thetic / mu.tiny / 24845382900

char* str_n_cpy(char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n)

  char* result = s1;

  if ((nullptr == s1) || (0 == n)) {

  *s1 = *s2;

  while ((--n != 0) && (*s1 != 0)) {

    *++s1 = *++s2;

  return result;

char* copy_to_new_buffer(const char* buffer_to_copy, size_t buffer_size)

  char* new_buffer = new char[buffer_size];

  str_n_cpy(new_buffer, buffer_to_copy, buffer_size);

  if (buffer_size > 0) {

    new_buffer[buffer_size - 1] = '\0';

  return new_buffer;

bool is_digit(char ch)

  return '0' <= ch && '9' >= ch;

bool is_space(char ch)

  constexpr char bs{ 0x08 };

  constexpr char so{ 0x0E };

  return (ch == ' ') || ((bs < ch) && (so > ch));

bool is_upper(char ch)

  return 'A' <= ch && 'Z' >= ch;

char* get_empty_string()

  char* buf = new char[1];

  buf[0] = '\0';

  return buf;

void String::deallocate_internal_buffer()

  if (buffer_ != nullptr) {

    delete[] buffer_;

    buffer_ = nullptr;

    buffer_size_ = 0;

    size_ = 0;

}

void String::set_internal_buffer_as_empty_string()

  deallocate_internal_buffer();

  buffer_size_ = 1;

  buffer_ = get_empty_string();

}

void String::copy_buffer_to_new_internal_buffer(

  deallocate_internal_buffer();

  buffer_size_ = buffer_size;

  size_ = buffer_size_ - 1;

  buffer_ = copy_to_new_buffer(other_buffer, buffer_size_);

}

void String::reserve(size_t new_capacity)

  size_t needed = new_capacity + 1;

  if (needed <= buffer_size_) {

    return;

  char* new_buffer = new char[needed];

  str_n_cpy(new_buffer, buffer_, buffer_size_);

  new_buffer[needed - 1] = '\0';

  delete[] buffer_;

  buffer_ = new_buffer;

  buffer_size_ = needed;

void String::clear()

  set_internal_buffer_as_empty_string();

}

void String::copy_buffer_to_new_internal_buffer(const String& other_buffer)

  copy_buffer_to_new_internal_buffer(

      other_buffer.buffer_, other_buffer.size() + 1

}

void String::copy_buffer_to_new_internal_buffer(const char* other_buffer)

  copy_buffer_to_new_internal_buffer(other_buffer, strlen(other_buffer) + 1);

}

String::String(const char* value)

  : buffer_(nullptr)

  , buffer_size_(0)

  , size_(0)

  if (value == nullptr) {

    copy_buffer_to_new_internal_buffer(value);

}

String::String(size_t count, char ch)

  : buffer_(nullptr)

  , buffer_size_(0)

  , size_(0)

  buffer_size_ = count + 1;

  size_ = count;

  buffer_ = new char[buffer_size_];

  for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {

    buffer_[i] = ch;

  buffer_[count] = '\0';

}

String::String(const String& other)

  : buffer_(nullptr)

  , buffer_size_(0)

  , size_(0)

  copy_buffer_to_new_internal_buffer(other.c_str());

}

String::String(String&& other) noexcept

  : buffer_(other.buffer_)

  , buffer_size_(other.buffer_size_)

  , size_(other.size_)

  other.buffer_ = nullptr;

  other.buffer_size_ = 0;

  other.size_ = 0;

}

String& String::operator=(String&& other) noexcept

  if (this != &other) {

    deallocate_internal_buffer();

    buffer_ = other.buffer_;

    buffer_size_ = other.buffer_size_;

    size_ = other.size_;

    other.buffer_ = nullptr;

    other.buffer_size_ = 0;

    other.size_ = 0;

  return *this;

String& String::operator=(const String& other)

  if (this != &other) {

    copy_buffer_to_new_internal_buffer(other);

  return *this;

const char* String::c_str() const

  return buffer_;

const char* String::data() const

  return buffer_;

char* String::data()

  return buffer_;

size_t String::size() const

  return size_;

bool String::empty() const

  return size_ == 0;

String::~String()

  deallocate_internal_buffer();

}

bool operator==(const String& left, const String& right)

  return 0 == strcmp(left.c_str(), right.c_str());

bool operator!=(const String& left, const String& right)

  return !(left == right);

String String::operator+(const String& rhs) const

  String t(c_str());

  t += rhs.c_str();

  return t;

String& String::operator+=(const String& rhs)

  return operator+=(rhs.c_str());

String& String::operator+=(const char* rhs)

  size_t rhs_len = strlen(rhs);

  size_t new_size = size_ + rhs_len;

  size_t needed = new_size + 1;

  if (needed <= buffer_size_) {

    str_n_cpy(buffer_ + size_, rhs, rhs_len + 1);

    size_t new_cap = buffer_size_ * 2;

    if (new_cap < needed) {

      new_cap = needed;

    char* nb = new char[new_cap];

    str_n_cpy(nb, buffer_, size_ + 1);

    str_n_cpy(nb + size_, rhs, rhs_len + 1);

    delete[] buffer_;

    buffer_ = nb;

    buffer_size_ = new_cap;

  size_ = new_size;

  return *this;

String& String::operator+=(char ch)

  size_t needed = size_ + 2;

  if (needed <= buffer_size_) {

    buffer_[size_] = ch;

    buffer_[size_ + 1] = '\0';

    size_ += 1;

    return *this;

  char tmp[2] = { ch, '\0' };

  return operator+=(tmp);

String::String(const char* value, size_t len)

  : buffer_(nullptr)

  , buffer_size_(0)

  , size_(0)

  copy_buffer_to_new_internal_buffer(value, len + 1);

}

String& String::operator+=(StringView sv)

  return operator+=(sv.c_str());

String::String(StringView value)

  : String(value.data(), value.size())

}

void String::resize(size_t new_size)

  reserve(new_size);

  buffer_[new_size] = '\0';

  size_ = new_size;

}

String String::substr(size_t begin_pos, size_t amount) const

  if (begin_pos > size() - 1) {

    return "";

  String new_string = c_str() + begin_pos;

  if (new_string.size_ > amount) {

    new_string.buffer_[amount] = '\0';

    new_string.size_ = amount;

  return new_string;

}

String String::substr(size_t begin_pos) const

  return substr(begin_pos, npos);

size_t String::find(char ch, size_t pos) const

  size_t len = size();

  for (size_t i = pos; i < len; i++) {

    if (c_str()[i] == ch) {

      return i;

  return npos;

size_t String::find(const char* s, size_t pos) const

  if (pos > size()) {

  const char* found = strstr(c_str() + pos, s);

  if (found == nullptr) {

    return npos;

  return static_cast<size_t>(found - c_str());

bool operator<(const String& left, const String& right)

  return strcmp(left.c_str(), right.c_str()) < 0;

bool string_contains(const String& str, const String& substr)

  return strstr(str.c_str(), substr.c_str()) != nullptr;

bool string_starts_with(const String& str, const String& prefix)

  if (prefix.empty()) {

    return true;

  if (str.empty()) {

    return false;

  return strstr(str.c_str(), prefix.c_str()) == str.c_str();

bool string_ends_with(const String& str, const String& suffix)

  size_t len = str.size();

  size_t other_len = suffix.size();

  if (other_len == 0) {

    return true;

  if (len == 0) {

    return false;

  if (len < other_len) {

    return false;

  return strcmp(str.c_str() + len - other_len, suffix.c_str()) == 0;

void string_replace(String& str, char from, char to)

  size_t s = str.size();

  for (size_t i = 0; i < s; i++) {

    if (str[i] == from) {

      str[i] = to;

}

void string_replace(String& str, const char* from, const char* to)

  size_t fromlen = strlen(from);

  if (fromlen == 0) {

    return;

  String result;

  size_t pos = 0;

  size_t found = str.find(from, pos);

  while (found != String::npos) {

    result += str.substr(pos, found - pos);

    result += to;

    pos = found + fromlen;

    found = str.find(from, pos);

  if (pos == 0) {

    return;

  result += str.substr(pos);

  str = result;

}

long strtol(const char* str)

  while (is_space(*str)) {

    str++;

  char first_char = *str;

  if (first_char == '-' || first_char == '+') {

    str++;

  long result = 0;

  for (; is_digit(*str); str++) {

    result *= decimal_base;

    result += *str - '0';

  return (first_char == '-') ? -result : result;

unsigned long strtoul(const char* str)

  while (is_space(*str)) {

    str++;

  bool negative = (*str == '-');

  if (*str == '-' || *str == '+') {

    str++;

  unsigned long result = 0;

  for (; is_digit(*str); str++) {

    result *= decimal_base;

    result += static_cast<unsigned long>(*str - '0');

  return negative ? -result : result;

int strcmp(const char* s1, const char* s2)

  while ((*s1 != 0) && *s1 == *s2) {

    ++s1;

    ++s2;

  return *reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(s1) -

         *reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(s2);

size_t strlen(const char* str)

  auto n = static_cast<size_t>(-1);

    n++;

  } while (*str++ != 0);

  return n;

int strncmp(const char* s1, const char* s2, size_t n)

  while ((n != 0U) && ((*s1) != 0) && *s1 == *s2) {

    --n;

    ++s1;

    ++s2;

  return (n != 0U) ? *reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(s1) -

                         *reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(s2)

                   : 0;

const char* strstr(const char* s1, const char* s2)

  if (*s2 == 0) {

    return s1;

  size_t s2_len = strlen(s2);

  for (; *s1 != 0; s1++) {

    if (strncmp(s1, s2, s2_len) == 0) {

      return s1;

  return nullptr;

char tolower(char ch)

  return is_upper(ch) ? static_cast<char>(static_cast<int>(ch) + ('a' - 'A'))

                      : ch;

int memcmp(const void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n)

  const auto* p1 = static_cast<const unsigned char*>(s1);

  const auto* p2 = static_cast<const unsigned char*>(s2);

  while (n-- != 0U) {

    if (*p1 != *p2) {

      return *p1 - *p2;

    ++p1;

    ++p2;

  return 0;

bool iscntrl(char ch)

  constexpr char del{ 0x7F };

  return ch < ' ' || ch == del;

String string_from(bool value)

  return String(value ? "true" : "false");

String string_from(const char* value)

  return String(value);

String string_from_or_null(const char* value)

  return (value != nullptr) ? string_from(value) : string_from("(null)");

String string_from(int value)

  return string_from_format("%d", value);

String string_from(long value)

  return string_from_format("%ld", value);

String string_from(const void* value)

  return String("0x") + hex_string_from(value);

String string_from(void (*value)())

  return String("0x") + hex_string_from(value);

String hex_string_from(long value)

  return hex_string_from(static_cast<unsigned long>(value));

String hex_string_from(int value)

  return hex_string_from(static_cast<unsigned int>(value));

String hex_string_from(signed char value)

  String result = string_from_format("%x", value);

  if (value < 0) {

    size_t size = result.size();

    result = result.substr(size - (CHAR_BIT / 4));

  return result;

String hex_string_from(unsigned long value)

  return string_from_format("%lx", value);

String hex_string_from(unsigned int value)

  return string_from_format("%x", value);

String brackets_formatted_hex_string_from(int value)

  return brackets_formatted_hex_string(hex_string_from(value));

String brackets_formatted_hex_string_from(unsigned int value)

  return brackets_formatted_hex_string(hex_string_from(value));

String brackets_formatted_hex_string_from(long value)

  return brackets_formatted_hex_string(hex_string_from(value));

String brackets_formatted_hex_string_from(unsigned long value)

  return brackets_formatted_hex_string(hex_string_from(value));

String brackets_formatted_hex_string_from(signed char value)

  return brackets_formatted_hex_string(hex_string_from(value));

String brackets_formatted_hex_string(const String& hex_string)

  return String("(0x") + hex_string + ")";

String string_from(decltype(nullptr) value)

  return "(null)";

String string_from(std::string const& str)

  return String(str.c_str());

String string_from(long long value)

  return string_from_format("%lld", value);

String string_from(unsigned long long value)

  return string_from_format("%llu", value);

String hex_string_from(long long value)

  return hex_string_from(static_cast<unsigned long long>(value));

String hex_string_from(unsigned long long value)

  return string_from_format("%llx", value);

String hex_string_from(const void* value)

  return string_from_format("%" PRIxPTR, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(value));

String hex_string_from(void (*value)())

  return string_from_format("%" PRIxPTR, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(value));

String brackets_formatted_hex_string_from(long long value)

  return brackets_formatted_hex_string(hex_string_from(value));

String brackets_formatted_hex_string_from(unsigned long long value)

  return brackets_formatted_hex_string(hex_string_from(value));

String string_from(float value, int precision)

  if (is_nan(value) != 0) {

    return "Nan - Not a number";

  if (is_inf(value) != 0) {

    return "Inf - Infinity";

  return string_from_format("%.*g", precision, value);

String string_from(double value, int precision)

  if (is_nan(value) != 0) {

    return "Nan - Not a number";

  if (is_inf(value) != 0) {

    return "Inf - Infinity";

  return string_from_format("%.*g", precision, value);

String string_from(char value)

  return String(1, value);

String string_from(const String& other)

  return String(other);

String string_from(StringView value)

  return String(value.data(), value.size());

String string_from_format(const char* format, ...)

  String result_string;

  va_start(arguments, format);

  result_string = v_string_from_format(format, arguments);

  va_end(arguments);

  return result_string;

String string_from(unsigned int value)

  return string_from_format("%u", value);

String string_from(unsigned long value)

  return string_from_format("%lu", value);

String v_string_from_format(const char* format, va_list args)

  va_copy(args_copy, args);

  constexpr size_t size_ofdefault_buffer = 100;

  String result_string;

      vsnprintf(default_buffer, size_ofdefault_buffer, format, args)

  );

  if (size < size_ofdefault_buffer) {

    result_string = String(default_buffer);

    result_string.resize(size);

    vsnprintf(result_string.data(), size + 1, format, args_copy);

  va_end(args_copy);

  return result_string;

String string_from_binary(const unsigned char* value, size_t size)

  String result;

  if (size == 0) {

    return result;

  result.reserve((size * 3) - 1);

  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {

    constexpr char nibble_mask{ 0xF };

    if (i > 0) {

      result += ' ';

    result += hex_digits[value[i] >> 4];

    result += hex_digits[value[i] & nibble_mask];

  return result;

String string_from_binary_or_null(const unsigned char* value, size_t size)

  return (value != nullptr) ? string_from_binary(value, size)

                            : string_from("(null)");

String string_from_binary_with_size(const unsigned char* value, size_t size)

  );

  constexpr size_t max_display_size{ 128U };

  size_t displayed_size = ((size > max_display_size) ? max_display_size : size);

  result += string_from_binary_or_null(value, displayed_size);

  if (size > displayed_size) {

    result += " ...";

  return result;

String string_from_binary_with_size_or_null(

  return (value != nullptr) ? string_from_binary_with_size(value, size)

                            : string_from("(null)");

String string_from_ordinal_number(unsigned int number)

  const char* suffix = "th";

  constexpr unsigned int eleven{ 11 };

  constexpr unsigned int thirteen{ 13 };

  if ((number < eleven) || (number > thirteen)) {

    unsigned int const ones_digit = number % decimal_base;

    if (3 == ones_digit) {

      suffix = "rd";

    } else if (2 == ones_digit) {

      suffix = "nd";

    } else if (1 == ones_digit) {

      suffix = "st";

  return string_from_format("%u%s", number, suffix);