer) > 0:
                timeout_abs = self._last_send + self.WAIT_FOR_BUFFER_GROWTH_SECONDS
                timeout_rel = max(0.0, timeout_abs - time.monotonic())
                await asyncio.sleep(timeout_rel)

    def connection_made(self, transport: asyncio.BaseTransport):
        super().connection_made(transport)
        if isinstance(self.session, NotificationSession):
            coro = self.session.taskgroup.spawn(self._poll_sbuffer())
            self._sbuffer_task = self.loop.create_task(coro)
        else:
            # This a short-lived "fetch_certificate"-type session.
            # No polling here, we always force-empty the buffer.
            self._force_send = True

    async def close(self, *args, **kwargs):
        '''Close the connection and return when closed.'''
        # Flush buffer before disconnecting. This makes ReplyAndDisconnect work:
        self._force_send = True
        self._maybe_consume_sbuffer()
        await super().close(*args, **kwargs)


class ServerAddr:

    def __init__(self, host: str, port: Union[int, str], *, protocol: str = None):
        assert isinstance(host, str), repr(host)
        if protocol is None:
            protocol = 's'
        if not host:
            raise ValueError('host must not be empty')
        if host[0] == '[' and host[-1] == ']':  # IPv6
            host = host[1:-1]
        try:
            net_addr = NetAddress(host, port)  # this validates host and port
        except Exception as e:
            raise ValueError(f"cannot construct ServerAddr: invalid host or port (host={host}, port={port})") from e
        if protocol not in KNOWN_ELEC_PROTOCOL_TRANSPORTS:
            raise ValueError(f"invalid network protocol: {protocol}")
        self.host = str(net_addr.host)  # canonical form (if e.g. IPv6 address)
        self.port = int(net_addr.port)
        self.protocol = protocol
        self._net_addr_str = str(net_addr)

    @classmethod
    def from_str(cls, s: str) -> 'ServerAddr':
        """Constructs a ServerAddr or raises ValueError."""
        # host might be IPv6 address, hence do rsplit:
        host, port, protocol = str(s).rsplit(':', 2)
        return ServerAddr(host=host, port=port, protocol=protocol)

    @classmethod
    def from_str_with_inference(cls, s: str) -> Optional['ServerAddr']:
        """Construct ServerAddr from str, guessing missing details.
        Does not raise - just returns None if guessing failed.
        Ongoing compatibility not guaranteed.
        """
        if not s:
            return None
        host = ""
        if s[0] == "[" and "]" in s:  # IPv6 address
            host_end = s.index("]")
            host = s[1:host_end]
            s = s[host_end+1:]
        items = str(s).rsplit(':', 2)
        if len(items) < 2:
            return None  # although maybe we could guess the port too?
        host = host or items[0]
        port = items[1]
        if len(items) >= 3:
            protocol = items[2]
        else:
            protocol = PREFERRED_NETWORK_PROTOCOL
        try:
            return ServerAddr(host=host, port=port, protocol=protocol)
        except ValueError:
            return None

    def to_friendly_name(self) -> str:
        # note: this method is closely linked to from_str_with_inference
        if self.protocol == 's':  # hide trailing ":s"
            return self.net_addr_str()
        return str(self)

    def __str__(self):
        return '{}:{}'.format(self.net_addr_str(), self.protocol)

    def to_json(self) -> str:
        return str(self)

    def __repr__(self):
        return f'<ServerAddr host={self.host} port={self.port} protocol={self.protocol}>'

    def net_addr_str(self) -> str:
        return self._net_addr_str

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, ServerAddr):
            return False
        return (self.host == other.host
                and self.port == other.port
                and self.protocol == other.protocol)

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return not (self == other)

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash((self.host, self.port, self.protocol))


def _get_cert_path_for_host(*, config: 'SimpleConfig', host: str) -> str:
    filename = host
    try:
        ip = ip_address(host)
    except ValueError:
        pass
    else:
        if isinstance(ip, IPv6Address):
            filename = f"ipv6_{ip.packed.hex()}"
    return os.path.join(config.path, 'certs', filename)


class Interface(Logger):

    def __init__(self, *, network: 'Network', server: ServerAddr):
        assert isinstance(server, ServerAddr), f"expected ServerAddr, got {type(server)}"
        self.ready = network.asyncio_loop.create_future()
        self.got_disconnected = asyncio.Event()
        self._blockchain_updated = asyncio.Event()
        self.server = server
        Logger.__init__(self)
        assert network.config.path
        self.cert_path = _get_cert_path_for_host(config=network.config, host=self.host)
        self.blockchain = None  # type: Optional[Blockchain]
        self._requested_chunks = set()  # type: Set[int]
        self.network = network
        self.session = None  # type: Optional[NotificationSession]
        self._ipaddr_bucket = None
        # Set up proxy.
        # - for servers running on localhost, the proxy is not used. If user runs their own server
        #   on same machine, this lets them enable the proxy (which is used for e.g. FX rates).
        #   note: we could maybe relax this further and bypass the proxy for all private
        #         addresses...? e.g. 192.168.x.x
        if util.is_localhost(server.host):
            self.logger.info(f"looks like localhost: not using proxy for this server")
            self.proxy = None
        else:
            self.proxy = ESocksProxy.from_network_settings(network)

        # Latest block header and corresponding height, as claimed by the server.
        # Note that these values are updated before they are verified.
        # Especially during initial header sync, verification can take a long time.
        # Failing verification will get the interface closed.
        self.tip_header = None  # type: Optional[dict]
        self.tip = 0

        self._headers_cache = {}  # type: Dict[int, bytes]
        self._rawtx_cache = LRUCache(maxsize=20)  # type: LRUCache[str, bytes]  # txid->rawtx

        self.fee_estimates_eta = {}  # type: Dict[int, int]

        self.active_protocol_tuple = (0,)  # type: Optional[tuple[int, ...]]

        # Dump network messages (only for this interface).  Set at runtime from the console.
        self.debug = False

        self.taskgroup = OldTaskGroup()

        async def spawn_task():
            task = await self.network.taskgroup.spawn(self.run())
            task.set_name(f"interface::{str(server)}")
        asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(spawn_task(), self.network.asyncio_loop)

    @property
    def host(self):
        return self.server.host

    @property
    def port(self):
        return self.server.port

    @property
    def protocol(self):
        return self.server.protocol

    def diagnostic_name(self):
        return self.server.net_addr_str()

    def __str__(self):
        return f"<Interface {self.diagnostic_name()}>"

    async def is_server_ca_signed(self, ca_ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext) -> bool:
        """Given a CA enforcing SSL context, returns True if the connection
        can be established. Returns False if the server has a self-signed
        certificate but otherwise is okay. Any other failures raise.
        """
        try:
            await self.open_session(ssl_context=ca_ssl_context, exit_early=True)
        except ConnectError as e:
            cause = e.__cause__
            if (isinstance(cause, ssl.SSLCertVerificationError)
                    and cause.reason == 'CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED'
                    and cause.verify_code == 18):  # "self signed certificate"
                # Good. We will use this server as self-signed.
                return False
            # Not good. Cannot use this server.
            raise
        # Good. We will use this server as CA-signed.
        return True

    async def _try_saving_ssl_cert_for_first_time(self, ca_ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext) -> None:
        ca_signed = await self.is_server_ca_signed(ca_ssl_context)
        if ca_signed:
            if self._get_expected_fingerprint():
                raise InvalidOptionCombination("cannot use --serverfingerprint with CA signed servers")
            with open(self.cert_path, 'w') as f:
                # empty file means this is CA signed, not self-signed
                f.write('')
        else:
            await self._save_certificate()

    def _is_saved_ssl_cert_available(self):
        if not os.path.exists(self.cert_path):
            return False
        with open(self.cert_path, 'r') as f:
            contents = f.read()
        if contents == '':  # CA signed
            if self._get_expected_fingerprint():
                raise InvalidOptionCombination("cannot use --serverfingerprint with CA signed servers")
            return True
        # pinned self-signed cert
        try:
            b = pem.dePem(contents, 'CERTIFICATE')
        except SyntaxError as e:
            self.logger.info(f"error parsing already saved cert: {e}")
            raise ErrorParsingSSLCert(e) from e
        try:
            x = x509.X509(b)
        except Exception as e:
            self.logger.info(f"error parsing already saved cert: {e}")
            raise ErrorParsingSSLCert(e) from e
        try:
            x.check_date()
        except x509.CertificateError as e:
            self.logger.info(f"certificate has expired: {e}")
            os.unlink(self.cert_path)  # delete pinned cert only in this case
            return False
        self._verify_certificate_fingerprint(bytes(b))
        return True

    async def _get_ssl_context(self) -> Optional[ssl.SSLContext]:
        if self.protocol != 's':
            # using plaintext TCP
            return None

        # see if we already have cert for this server; or get it for the first time
        ca_sslc = ssl.create_default_context(purpose=ssl.Purpose.SERVER_AUTH, cafile=ca_path)
        if not self._is_saved_ssl_cert_available():
            try:
                await self._try_saving_ssl_cert_for_first_time(ca_sslc)
            except (OSError, ConnectError, aiorpcx.socks.SOCKSError) as e:
                raise ErrorGettingSSLCertFromServer(e) from e
        # now we have a file saved in our certificate store
        siz = os.stat(self.cert_path).st_size
        if siz == 0:
            # CA signed cert
            sslc = ca_sslc
        else:
            # pinned self-signed cert
            sslc = ssl.create_default_context(purpose=ssl.Purpose.SERVER_AUTH, cafile=self.cert_path)
            # note: Flag "ssl.VERIFY_X509_STRICT" is enabled by default in python 3.13+ (disabled in older versions).
            #       We explicitly disable it as it breaks lots of servers.
            sslc.verify_flags &= ~ssl.VERIFY_X509_STRICT
            sslc.check_hostname = False
        return sslc

    def handle_disconnect(func):
        @functools.wraps(func)
        async def wrapper_func(self: 'Interface', *args, **kwargs):
            try:
                return await func(self, *args, **kwargs)
            except GracefulDisconnect as e:
                self.logger.log(e.log_level, f"disconnecting due to {repr(e)}")
            except aiorpcx.jsonrpc.RPCError as e:
                self.logger.warning(f"disconnecting due to {repr(e)}")
                self.logger.debug(f"(disconnect) trace for {repr(e)}", exc_info=True)
            finally:
                self.got_disconnected.set()
                # Make sure taskgroup gets cleaned-up. This explicit clean-up is needed here
                # in case the "with taskgroup" ctx mgr never got a chance to run:
                await self.taskgroup.cancel_remaining()
                await self.network.connection_down(self)
                # if was not 'ready' yet, schedule waiting coroutines:
                self.ready.cancel()
        return wrapper_func

    @ignore_exceptions  # do not kill network.taskgroup
    @log_exceptions
    @handle_disconnect
    async def run(self):
        try:
            ssl_context = await self._get_ssl_context()
        except (ErrorParsingSSLCert, ErrorGettingSSLCertFromServer) as e:
            self.logger.info(f'disconnecting due to: {repr(e)}')
            return
        try:
            await self.open_session(ssl_context=ssl_context)
        except (asyncio.CancelledError, ConnectError, aiorpcx.socks.SOCKSError) as e:
            # make SSL errors for main interface more visible (to help servers ops debug cert pinning issues)
            if (isinstance(e, ConnectError) and isinstance(e.__cause__, ssl.SSLError)
                    and self.is_main_server() and not self.network.auto_connect):
                self.logger.warning(f'Cannot connect to main server due to SSL error '
                                    f'(maybe cert changed compared to "{self.cert_path}"). Exc: {repr(e)}')
            else:
                self.logger.info(f'disconnecting due to: {repr(e)}')
            return

    def _mark_ready(self) -> None:
        if self.ready.cancelled():
            raise GracefulDisconnect('conn establishment was too slow; *ready* future was cancelled')
        if self.ready.done():
            return

        assert self.tip_header
        chain = blockchain.check_header(self.tip_header)
        if not chain:
            self.blockchain = blockchain.get_best_chain()
        else:
            self.blockchain = chain
        assert self.blockchain is not None

        self.logger.info(f"set blockchain with height {self.blockchain.height()}")

        self.ready.set_result(1)

    def is_connected_and_ready(self) -> bool:
        return self.ready.done() and not self.got_disconnected.is_set()

    async def _save_certificate(self) -> None:
        if not os.path.exists(self.cert_path):
            # we may need to retry this a few times, in case the handshake hasn't completed
            for _ in range(10):
                dercert = await self._fetch_certificate()
                if dercert:
                    self.logger.info("succeeded in getting cert")
                    self._verify_certificate_fingerprint(dercert)
                    with open(self.cert_path, 'w') as f:
                        cert = ssl.DER_cert_to_PEM_cert(dercert)
                        # workaround android bug
                        cert = re.sub("([^\n])-----END CERTIFICATE-----","\\1\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----",cert)
                        f.write(cert)
                        # even though close flushes, we can't fsync when closed.
                        # and we must flush before fsyncing, cause flush flushes to OS buffer
                        # fsync writes to OS buffer to disk
                        f.flush()
                        os.fsync(f.fileno())
                    break
                await asyncio.sleep(1)
            else:
                raise GracefulDisconnect("could not get certificate after 10 tries")

    async def _fetch_certificate(self) -> bytes:
        sslc = ssl.SSLContext(protocol=ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
        sslc.check_hostname = False
        sslc.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
        async with _RSClient(
            session_factory=RPCSession,
            host=self.host, port=self.port,
            ssl=sslc,
            proxy=self.proxy,
            transport=PaddedRSTransport,
        ) as session:
            asyncio_transport = session.transport._asyncio_transport  # type: asyncio.BaseTransport
            ssl_object = asyncio_transport.get_extra_info("ssl_object")  # type: ssl.SSLObject
            return ssl_object.getpeercert(binary_form=True)

    def _get_expected_fingerprint(self) -> Optional[str]:
        if self.is_main_server():
            return self.network.config.NETWORK_SERVERFINGERPRINT
        return None

    def _verify_certificate_fingerprint(self, certificate: bytes) -> None:
        expected_fingerprint = self._get_expected_fingerprint()
        if not expected_fingerprint:
            return
        fingerprint = hashlib.sha256(certificate).hexdigest()
        fingerprints_match = fingerprint.lower() == expected_fingerprint.lower()
        if not fingerprints_match:
            util.trigger_callback('cert_mismatch')
            raise ErrorSSLCertFingerprintMismatch('Refusing to connect to server due to cert fingerprint mismatch')
        self.logger.info("cert fingerprint verification passed")

    async def _maybe_warm_headers_cache(self, *, from_height: int, to_height: int, mode: ChainResolutionMode) -> None:
        """Populate header cache for block heights in range [from_height, to_height]."""
        assert from_height <= to_height, (from_height, to_height)
        assert to_height - from_height < MAX_NUM_HEADERS_PER_REQUEST
        if all(height in self._headers_cache for height in range(from_height, to_height+1)):
            # cache already has all requested headers
            return
        # use lower timeout as we usually have network.bhi_lock here
        timeout = self.network.get_network_timeout_seconds(NetworkTimeout.Urgent)
        count = to_height - from_height + 1
        headers = await self.get_block_headers(start_height=from_height, count=count, timeout=timeout, mode=mode)
        for idx, raw_header in enumerate(headers):
            header_height = from_height + idx
            self._headers_cache[header_height] = raw_header

    async def get_block_header(self, height: int, *, mode: ChainResolutionMode) -> dict:
        if not is_non_negative_integer(height):
            raise Exception(f"{repr(height)} is not a block height")
        #self.logger.debug(f'get_block_header() {height} in {mode=}')
        # use lower timeout as we usually have network.bhi_lock here
        timeout = self.network.get_network_timeout_seconds(NetworkTimeout.Urgent)
        if raw_header := self._headers_cache.get(height):
            return blockchain.deserialize_header(raw_header, height)
        self.logger.info(f'requesting block header {height} in {mode=}')
        res = await self.session.send_request('blockchain.block.header', [height], timeout=timeout)
        return blockchain.deserialize_header(bytes.fromhex(res), height)

    async def get_block_headers(
        self,
        *,
        start_height: int,
        count: int,
        timeout=None,
        mode: Optional[ChainResolutionMode] = None,
    ) -> Sequence[bytes]:
        """Request a number of consecutive block headers, starting at `start_height`.
        `count` is the num of requested headers, BUT note the server might return fewer than this
        (if range would extend beyond its tip).
        note: the returned headers are not verified or parsed at all.
        """
        if not is_non_negative_integer(start_height):
            raise Exception(f"{repr(start_height)} is not a block height")
        if not is_non_negative_integer(count) or not (0 < count <= MAX_NUM_HEADERS_PER_REQUEST):
            raise Exception(f"{repr(count)} not an int in range ]0, {MAX_NUM_HEADERS_PER_REQUEST}]")
        self.logger.info(
            f"requesting block headers: [{start_height}, {start_height+count-1}], {count=}"
            + (f" (in {mode=})" if mode is not None else "")
        )
        res = await self.session.send_request('blockchain.block.headers', [start_height, count], timeout=timeout)
        # check response
        assert_dict_contains_field(res, field_name='count')
        assert_dict_contains_field(res, field_name='max')
        assert_non_negative_integer(res['count'])
        assert_non_negative_integer(res['max'])
        if self.active_protocol_tuple >= (1, 6):
            hex_headers_list = assert_dict_contains_field(res, field_name='headers')
            assert_list_or_tuple(hex_headers_list)
            for item in hex_headers_list:
                assert_hex_str(item)
                if len(item) != HEADER_SIZE * 2:
                    raise RequestCorrupted(f"invalid header size. got {len(item)//2}, expected {HEADER_SIZE}")
            if len(hex_headers_list) != res['count']:
                raise RequestCorrupted(f"{len(hex_headers_list)=} != {res['count']=}")
            headers = list(bfh(hex_header) for hex_header in hex_headers_list)
        else: # proto 1.4
            hex_headers_concat = assert_dict_contains_field(res, field_name='hex')
            assert_hex_str(hex_headers_concat)
            if len(hex_headers_concat) != HEADER_SIZE * 2 * res['count']:
                raise RequestCorrupted('inconsistent chunk hex and count')
            headers = list(util.chunks(bfh(hex_headers_concat), size=HEADER_SIZE))
        # we never request more than MAX_NUM_HEADERS_IN_REQUEST headers, but we enforce those fit in a single response
        if res['max'] < MAX_NUM_HEADERS_PER_REQUEST:
            raise RequestCorrupted(f"server uses too low 'max' count for block.headers: {res['max']} < {MAX_NUM_HEADERS_PER_REQUEST}")
        if res['count'] > count:
            raise RequestCorrupted(f"asked for {count} headers but got more: {res['count']}")
        elif res['count'] < count:
            # we only tolerate getting fewer headers if it is due to reaching the tip
            end_height = start_height + res['count'] - 1
            if end_height < self.tip:  # still below tip. why did server not send more?!
                raise RequestCorrupted(
                    f"asked for {count} headers but got fewer: {res['count']}. ({start_height=}, {self.tip=})")
        # checks done.
        return headers

    async def request_chunk_below_max_checkpoint(
        self,
        *,
        height: int,
    ) -> None:
        if not is_non_negative_integer(height):
            raise Exception(f"{repr(height)} is not a block height")
        assert height <= constants.net.max_checkpoint(), f"{height=} must be <= cp={constants.net.max_checkpoint()}"
        index = height // CHUNK_SIZE
        if index in self._requested_chunks:
            return None
        self.logger.debug(f"requesting chunk from height {height}")
        try:
            self._requested_chunks.add(index)
            headers = await self.get_block_headers(start_height=index * CHUNK_SIZE, count=CHUNK_SIZE)
        finally:
            self._requested_chunks.discard(index)
        conn = self.blockchain.connect_chunk(index, data=b"".join(headers))
        if not conn:
            raise RequestCorrupted(f"chunk ({index=}, for {height=}) does not connect to blockchain")
        return None

    async def _fast_forward_chain(
        self,
        *,
        height: int,  # usually local chain tip + 1
        tip: int,  # server tip. we should not request past this.
    ) -> int:
        """Request some headers starting at `height` to grow the blockchain of this interface.
        Returns number of headers we managed to connect, starting at `height`.
        """
        if not is_non_negative_integer(height):
            raise Exception(f"{repr(height)} is not a block height")
        if not is_non_negative_integer(tip):
            raise Exception(f"{repr(tip)} is not a block height")
        if not (height > constants.net.max_checkpoint()
                or height == 0 == constants.net.max_checkpoint()):
            raise Exception(f"{height=} must be > cp={constants.net.max_checkpoint()}")
        assert height <= tip, f"{height=} must be <= {tip=}"
        # Request a few chunks of headers concurrently.
        # tradeoffs:
        # - more chunks: higher memory requirements
        # - more chunks: higher concurrency => syncing needs fewer network round-trips
        # - if a chunk does not connect, bandwidth for all later chunks is wasted
        async with OldTaskGroup() as group:
            tasks = []  # type: List[Tuple[int, asyncio.Task[Sequence[bytes]]]]
            index0 = height // CHUNK_SIZE
            for chunk_cnt in range(10):
                index = index0 + chunk_cnt
                start_height = index * CHUNK_SIZE
                if start_height > tip:
                    break
                end_height = min(start_height + CHUNK_SIZE - 1, tip)
                size = end_height - start_height + 1
                tasks.append((index, await group.spawn(self.get_block_headers(start_height=start_height, count=size))))
        # try to connect chunks
        num_headers = 0
        for index, task in tasks:
            headers = task.result()
            conn = self.blockchain.connect_chunk(index, data=b"".join(headers))
            if not conn:
                break
            num_headers += len(headers)
        # We started at a chunk boundary, instead of requested `height`. Need to correct for that.
        offset = height - index0 * CHUNK_SIZE
        return max(0, num_headers - offset)

    def is_main_server(self) -> bool:
        return (self.network.interface == self or
                self.network.interface is None and self.network.default_server == self.server)

    async def open_session(
        self,
        *,
        ssl_context: Optional[ssl.SSLContext],
        exit_early: bool = False,
    ):
        session_factory = lambda *args, iface=self, **kwargs: NotificationSession(*args, **kwargs, interface=iface)
        async with _RSClient(
            session_factory=session_factory,
            host=self.host, port=self.port,
            ssl=ssl_context,
            proxy=self.proxy,
            transport=PaddedRSTransport,
        ) as session:
            start = time.perf_counter()
            self.session = session  # type: NotificationSession
            self.session.set_default_timeout(self.network.get_network_timeout_seconds(NetworkTimeout.Generic))
            client_prange = [version.PROTOCOL_VERSION_MIN, version.PROTOCOL_VERSION_MAX]
            try:
                ver = await session.send_request('server.version', [self.client_name(), client_prange])
            except aiorpcx.jsonrpc.RPCError as e:
                raise GracefulDisconnect(e)  # probably 'unsupported protocol version'
            if exit_early:
                return
            self.active_protocol_tuple = protocol_tuple(ver[1])
            client_pmin = protocol_tuple(client_prange[0])
            client_pmax = protocol_tuple(client_prange[1])
            if not (client_pmin <= self.active_protocol_tuple <= client_pmax):
                raise GracefulDisconnect(f'server violated protocol-version-negotiation. '
                                         f'we asked for {client_prange!r}, they sent {ver[1]!r}')
            if not self.network.check_interface_against_healthy_spread_of_connected_servers(self):
                raise GracefulDisconnect(f'too many connected servers already '
                                         f'in bucket {self.bucket_based_on_ipaddress()}')

            try:
                features = await session.send_request('server.features')
                server_genesis_hash = assert_dict_contains_field(features, field_name='genesis_hash')
            except (aiorpcx.jsonrpc.RPCError, RequestCorrupted) as e:
                raise GracefulDisconnect(e)
            if server_genesis_hash != constants.net.GENESIS:
                raise GracefulDisconnect(f'server on different chain: {server_genesis_hash=}. ours: {constants.net.GENESIS}')
            self.logger.info(f"connection established. version: {ver}, handshake duration: {(time.perf_counter() - start) * 1000:.2f} ms")

            try:
                async with self.taskgroup as group:
                    await group.spawn(self.ping)
                    await group.spawn(self.request_fee_estimates)
                    await group.spawn(self.run_fetch_blocks)
                    await group.spawn(self.monitor_connection)
            except aiorpcx.jsonrpc.RPCError as e:
                if e.code in (
                    JSONRPC.EXCESSIVE_RESOURCE_USAGE,
                    JSONRPC.SERVER_BUSY,
                    JSONRPC.METHOD_NOT_FOUND,
                    JSONRPC.INTERNAL_ERROR,
                ):
                    log_level = logging.WARNING if self.is_main_server() else logging.INFO
                    raise GracefulDisconnect(e, log_level=log_level) from e
                raise
            finally:
                self.got_disconnected.set()  # set this ASAP, ideally before any awaits

    async def monitor_connection(self):
        while True:
            await asyncio.sleep(1)
            # If the session/transport is no longer open, we disconnect.
            # e.g. if the remote cleanly sends EOF, we would handle that here.
            # note: If the user pulls the ethernet cable or disconnects wifi,
            #       ideally we would detect that here, so that the GUI/etc can reflect that.
            #       - On Android, this seems to work reliably , where asyncio.BaseProtocol.connection_lost()
            #         gets called with e.g. ConnectionAbortedError(103, 'Software caused connection abort').
            #       - On desktop Linux/Win, it seems BaseProtocol.connection_lost() is not called in such cases.
            #         Hence, in practice the connection issue will only be detected the next time we try
            #         to send a message (plus timeout), which can take minutes...
            if not self.session or self.session.is_closing():
                raise GracefulDisconnect('session was closed')

    async def ping(self):
        # We periodically send a "ping" msg to make sure the server knows we are still here.
        # Adding a bit of randomness generates some noise against traffic analysis.
        while True:
            await asyncio.sleep(random.random() * 300)
            await self.session.send_request('server.ping')
            await self._maybe_send_noise()

    async def _maybe_send_noise(self):
        while random.random() < 0.2:
            await asyncio.sleep(random.random())
            await self.session.send_request('server.ping')

    async def request_fee_estimates(self):
        while True:
            async with OldTaskGroup() as group:
                fee_tasks = []
                for i in FEE_ETA_TARGETS[0:-1]:
                    fee_tasks.append((i, await group.spawn(self.get_estimatefee(i))))
            for nblock_target, task in fee_tasks:
                fee = task.result()
                if fee < 0: continue
                assert isinstance(fee, int)
                self.fee_estimates_eta[nblock_target] = fee
            self.network.update_fee_estimates()
            await asyncio.sleep(60)

    async def close(self, *, force_after: int = None):
        """Closes the connection and waits for it to be closed.
        We try to flush buffered data to the wire, which can take some time.
        """
        if self.session:
            await self.session.close(force_after=force_after)
        # monitor_connection will cancel tasks

    async def run_fetch_blocks(self):
        header_queue = asyncio.Queue()
        await self.session.subscribe('blockchain.headers.subscribe', [], header_queue)
        while True:
            item = await header_queue.get()
            raw_header = item[0]
            height = raw_header['height']
            header_bytes = bfh(raw_header['hex'])
            header_dict = blockchain.deserialize_header(header_bytes, height)
            self.tip_header = header_dict
            self.tip = height
            if self.tip < constants.net.max_checkpoint():
                raise GracefulDisconnect(
                    f"server tip below max checkpoint. ({self.tip} < {constants.net.max_checkpoint()})")
            self._mark_ready()
            self._headers_cache.clear()  # tip changed, so assume anything could have happened with chain
            self._headers_cache[height] = header_bytes
            try:
                blockchain_updated = await self._process_header_at_tip()
            finally:
                self._headers_cache.clear()  # to reduce memory usage
            # header processing done
            if self.is_main_server() or blockchain_updated:
                self.logger.info(f"new chain tip. {height=}")
            if blockchain_updated:
                util.trigger_callback('blockchain_updated')
                self._blockchain_updated.set()
                self._blockchain_updated.clear()
            util.trigger_callback('network_updated')
            await self.network.switch_unwanted_fork_interface()
            await self.network.switch_lagging_interface()
            await self.taskgroup.spawn(self._maybe_send_noise())

    async def _process_header_at_tip(self) -> bool:
        """Returns:
        False - boring fast-forward: we already have this header as part of this blockchain from another interface,
        True - new header we didn't have, or reorg
        """
        height, header = self.tip, self.tip_header
        async with self.network.bhi_lock:
            if self.blockchain.height() >= height and self.blockchain.check_header(header):
                # another interface amended the blockchain
                return False
            await self.sync_until(height)
            return True

    async def sync_until(
        self,
        height: int,
        *,
        next_height: Optional[int] = None,  # sync target. typically the tip, except in unit tests
    ) -> Tuple[ChainResolutionMode, int]:
        if next_height is None:
            next_height = self.tip
        last = None  # type: Optional[ChainResolutionMode]
        while last is None or height <= next_height:
            prev_last, prev_height = last, height
            if next_height > height + 144:
                # We are far from the tip.
                # It is more efficient to process headers in large batches (CPU/disk_usage/logging).
                # (but this wastes a little bandwidth, if we are not on a chunk boundary)
                num_headers = await self._fast_forward_chain(
                    height=height, tip=next_height)
                if num_headers == 0:
                    if height <= constants.net.max_checkpoint():
                        raise GracefulDisconnect('server chain conflicts with checkpoints or genesis')
                    last, height = await self.step(height)
                    continue
                # report progress to gui/etc
                util.trigger_callback('blockchain_updated')
                self._blockchain_updated.set()
                self._blockchain_updated.clear()
                util.trigger_callback('network_updated')
                height += num_headers
                assert height <= next_height+1, (height, self.tip)
                last = ChainResolutionMode.CATCHUP
            else:
                # We are close to the tip, so process headers one-by-one.
                # (note: due to headers_cache, to save network latency, this can still batch-request headers)
                last, height = await self.step(height)
            assert (prev_last, prev_height) != (last, height), 'had to prevent infinite loop in interface.sync_until'
        return last, height

    async def step(
        self,
        height: int,
    ) -> Tuple[ChainResolutionMode, int]:
        assert 0 <= height <= self.tip, (height, self.tip)
        await self._maybe_warm_headers_cache(
            from_height=height,
            to_height=min(self.tip, height+MAX_NUM_HEADERS_PER_REQUEST-1),
            mode=ChainResolutionMode.CATCHUP,
        )
        header = await self.get_block_header(height, mode=ChainResolutionMode.CATCHUP)

        chain = blockchain.check_header(header)
        if chain:
            self.blockchain = chain
            # note: there is an edge case here that is not handled.
            # we might know the blockhash (enough for check_header) but
            # not have the header itself. e.g. regtest chain with only genesis.
            # this situation resolves itself on the next block
            return ChainResolutionMode.CATCHUP, height+1

        can_connect = blockchain.can_connect(header)
        if not can_connect:
            self.logger.info(f"can't connect new block: {height=}")
            height, header, bad, bad_header = await self._search_headers_backwards(height, header=header)
            chain = blockchain.check_header(header)
            can_connect = blockchain.can_connect(header)
            assert chain or can_connect
        if can_connect:
            height += 1
            self.blockchain = can_connect
            self.blockchain.save_header(header)
            return ChainResolutionMode.CATCHUP, height

        good, bad, bad_header = await self._search_headers_binary(height, bad, bad_header, chain)
        return await self._resolve_potential_chain_fork_given_forkpoint(good, bad, bad_header)

    async def _search_headers_binary(
        self,
        height: int,
        bad: int,
        bad_header: dict,
        chain: Optional[Blockchain],
    ) -> Tuple[int, int, dict]:
        assert bad == bad_header['block_height']
        _assert_header_does_not_check_against_any_chain(bad_header)

        self.blockchain = chain
        good = height
        while True:
            assert 0 <= good < bad, (good, bad)
            height = (good + bad) // 2
            self.logger.info(f"binary step. good {good}, bad {bad}, height {height}")
            if bad - good + 1 <= MAX_NUM_HEADERS_PER_REQUEST:  # if interval is small, trade some bandwidth for lower latency
                await self._maybe_warm_headers_cache(
                    from_height=good, to_height=bad, mode=ChainResolutionMode.BINARY)
            header = await self.get_block_header(height, mode=ChainResolutionMode.BINARY)
            chain = blockchain.check_header(header)
            if chain:
                self.blockchain = chain
                good = height
            else:
                bad = height
                bad_header = header
            if good + 1 == bad:
                break

        if not self.blockchain.can_connect(bad_header, check_height=False):
            raise Exception('unexpected bad header during binary: {}'.format(bad_header))
        _assert_header_does_not_check_against_any_chain(bad_header)

        self.logger.info(f"binary search exited. good {good}, bad {bad}. {chain=}")
        return good, bad, bad_header

    async def _resolve_potential_chain_fork_given_forkpoint(
        self,
        good: int,
        bad: int,
        bad_header: dict,
    ) -> Tuple[ChainResolutionMode, int]:
        assert good + 1 == bad
        assert bad == bad_header['block_height']
        _assert_header_does_not_check_against_any_chain(bad_header)
        # 'good' is the height of a block 'good_header', somewhere in self.blockchain.
        # bad_header connects to good_header; bad_header itself is NOT in self.blockchain.

        bh = self.blockchain.height()
        assert bh >= good, (bh, good)
        if bh == good:
            height = good + 1
            self.logger.info(f"catching up from {height}")
            return ChainResolutionMode.NO_FORK, height

        # this is a new fork we don't yet have
        height = bad + 1
        self.logger.info(f"new fork at bad height {bad}")
        b = self.blockchain.fork(bad_header)  # type: Blockchain
        self.blockchain = b
        assert b.forkpoint == bad
        return ChainResolutionMode.FORK, height

    async def _search_headers_backwards(
        self,
        height: int,
        *,
        header: dict,
    ) -> Tuple[int, dict, int, dict]:
        async def iterate():
            nonlocal height, header
            checkp = False
            if height <= constants.net.max_checkpoint():
                height = constants.net.max_checkpoint()
                checkp = True
            header = await self.get_block_header(height, mode=ChainResolutionMode.BACKWARD)
            chain = blockchain.check_header(header)
            can_connect = blockchain.can_connect(header)
            if chain or can_connect:
                return False
            if checkp:
                raise GracefulDisconnect("server chain conflicts with checkpoints")
            return True

        bad, bad_header = height, header
        _assert_header_does_not_check_against_any_chain(bad_header)
        with blockchain.blockchains_lock: chains = list(blockchain.blockchains.values())
        local_max = max([0] + [x.height() for x in chains])
        height = min(local_max + 1, height - 1)
        assert height >= 0

        await self._maybe_warm_headers_cache(
            from_height=max(0, height-10), to_height=height, mode=ChainResolutionMode.BACKWARD)

        delta = 2
        while await iterate():
            bad, bad_header = height, header
            height -= delta
            delta *= 2

        _assert_header_does_not_check_against_any_chain(bad_header)
        self.logger.info(f"exiting backward mode at {height}")
        return height, header, bad, bad_header

    @classmethod
    def client_name(cls) -> str:
        return f'electrum/{version.ELECTRUM_VERSION}'

    def is_tor(self):
        return self.host.endswith('.onion')

    def ip_addr(self) -> Optional[str]:
        session = self.session
        if not session: return None
        peer_addr = session.remote_address()
        if not peer_addr: return None
        return str(peer_addr.host)

    def bucket_based_on_ipaddress(self) -> str:
        def do_bucket():
            if self.is_tor():
                return BUCKET_NAME_OF_ONION_SERVERS
            try:
                ip_addr = ip_address(self.ip_addr())  # type: Union[IPv4Address, IPv6Address]
            except ValueError:
                return ''
            if not ip_addr:
                return ''
            if ip_addr.is_loopback:  # localhost is exempt
                return ''
            if ip_addr.version == 4:
                slash16 = IPv4Network(ip_addr).supernet(prefixlen_diff=32-16)
                return str(slash16)
            elif ip_addr.version == 6:
                slash48 = IPv6Network(ip_addr).supernet(prefixlen_diff=128-48)
                return str(slash48)
            return ''

        if not self._ipaddr_bucket:
            self._ipaddr_bucket = do_bucket()
        return self._ipaddr_bucket

    async def get_merkle_for_transaction(self, tx_hash: str, tx_height: int) -> dict:
        if not is_hash256_str(tx_hash):
            raise Exception(f"{repr(tx_hash)} is not a txid")
        if not is_non_negative_integer(tx_height):
            raise Exception(f"{repr(tx_height)} is not a block height")
        # do request
        res = await self.session.send_request('blockchain.transaction.get_merkle', [tx_hash, tx_height])
        # check response
        block_height = assert_dict_contains_field(res, field_name='block_height')
        merkle = assert_dict_contains_field(res, field_name='merkle')
        pos = assert_dict_contains_field(res, field_name='pos')
        # note: tx_height was just a hint to the server, don't enforce the response to match it
        assert_non_negative_integer(block_height)
        assert_non_negative_integer(pos)
        assert_list_or_tuple(merkle)
        for item in merkle:
            assert_hash256_str(item)
        return res

    async def get_transaction(self, tx_hash: str, *, timeout=None) -> str:
        if not is_hash256_str(tx_hash):
            raise Exception(f"{repr(tx_hash)} is not a txid")
        if rawtx_bytes := self._rawtx_cache.get(tx_hash):
            return rawtx_bytes.hex()
        raw = await self.session.send_request('blockchain.transaction.get', [tx_hash], timeout=timeout)
        # validate response
        if not is_hex_str(raw):
            raise RequestCorrupted(f"received garbage (non-hex) as tx data (txid {tx_hash}): {raw!r}")
        tx = Transaction(raw)
        try:
            tx.deserialize()  # see if raises
        except Exception as e:
            raise RequestCorrupted(f"cannot deserialize received transaction (txid {tx_hash})") from e
        if tx.txid() != tx_hash:
            raise RequestCorrupted(f"received tx does not match expected txid {tx_hash} (got {tx.txid()})")
        self._rawtx_cache[tx_hash] = bytes.fromhex(raw)
        return raw

    async def broadcast_transaction(self, tx: 'Transaction', *, timeout=None) -> None:
        """caller should handle TxBroadcastError and RequestTimedOut"""
        txid_calc = tx.txid()
        assert txid_calc is not None
        rawtx = tx.serialize()
        assert is_hex_str(rawtx)
        if timeout is None:
            timeout = self.network.get_network_timeout_seconds(NetworkTimeout.Urgent)
        if any(DummyAddress.is_dummy_address(txout.address) for txout in tx.outputs()):
            raise DummyAddressUsedInTxException("tried to broadcast tx with dummy address!")
        try:
            out = await self.session.send_request('blockchain.transaction.broadcast', [rawtx], timeout=timeout)
            # note: both 'out' and exception messages are untrusted input from the server
        except (RequestTimedOut, asyncio.CancelledError, asyncio.TimeoutError):
            raise  # pass-through
        except aiorpcx.jsonrpc.CodeMessageError as e:
            self.logger.info(f"broadcast_transaction error [DO NOT TRUST THIS MESSAGE]: {error_text_str_to_safe_str(repr(e))}. tx={str(tx)}")
            raise TxBroadcastServerReturnedError(sanitize_tx_broadcast_response(e.message)) from e
        except BaseException as e:  # intentional BaseException for sanity!
            self.logger.info(f"broadcast_transaction error2 [DO NOT TRUST THIS MESSAGE]: {error_text_str_to_safe_str(repr(e))}. tx={str(tx)}")
            send_exception_to_crash_reporter(e)
            raise TxBroadcastUnknownError() from e
        if out != txid_calc:
            self.logger.info(f"unexpected txid for broadcast_transaction [DO NOT TRUST THIS MESSAGE]: "
                             f"{error_text_str_to_safe_str(out)} != {txid_calc}. tx={str(tx)}")
            raise TxBroadcastHashMismatch(_("Server returned unexpected transaction ID."))
        # broadcast succeeded.
        # We now cache the rawtx, for *this interface only*. The tx likely touches some ismine addresses, affecting
        # the status of a scriptpubkey we are subscribed to. Caching here will save a future get_transaction RPC.
        self._rawtx_cache[txid_calc] = bytes.fromhex(rawtx)

    async def broadcast_txpackage(self, txs: Sequence['Transaction']) -> bool:
        assert self.active_protocol_tuple >= (1, 6), f"server using old protocol: {self.active_protocol_tuple}"
        rawtxs = [tx.serialize() for tx in txs]
        assert all(is_hex_str(rawtx) for rawtx in rawtxs)
        assert all(tx.txid() is not None for tx in txs)
        timeout = self.network.get_network_timeout_seconds(NetworkTimeout.Urgent)
        for tx in txs:
            if any(DummyAddress.is_dummy_address(txout.address) for txout in tx.outputs()):
                raise DummyAddressUsedInTxException("tried to broadcast tx with dummy address!")
        try:
            res = await self.session.send_request('blockchain.transaction.broadcast_package', [rawtxs], timeout=timeout)
        except aiorpcx.jsonrpc.CodeMessageError as e:
            self.logger.info(f"broadcast_txpackage error [DO NOT TRUST THIS MESSAGE]: {error_text_str_to_safe_str(repr(e))}. {rawtxs=}")
            return False
        success = assert_dict_contains_field(res, field_name='success')
        if not success:
            errors = assert_dict_contains_field(res, field_name='errors')
            self.logger.info(f"broadcast_txpackage error [DO NOT TRUST THIS MESSAGE]: {error_text_str_to_safe_str(repr(errors))}. {rawtxs=}")
            return False
        assert success
        # broadcast succeeded.
        # We now cache the rawtx, for *this interface only*. The tx likely touches some ismine addresses, affecting
        # the status of a scriptpubkey we are subscribed to. Caching here will save a future get_transaction RPC.
        for tx, rawtx in zip(txs, rawtxs):
            self._rawtx_cache[tx.txid()] = bytes.fromhex(rawtx)
        return True

    async def get_history_for_spk(self, spk: str) -> List[dict]:
        # do request
        res = await self.session.send_request('blockchain.scriptpubkey.get_history', [spk])
        # check response
        assert_list_or_tuple(res)
        prev_height = 1
        for tx_item in res:
            height = assert_dict_contains_field(tx_item, field_name='height')
            assert_dict_contains_field(tx_item, field_name='tx_hash')
            assert_integer(height)
            if height < -1:
                raise RequestCorrupted(f'{height!r} is not a valid block height')
            assert_hash256_str(tx_item['tx_hash'])
            if height in (-1, 0):
                assert_dict_contains_field(tx_item, field_name='fee')
                assert_non_negative_integer(tx_item['fee'])
                prev_height = float("inf")  # this ensures confirmed txs can't follow mempool txs
            else:
                # check monotonicity of heights
                if height < prev_height:
                    raise RequestCorrupted(f'heights of confirmed txs must be in increasing order')
                prev_height = height
        if self.active_protocol_tuple >= (1, 6):
            # enforce order of mempool txs
            mempool_txs = [tx_item for tx_item in res if tx_item['height'] <= 0]
            if mempool_txs != sorted(mempool_txs, key=lambda x: (-x['height'], bytes.fromhex(x['tx_hash']))):
                raise RequestCorrupted(f'mempool txs not in canonical order')
        hashes = set(map(lambda item: item['tx_hash'], res))
        if len(hashes) != len(res):
            # Either server is sending garbage... or maybe if server is race-prone
            # a recently mined tx could be included in both last block and mempool?
            # Still, it's simplest to just disregard the response.
            raise RequestCorrupted(f"server history has non-unique txids for spk={spk}")
        return res

    async def listunspent_for_spk(self, spk: str) -> List[dict]:
        # do request
        res = await self.session.send_request('blockchain.scriptpubkey.listunspent', [spk])
        # check response
        assert_list_or_tuple(res)
        for utxo_item in res:
            assert_dict_contains_field(utxo_item, field_name='tx_pos')
            assert_dict_contains_field(utxo_item, field_name='value')
            assert_dict_contains_field(utxo_item, field_name='tx_hash')
            assert_dict_contains_field(utxo_item, field_name='height')
            assert_non_negative_integer(utxo_item['tx_pos'])
            assert_non_negative_integer(utxo_item['value'])
            assert_non_negative_integer(utxo_item['height'])
            assert_hash256_str(utxo_item['tx_hash'])
        return res

    async def get_balance_for_spk(self, spk: str) -> dict:
        # do request
        res = await self.session.send_request('blockchain.scriptpubkey.get_balance', [spk])
        # check response
        assert_dict_contains_field(res, field_name='confirmed')
        assert_dict_contains_field(res, field_name='unconfirmed')
        assert_non_negative_integer(res['confirmed'])
        assert_integer(res['unconfirmed'])
        return res

    async def get_txid_from_txpos(self, tx_height: int, tx_pos: int, merkle: bool):
        if not is_non_negative_integer(tx_height):
            raise Exception(f"{repr(tx_height)} is not a block height")
        if not is_non_negative_integer(tx_pos):
            raise Exception(f"{repr(tx_pos)} should be non-negative integer")
        # do request
        res = await self.session.send_request(
            'blockchain.transaction.id_from_pos',
            [tx_height, tx_pos, merkle],
        )
        # check response
        if merkle:
            assert_dict_contains_field(res, field_name='tx_hash')
            assert_dict_contains_field(res, field_name='merkle')
            assert_hash256_str(res['tx_hash'])
            assert_list_or_tuple(res['merkle'])
            for node_hash in res['merkle']:
                assert_hash256_str(node_hash)
        else:
            assert_hash256_str(res)
        return res

    async def get_fee_histogram(self) -> Sequence[Tuple[Union[float, int], int]]:
        # do request
        res = await self.session.send_request('mempool.get_fee_histogram')
        # check response
        assert_list_or_tuple(res)
        prev_fee = float('inf')
        for fee, s in res:
            assert_non_negative_int_or_float(fee)
            assert_non_negative_integer(s)
            if fee >= prev_fee:  # check monotonicity
                raise RequestCorrupted(f'fees must be in decreasing order')
            prev_fee = fee
        return res

    async def get_server_banner(self) -> str:
        # do request
        res = await self.session.send_request('server.banner')
        # check response
        if not isinstance(res, str):
            raise RequestCorrupted(f'{res!r} should be a str')
        return res

    async def get_donation_address(self) -> str:
        # do request
        res = await self.session.send_request('server.donation_address')
        # check response
        if not res:  # ignore empty string
            return ''
        if not isinstance(res, str):
            raise RequestCorrupted(f'{res!r} should be a str')
        address = res.removeprefix('bitcoin:')
        if not bitcoin.is_address(address):
            # note: do not hard-fail -- allow server to use future-type
            #       bitcoin address we do not recognize
            self.logger.info(f"invalid donation address from server: {repr(res)}")
            return ''
        return address

    async def get_relay_fee(self) -> int:
        """Returns the min relay feerate in sat/kbyte."""
        # do request
        if self.active_protocol_tuple >= (1, 6):
            res = await self.session.send_request('mempool.get_info')
            minrelaytxfee = assert_dict_contains_field(res, field_name='minrelaytxfee')
        else:
            minrelaytxfee = await self.session.send_request('blockchain.relayfee')
        # check response
        assert_non_negative_int_or_float(minrelaytxfee)
        relayfee = int(minrelaytxfee * bitcoin.COIN)
        relayfee = max(0, relayfee)
        return relayfee

    async def get_estimatefee(self, num_blocks: int) -> int:
        """Returns a feerate estimate for getting confirmed within
        num_blocks blocks, in sat/kbyte.
        Returns -1 if the server could not provide an estimate.
        """
        if not is_non_negative_integer(num_blocks):
            raise Exception(f"{repr(num_blocks)} is not a num_blocks")
        # do request
        try:
            res = await self.session.send_request('blockchain.estimatefee', [num_blocks])
        except aiorpcx.jsonrpc.ProtocolError as e:
            # The protocol spec says the server itself should already have returned -1
            # if it cannot provide an estimate, however apparently "electrs" does not conform
            # and sends an error instead. Convert it here:
            if "cannot estimate fee" in e.message:
                res = -1
            else:
                raise
        except aiorpcx.jsonrpc.RPCError as e:
            # The protocol spec says the server itself should already have returned -1
            # if it cannot provide an estimate. "Fulcrum" often sends:
            #   aiorpcx.jsonrpc.RPCError: (-32603, 'internal error: bitcoind request timed out')
            if e.code == JSONRPC.INTERNAL_ERROR:
                res = -1
            else:
                raise
        # check response
        if res != -1:
            assert_non_negative_int_or_float(res)
            res = int(res * bitcoin.COIN)
        return res


def _assert_header_does_not_check_against_any_chain(header: dict) -> None:
    chain_bad = blockchain.check_header(header)
    if chain_bad:
        raise Exception('bad_header must not check!')


def sanitize_tx_broadcast_response(server_msg) -> str:
    # Unfortunately, bitcoind and hence the Electrum protocol doesn't return a useful error code.
    # So, we use substring matching to grok the error message.
    # server_msg is untrusted input so it should not be shown to the user. see #4968
    server_msg = str(server_msg)
    server_msg = server_msg.replace("\n", r"\n")

    # https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/5bb64acd9d3ced6e6f95df282a1a0f8b98522cb0/src/script/script_error.cpp
    script_error_messages = {
        r"Script evaluated without error but finished with a false/empty top stack element",
        r"Script failed an OP_VERIFY operation",
        r"Script failed an OP_EQUALVERIFY operation",
        r"Script failed an OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY operation",
        r"Script failed an OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY operation",
        r"Script failed an OP_NUMEQUALVERIFY operation",
        r"Script is too big",
        r"Push value size limit exceeded",
        r"Operation limit exceeded",
        r"Stack size limit exceeded",
        r"Signature count negative or greater than pubkey count",
        r"Pubkey count negative or limit exceeded",
        r"Opcode missing or not understood",
        r"Attempted to use a disabled opcode",
        r"Operation not valid with the current stack size",
        r"Operation not valid with the current altstack size",
        r"OP_RETURN was encountered",
        r"Invalid OP_IF construction",
        r"Negative locktime",
        r"Locktime requirement not satisfied",
        r"Signature hash type missing or not understood",
        r"Non-canonical DER signature",
        r"Data push larger than necessary",
        r"Only push operators allowed in signatures",
        r"Non-canonical signature: S value is unnecessarily high",
        r"Dummy CHECKMULTISIG argument must be zero",
        r"OP_IF/NOTIF argument must be minimal",
        r"Signature must be zero for failed CHECK(MULTI)SIG operation",
        r"NOPx reserved for soft-fork upgrades",
        r"Witness version reserved for soft-fork upgrades",
        r"Taproot version reserved for soft-fork upgrades",
        r"OP_SUCCESSx reserved for soft-fork upgrades",
        r"Public key version reserved for soft-fork upgrades",
        r"Public key is neither compressed or uncompressed",
        r"Stack size must be exactly one after execution",
        r"Extra items left on stack after execution",
        r"Witness program has incorrect length",
        r"Witness program was passed an empty witness",
        r"Witness program hash mismatch",
        r"Witness requires empty scriptSig",
        r"Witness requires only-redeemscript scriptSig",
        r"Witness provided for non-witness script",
        r"Using non-compressed keys in segwit",
        r"Invalid Schnorr signature size",
        r"Invalid Schnorr signature hash type",
        r"Invalid Schnorr signature",
        r"Invalid Taproot control block size",
        r"Too much signature validation relative to witness weight",
        r"OP_CHECKMULTISIG(VERIFY) is not available in tapscript",
        r"OP_IF/NOTIF argument must be minimal in tapscript",
        r"Using OP_CODESEPARATOR in non-witness script",
        r"Signature is found in scriptCode",
    }
    for substring in script_error_messages:
        if substring in server_msg:
            return substring
    # https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/5bb64acd9d3ced6e6f95df282a1a0f8b98522cb0/src/validation.cpp
    # grep "REJECT_"
    # grep "TxValidationResult"
    # should come after script_error.cpp (due to e.g. "non-mandatory-script-verify-flag")
    validation_error_messages = {
        r"coinbase": None,
        r"tx-size-small": None,
        r"non-final": None,
        r"txn-already-in-mempool": None,
        r"txn-mempool-conflict": None,
        r"txn-already-known": None,
        r"non-BIP68-final": None,
        r"bad-txns-nonstandard-inputs": None,
        r"bad-witness-nonstandard": None,
        r"bad-txns-too-many-sigops": None,
        r"mempool min fee not met":
            ("mempool min fee not met\n" +
             _("Your transaction is paying a fee that is so low that the bitcoin node cannot "
               "fit it into its mempool. The mempool is already full of hundreds of megabytes "
               "of transactions that all pay higher fees. Try to increase the fee.")),
        r"min relay fee not met": None,
        r"absurdly-high-fee": None,
        r"max-fee-exceeded": None,
        r"too-long-mempool-chain": None,
        r"bad-txns-spends-conflicting-tx": None,
        r"insufficient fee": ("insufficient fee\n" +
             _("Your transaction is trying to replace another one in the mempool but it "
               "does not meet the rules to do so. Try to increase the fee.")),
        r"too many potential replacements": None,
        r"replacement-adds-unconfirmed": None,
        r"mempool full": None,
        r"non-mandatory-script-verify-flag": None,
        r"mandatory-script-verify-flag-failed": None,
        r"Transaction check failed": None,
    }
    for substring in validation_error_messages:
        if substring in server_msg:
            msg = validation_error_messages[substring]
            return msg if msg else substring
    # https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/5bb64acd9d3ced6e6f95df282a1a0f8b98522cb0/src/rpc/rawtransaction.cpp
    # https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/5bb64acd9d3ced6e6f95df282a1a0f8b98522cb0/src/util/error.cpp
    # https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/3f83c744ac28b700090e15b5dda2260724a56f49/src/common/messages.cpp#L126
    # grep "RPC_TRANSACTION"
    # grep "RPC_DESERIALIZATION_ERROR"
    # grep "TransactionError"
    rawtransaction_error_messages = {
        r"Missing inputs": None,
        r"Inputs missing or spent": None,
        r"transaction already in block chain": None,
        r"Transaction already in block chain": None,
        r"Transaction outputs already in utxo set": None,
        r"TX decode failed": None,
        r"Peer-to-peer functionality missing or disabled": None,
        r"Transaction rejected by AcceptToMemoryPool": None,
        r"AcceptToMemoryPool failed": None,
        r"Transaction rejected by mempool": None,
        r"Mempool internal error": None,
        r"Fee exceeds maximum configured by user": None,
        r"Unspendable output exceeds maximum configured by user": None,
        r"Transaction rejected due to invalid package": None,
    }
    for substring in rawtransaction_error_messages:
        if substring in server_msg:
            msg = rawtransaction_error_messages[substring]
            return msg if msg else substring
    # https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/5bb64acd9d3ced6e6f95df282a1a0f8b98522cb0/src/consensus/tx_verify.cpp
    # https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/c7ad94428ab6f54661d7a5441e1fdd0ebf034903/src/consensus/tx_check.cpp
    # grep "REJECT_"
    # grep "TxValidationResult"
    tx_verify_error_messages = {
        r"bad-txns-vin-empty": None,
        r"bad-txns-vout-empty": None,
        r"bad-txns-oversize": None,
        r"bad-txns-vout-negative": None,
        r"bad-txns-vout-toolarge": None,
        r"bad-txns-txouttotal-toolarge": None,
        r"bad-txns-inputs-duplicate": None,
        r"bad-cb-length": None,
        r"bad-txns-prevout-null": None,
        r"bad-txns-inputs-missingorspent":
            ("bad-txns-inputs-missingorspent\n" +
             _("You might have a local transaction in your wallet that this transaction "
               "builds on top. You need to either broadcast or remove the local tx.")),
        r"bad-txns-premature-spend-of-coinbase": None,
        r"bad-txns-inputvalues-outofrange": None,
        r"bad-txns-in-belowout": None,
        r"bad-txns-fee-outofrange": None,
    }
    for substring in tx_verify_error_messages:
        if substring in server_msg:
            msg = tx_verify_error_messages[substring]
            return msg if msg else substring
    # https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/5bb64acd9d3ced6e6f95df282a1a0f8b98522cb0/src/policy/policy.cpp
    # grep "reason ="
    # should come after validation.cpp (due to "tx-size" vs "tx-size-small")
    # should come after script_error.cpp (due to e.g. "version")
    policy_error_messages = {
        r"version": _("Transaction uses non-standard version."),
        r"tx-size": _("The transaction was rejected because it is too large (in bytes)."),
        r"scriptsig-size": None,
        r"scriptsig-not-pushonly": None,
        r"scriptpubkey":
            ("scriptpubkey\n" +
             _("Some of the outputs pay to a non-standard script.")),
        r"bare-multisig": None,
        r"dust":
            (_("Transaction could not be broadcast due to dust outputs.\n"
               "Some of the outputs are too small in value, probably lower than 1000 satoshis.\n"
               "Check the units, make sure you haven't confused e.g. mBTC and BTC.")),
        r"multi-op-return": _("The transaction was rejected because it contains multiple OP_RETURN outputs."),
    }
    for substring in policy_error_messages:
        if substring in server_msg:
            msg = policy_error_messages[substring]
            return msg if msg else substring
    # otherwise:
    return _("Unknown error")

spesmilo / electrum / 4961272002772992

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