22085618954

Committed 17 Feb 2026 04:03AM UTC coverage: 94.549%. Remained the same

Build # 22085618954

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web-flow

Commit Message

:arrow_up: Update LibreSSL version up to 4.2.1 (#410)

* Update LibreSSL version to 4.2.1 in CI configuration and documentation

* update OpenSSLErrorTest for LibreSSL 4.2.0+

Add Linux LibreSSL support in CMake presets

* add debug output to failure for all ssl libraries

* fix type in libressl version check

* chore: lint

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/include/jwt-cpp/jwt.h

#ifndef JWT_CPP_JWT_H
#define JWT_CPP_JWT_H

#ifndef JWT_DISABLE_PICOJSON
#ifndef PICOJSON_USE_INT64
#define PICOJSON_USE_INT64
#endif
#include "picojson/picojson.h"
#endif

#ifndef JWT_DISABLE_BASE64
#include "base.h"
#endif

#include <openssl/ec.h>
#include <openssl/ecdsa.h>
#include <openssl/err.h>
#include <openssl/evp.h>
#include <openssl/hmac.h>
#include <openssl/pem.h>
#include <openssl/rsa.h>
#include <openssl/ssl.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <chrono>
#include <climits>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstring>
#include <functional>
#include <iterator>
#include <locale>
#include <memory>
#include <set>
#include <system_error>
#include <type_traits>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#if __cplusplus >= 201402L
#ifdef __has_include
#if __has_include(<experimental/type_traits>)
#include <experimental/type_traits>
#endif
#endif
#endif

#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x30000000L // 3.0.0
#define JWT_OPENSSL_3_0
#include <openssl/param_build.h>
#elif OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10101000L // 1.1.1
#define JWT_OPENSSL_1_1_1
#elif OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000L // 1.1.0
#define JWT_OPENSSL_1_1_0
#elif OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10000000L // 1.0.0
#define JWT_OPENSSL_1_0_0
#endif

#if defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
#if LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x3050300fL
#define JWT_OPENSSL_1_1_0
#else
#define JWT_OPENSSL_1_0_0
#endif
#endif

#if defined(LIBWOLFSSL_VERSION_HEX)
#define JWT_OPENSSL_1_1_1
#endif

#ifndef JWT_CLAIM_EXPLICIT
#define JWT_CLAIM_EXPLICIT explicit
#endif

/**
 * \brief JSON Web Token.
 *
 * A namespace to contain everything related to handling JSON Web Tokens, JWT for short,
 * as a part of [RFC7519](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519), or alternatively for
 * JWS (JSON Web Signature) from [RFC7515](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7515)
 */
namespace jwt {
        /**
         * Default system time point in UTC
         */
        using date = std::chrono::system_clock::time_point;

        /**
         * \brief Everything related to error codes issued by the library
         */
        namespace error {
                struct signature_verification_exception : public std::system_error {
                        using system_error::system_error;
                };
                struct signature_generation_exception : public std::system_error {
                        using system_error::system_error;
                };
                struct rsa_exception : public std::system_error {
                        using system_error::system_error;
                };
                struct ecdsa_exception : public std::system_error {
                        using system_error::system_error;
                };
                struct token_verification_exception : public std::system_error {
                        using system_error::system_error;
                };
                /**
                 * \brief Errors related to processing of RSA signatures
                 */
                enum class rsa_error {
                        ok = 0,
                        cert_load_failed = 10,
                        get_key_failed,
                        write_key_failed,
                        write_cert_failed,
                        convert_to_pem_failed,
                        load_key_bio_write,
                        load_key_bio_read,
                        create_mem_bio_failed,
                        no_key_provided,
                        set_rsa_failed,
                        create_context_failed
                };
                /**
                 * \brief Error category for RSA errors
                 */
                inline std::error_category& rsa_error_category() {
                        class rsa_error_cat : public std::error_category {
                        public:
                                const char* name() const noexcept override { return "rsa_error"; };
                                std::string message(int ev) const override {
                                        switch (static_cast<rsa_error>(ev)) {
                                        case rsa_error::ok: return "no error";
                                        case rsa_error::cert_load_failed: return "error loading cert into memory";
                                        case rsa_error::get_key_failed: return "error getting key from certificate";
                                        case rsa_error::write_key_failed: return "error writing key data in PEM format";
                                        case rsa_error::write_cert_failed: return "error writing cert data in PEM format";
                                        case rsa_error::convert_to_pem_failed: return "failed to convert key to pem";
                                        case rsa_error::load_key_bio_write: return "failed to load key: bio write failed";
                                        case rsa_error::load_key_bio_read: return "failed to load key: bio read failed";
                                        case rsa_error::create_mem_bio_failed: return "failed to create memory bio";
                                        case rsa_error::no_key_provided: return "at least one of public or private key need to be present";
                                        case rsa_error::set_rsa_failed: return "set modulus and exponent to RSA failed";
                                        case rsa_error::create_context_failed: return "failed to create context";
                                        default: return "unknown RSA error";
                                        }
                                }
                        };
                        static rsa_error_cat cat;
                        return cat;
                }
                /**
                 * \brief Converts JWT-CPP errors into generic STL error_codes
                 */
                inline std::error_code make_error_code(rsa_error e) { return {static_cast<int>(e), rsa_error_category()}; }
                /**
                 * \brief Errors related to processing of RSA signatures
                 */
                enum class ecdsa_error {
                        ok = 0,
                        load_key_bio_write = 10,
                        load_key_bio_read,
                        create_mem_bio_failed,
                        no_key_provided,
                        invalid_key_size,
                        invalid_key,
                        create_context_failed,
                        cert_load_failed,
                        get_key_failed,
                        write_key_failed,
                        write_cert_failed,
                        convert_to_pem_failed,
                        unknown_curve,
                        set_ecdsa_failed
                };
                /**
                 * \brief Error category for ECDSA errors
                 */
                inline std::error_category& ecdsa_error_category() {
                        class ecdsa_error_cat : public std::error_category {
                        public:
                                const char* name() const noexcept override { return "ecdsa_error"; };
                                std::string message(int ev) const override {
                                        switch (static_cast<ecdsa_error>(ev)) {
                                        case ecdsa_error::ok: return "no error";
                                        case ecdsa_error::load_key_bio_write: return "failed to load key: bio write failed";
                                        case ecdsa_error::load_key_bio_read: return "failed to load key: bio read failed";
                                        case ecdsa_error::create_mem_bio_failed: return "failed to create memory bio";
                                        case ecdsa_error::no_key_provided:
                                                return "at least one of public or private key need to be present";
                                        case ecdsa_error::invalid_key_size: return "invalid key size";
                                        case ecdsa_error::invalid_key: return "invalid key";
                                        case ecdsa_error::create_context_failed: return "failed to create context";
                                        case ecdsa_error::cert_load_failed: return "error loading cert into memory";
                                        case ecdsa_error::get_key_failed: return "error getting key from certificate";
                                        case ecdsa_error::write_key_failed: return "error writing key data in PEM format";
                                        case ecdsa_error::write_cert_failed: return "error writing cert data in PEM format";
                                        case ecdsa_error::convert_to_pem_failed: return "failed to convert key to pem";
                                        case ecdsa_error::unknown_curve: return "unknown curve";
                                        case ecdsa_error::set_ecdsa_failed: return "set parameters to ECDSA failed";
                                        default: return "unknown ECDSA error";
                                        }
                                }
                        };
                        static ecdsa_error_cat cat;
                        return cat;
                }
                /**
                 * \brief Converts JWT-CPP errors into generic STL error_codes
                 */
                inline std::error_code make_error_code(ecdsa_error e) { return {static_cast<int>(e), ecdsa_error_category()}; }

                /**
                 * \brief Errors related to verification of signatures
                 */
                enum class signature_verification_error {
                        ok = 0,
                        invalid_signature = 10,
                        create_context_failed,
                        verifyinit_failed,
                        verifyupdate_failed,
                        verifyfinal_failed,
                        get_key_failed,
                        set_rsa_pss_saltlen_failed,
                        signature_encoding_failed
                };
                /**
                 * \brief Error category for verification errors
                 */
                inline std::error_category& signature_verification_error_category() {
                        class verification_error_cat : public std::error_category {
                        public:
                                const char* name() const noexcept override { return "signature_verification_error"; };
                                std::string message(int ev) const override {
                                        switch (static_cast<signature_verification_error>(ev)) {
                                        case signature_verification_error::ok: return "no error";
                                        case signature_verification_error::invalid_signature: return "invalid signature";
                                        case signature_verification_error::create_context_failed:
                                                return "failed to verify signature: could not create context";
                                        case signature_verification_error::verifyinit_failed:
                                                return "failed to verify signature: VerifyInit failed";
                                        case signature_verification_error::verifyupdate_failed:
                                                return "failed to verify signature: VerifyUpdate failed";
                                        case signature_verification_error::verifyfinal_failed:
                                                return "failed to verify signature: VerifyFinal failed";
                                        case signature_verification_error::get_key_failed:
                                                return "failed to verify signature: Could not get key";
                                        case signature_verification_error::set_rsa_pss_saltlen_failed:
                                                return "failed to verify signature: EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_pss_saltlen failed";
                                        case signature_verification_error::signature_encoding_failed:
                                                return "failed to verify signature: i2d_ECDSA_SIG failed";
                                        default: return "unknown signature verification error";
                                        }
                                }
                        };
                        static verification_error_cat cat;
                        return cat;
                }
                /**
                 * \brief Converts JWT-CPP errors into generic STL error_codes
                 */
                inline std::error_code make_error_code(signature_verification_error e) {
                        return {static_cast<int>(e), signature_verification_error_category()};
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Errors related to signature generation errors
                 */
                enum class signature_generation_error {
                        ok = 0,
                        hmac_failed = 10,
                        create_context_failed,
                        signinit_failed,
                        signupdate_failed,
                        signfinal_failed,
                        ecdsa_do_sign_failed,
                        digestinit_failed,
                        digestupdate_failed,
                        digestfinal_failed,
                        rsa_padding_failed,
                        rsa_private_encrypt_failed,
                        get_key_failed,
                        set_rsa_pss_saltlen_failed,
                        signature_decoding_failed
                };
                /**
                 * \brief Error category for signature generation errors
                 */
                inline std::error_category& signature_generation_error_category() {
                        class signature_generation_error_cat : public std::error_category {
                        public:
                                const char* name() const noexcept override { return "signature_generation_error"; };
                                std::string message(int ev) const override {
                                        switch (static_cast<signature_generation_error>(ev)) {
                                        case signature_generation_error::ok: return "no error";
                                        case signature_generation_error::hmac_failed: return "hmac failed";
                                        case signature_generation_error::create_context_failed:
                                                return "failed to create signature: could not create context";
                                        case signature_generation_error::signinit_failed:
                                                return "failed to create signature: SignInit failed";
                                        case signature_generation_error::signupdate_failed:
                                                return "failed to create signature: SignUpdate failed";
                                        case signature_generation_error::signfinal_failed:
                                                return "failed to create signature: SignFinal failed";
                                        case signature_generation_error::ecdsa_do_sign_failed: return "failed to generate ecdsa signature";
                                        case signature_generation_error::digestinit_failed:
                                                return "failed to create signature: DigestInit failed";
                                        case signature_generation_error::digestupdate_failed:
                                                return "failed to create signature: DigestUpdate failed";
                                        case signature_generation_error::digestfinal_failed:
                                                return "failed to create signature: DigestFinal failed";
                                        case signature_generation_error::rsa_padding_failed:
                                                return "failed to create signature: EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_padding failed";
                                        case signature_generation_error::rsa_private_encrypt_failed:
                                                return "failed to create signature: RSA_private_encrypt failed";
                                        case signature_generation_error::get_key_failed:
                                                return "failed to generate signature: Could not get key";
                                        case signature_generation_error::set_rsa_pss_saltlen_failed:
                                                return "failed to create signature: EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_pss_saltlen failed";
                                        case signature_generation_error::signature_decoding_failed:
                                                return "failed to create signature: d2i_ECDSA_SIG failed";
                                        default: return "unknown signature generation error";
                                        }
                                }
                        };
                        static signature_generation_error_cat cat = {};
                        return cat;
                }
                /**
                 * \brief Converts JWT-CPP errors into generic STL error_codes
                 */
                inline std::error_code make_error_code(signature_generation_error e) {
                        return {static_cast<int>(e), signature_generation_error_category()};
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Errors related to token verification errors
                 */
                enum class token_verification_error {
                        ok = 0,
                        wrong_algorithm = 10,
                        missing_claim,
                        claim_type_missmatch,
                        claim_value_missmatch,
                        token_expired,
                        audience_missmatch
                };
                /**
                 * \brief Error category for token verification errors
                 */
                inline std::error_category& token_verification_error_category() {
                        class token_verification_error_cat : public std::error_category {
                        public:
                                const char* name() const noexcept override { return "token_verification_error"; };
                                std::string message(int ev) const override {
                                        switch (static_cast<token_verification_error>(ev)) {
                                        case token_verification_error::ok: return "no error";
                                        case token_verification_error::wrong_algorithm: return "wrong algorithm";
                                        case token_verification_error::missing_claim: return "decoded JWT is missing required claim(s)";
                                        case token_verification_error::claim_type_missmatch:
                                                return "claim type does not match expected type";
                                        case token_verification_error::claim_value_missmatch:
                                                return "claim value does not match expected value";
                                        case token_verification_error::token_expired: return "token expired";
                                        case token_verification_error::audience_missmatch:
                                                return "token doesn't contain the required audience";
                                        default: return "unknown token verification error";
                                        }
                                }
                        };
                        static token_verification_error_cat cat = {};
                        return cat;
                }
                /**
                 * \brief Converts JWT-CPP errors into generic STL error_codes
                 */
                inline std::error_code make_error_code(token_verification_error e) {
                        return {static_cast<int>(e), token_verification_error_category()};
                }
                /**
                 * \brief Raises an exception if any JWT-CPP error codes are active
                 */
                inline void throw_if_error(std::error_code ec) {
                        if (ec) {
                                if (ec.category() == rsa_error_category()) throw rsa_exception(ec);
                                if (ec.category() == ecdsa_error_category()) throw ecdsa_exception(ec);
                                if (ec.category() == signature_verification_error_category())
                                        throw signature_verification_exception(ec);
                                if (ec.category() == signature_generation_error_category()) throw signature_generation_exception(ec);
                                if (ec.category() == token_verification_error_category()) throw token_verification_exception(ec);
                        }
                }
        } // namespace error
} // namespace jwt

namespace std {
        template<>
        struct is_error_code_enum<jwt::error::rsa_error> : true_type {};
        template<>
        struct is_error_code_enum<jwt::error::ecdsa_error> : true_type {};
        template<>
        struct is_error_code_enum<jwt::error::signature_verification_error> : true_type {};
        template<>
        struct is_error_code_enum<jwt::error::signature_generation_error> : true_type {};
        template<>
        struct is_error_code_enum<jwt::error::token_verification_error> : true_type {};
} // namespace std

namespace jwt {
        /**
         * \brief A collection for working with certificates
         *
         * These _helpers_ are usefully when working with certificates OpenSSL APIs.
         * For example, when dealing with JWKS (JSON Web Key Set)[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7517]
         * you maybe need to extract the modulus and exponent of an RSA Public Key.
         */
        namespace helper {
                /**
                 * \brief Handle class for EVP_PKEY structures
                 *
                 * Starting from OpenSSL 1.1.0, EVP_PKEY has internal reference counting. This handle class allows
                 * jwt-cpp to leverage that and thus safe an allocation for the control block in std::shared_ptr.
                 * The handle uses shared_ptr as a fallback on older versions. The behaviour should be identical between both.
                 */
                class evp_pkey_handle {
                public:
                        /**
                         * \brief Creates a null key pointer.
                         */
                        constexpr evp_pkey_handle() noexcept = default;
#ifdef JWT_OPENSSL_1_0_0
                        /**
                         * \brief Construct a new handle. The handle takes ownership of the key.
                         * \param key The key to store
                         */
                        explicit evp_pkey_handle(EVP_PKEY* key) { m_key = std::shared_ptr<EVP_PKEY>(key, EVP_PKEY_free); }

                        EVP_PKEY* get() const noexcept { return m_key.get(); }
                        bool operator!() const noexcept { return m_key == nullptr; }
                        explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return m_key != nullptr; }

                private:
                        std::shared_ptr<EVP_PKEY> m_key{nullptr};
#else
                        /**
                         * \brief Construct a new handle. The handle takes ownership of the key.
                         * \param key The key to store
                         */
                        explicit constexpr evp_pkey_handle(EVP_PKEY* key) noexcept : m_key{key} {}
                        evp_pkey_handle(const evp_pkey_handle& other) : m_key{other.m_key} {
                                if (m_key != nullptr && EVP_PKEY_up_ref(m_key) != 1) throw std::runtime_error("EVP_PKEY_up_ref failed");
                        }
// C++11 requires the body of a constexpr constructor to be empty
#if __cplusplus >= 201402L
                        constexpr
#endif
                                evp_pkey_handle(evp_pkey_handle&& other) noexcept
                                : m_key{other.m_key} {
                                other.m_key = nullptr;
                        }
                        evp_pkey_handle& operator=(const evp_pkey_handle& other) {
                                if (&other == this) return *this;
                                decrement_ref_count(m_key);
                                m_key = other.m_key;
                                increment_ref_count(m_key);
                                return *this;
                        }
                        evp_pkey_handle& operator=(evp_pkey_handle&& other) noexcept {
                                if (&other == this) return *this;
                                decrement_ref_count(m_key);
                                m_key = other.m_key;
                                other.m_key = nullptr;
                                return *this;
                        }
                        evp_pkey_handle& operator=(EVP_PKEY* key) {
                                decrement_ref_count(m_key);
                                m_key = key;
                                increment_ref_count(m_key);
                                return *this;
                        }
                        ~evp_pkey_handle() noexcept { decrement_ref_count(m_key); }

                        EVP_PKEY* get() const noexcept { return m_key; }
                        bool operator!() const noexcept { return m_key == nullptr; }
                        explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return m_key != nullptr; }

                private:
                        EVP_PKEY* m_key{nullptr};

                        static void increment_ref_count(EVP_PKEY* key) {
                                if (key != nullptr && EVP_PKEY_up_ref(key) != 1) throw std::runtime_error("EVP_PKEY_up_ref failed");
                        }
                        static void decrement_ref_count(EVP_PKEY* key) noexcept {
                                if (key != nullptr) EVP_PKEY_free(key);
                        }
#endif
                };

                inline std::unique_ptr<BIO, decltype(&BIO_free_all)> make_mem_buf_bio() {
                        return std::unique_ptr<BIO, decltype(&BIO_free_all)>(BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()), BIO_free_all);
                }

                inline std::unique_ptr<BIO, decltype(&BIO_free_all)> make_mem_buf_bio(const std::string& data) {
                        return std::unique_ptr<BIO, decltype(&BIO_free_all)>(
#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER <= 0x10100003L
                                BIO_new_mem_buf(const_cast<char*>(data.data()), static_cast<int>(data.size())), BIO_free_all
#else
                                BIO_new_mem_buf(data.data(), static_cast<int>(data.size())), BIO_free_all
#endif
                        );
                }

                template<typename error_category = error::rsa_error>
                std::string write_bio_to_string(std::unique_ptr<BIO, decltype(&BIO_free_all)>& bio_out, std::error_code& ec) {
                        char* ptr = nullptr;
                        auto len = BIO_get_mem_data(bio_out.get(), &ptr);
                        if (len <= 0 || ptr == nullptr) {
                                ec = error_category::convert_to_pem_failed;
                                return {};
                        }
                        return {ptr, static_cast<size_t>(len)};
                }

                inline std::unique_ptr<EVP_MD_CTX, void (*)(EVP_MD_CTX*)> make_evp_md_ctx() {
                        return
#ifdef JWT_OPENSSL_1_0_0
                                std::unique_ptr<EVP_MD_CTX, decltype(&EVP_MD_CTX_destroy)>(EVP_MD_CTX_create(), &EVP_MD_CTX_destroy);
#else
                                std::unique_ptr<EVP_MD_CTX, decltype(&EVP_MD_CTX_free)>(EVP_MD_CTX_new(), &EVP_MD_CTX_free);
#endif
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Extract the public key of a pem certificate
                 *
                 * \tparam error_category        jwt::error enum category to match with the keys being used
                 * \param certstr                        String containing the certificate encoded as pem
                 * \param pw                                Password used to decrypt certificate (leave empty if not encrypted)
                 * \param ec                                error_code for error_detection (gets cleared if no error occurred)
                 */
                template<typename error_category = error::rsa_error>
                std::string extract_pubkey_from_cert(const std::string& certstr, const std::string& pw, std::error_code& ec) {
                        ec.clear();
                        auto certbio = make_mem_buf_bio(certstr);
                        auto keybio = make_mem_buf_bio();
                        if (!certbio || !keybio) {
                                ec = error_category::create_mem_bio_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        std::unique_ptr<X509, decltype(&X509_free)> cert(
                                PEM_read_bio_X509(certbio.get(), nullptr, nullptr, const_cast<char*>(pw.c_str())), X509_free);
                        if (!cert) {
                                ec = error_category::cert_load_failed;
                                return {};
                        }
                        std::unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY, decltype(&EVP_PKEY_free)> key(X509_get_pubkey(cert.get()), EVP_PKEY_free);
                        if (!key) {
                                ec = error_category::get_key_failed;
                                return {};
                        }
                        if (PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY(keybio.get(), key.get()) == 0) {
                                ec = error_category::write_key_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        return write_bio_to_string<error_category>(keybio, ec);
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Extract the public key of a pem certificate
                 *
                 * \tparam error_category        jwt::error enum category to match with the keys being used
                 * \param certstr                        String containing the certificate encoded as pem
                 * \param pw                                Password used to decrypt certificate (leave empty if not encrypted)
                 * \throw                                        templated error_category's type exception if an error occurred
                 */
                template<typename error_category = error::rsa_error>
                std::string extract_pubkey_from_cert(const std::string& certstr, const std::string& pw = "") {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        auto res = extract_pubkey_from_cert<error_category>(certstr, pw, ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                        return res;
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Convert the certificate provided as DER to PEM.
                 *
                 * \param cert_der_str         String containing the certificate encoded as base64 DER
                 * \param ec                        error_code for error_detection (gets cleared if no error occurs)
                 */
                inline std::string convert_der_to_pem(const std::string& cert_der_str, std::error_code& ec) {
                        ec.clear();

                        auto c_str = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(cert_der_str.c_str());

                        std::unique_ptr<X509, decltype(&X509_free)> cert(
                                d2i_X509(NULL, &c_str, static_cast<int>(cert_der_str.size())), X509_free);
                        auto certbio = make_mem_buf_bio();
                        if (!cert || !certbio) {
                                ec = error::rsa_error::create_mem_bio_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        if (!PEM_write_bio_X509(certbio.get(), cert.get())) {
                                ec = error::rsa_error::write_cert_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        return write_bio_to_string(certbio, ec);
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Convert the certificate provided as base64 DER to PEM.
                 *
                 * This is useful when using with JWKs as x5c claim is encoded as base64 DER. More info
                 * [here](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7517#section-4.7).
                 *
                 * \tparam Decode is callable, taking a string_type and returns a string_type.
                 * It should ensure the padding of the input and then base64 decode and return
                 * the results.
                 *
                 * \param cert_base64_der_str         String containing the certificate encoded as base64 DER
                 * \param decode                                 The function to decode the cert
                 * \param ec                                        error_code for error_detection (gets cleared if no error occurs)
                 */
                template<typename Decode>
                std::string convert_base64_der_to_pem(const std::string& cert_base64_der_str, Decode decode,
                                                                                          std::error_code& ec) {
                        ec.clear();
                        const auto decoded_str = decode(cert_base64_der_str);
                        return convert_der_to_pem(decoded_str, ec);
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Convert the certificate provided as base64 DER to PEM.
                 *
                 * This is useful when using with JWKs as x5c claim is encoded as base64 DER. More info
                 * [here](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7517#section-4.7)
                 *
                 * \tparam Decode is callable, taking a string_type and returns a string_type.
                 * It should ensure the padding of the input and then base64 decode and return
                 * the results.
                 *
                 * \param cert_base64_der_str         String containing the certificate encoded as base64 DER
                 * \param decode                                 The function to decode the cert
                 * \throw                                                rsa_exception if an error occurred
                 */
                template<typename Decode>
                std::string convert_base64_der_to_pem(const std::string& cert_base64_der_str, Decode decode) {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        auto res = convert_base64_der_to_pem(cert_base64_der_str, std::move(decode), ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                        return res;
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Convert the certificate provided as DER to PEM.
                 *
                 * \param cert_der_str         String containing the DER certificate
                 * \throw                                rsa_exception if an error occurred
                 */
                inline std::string convert_der_to_pem(const std::string& cert_der_str) {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        auto res = convert_der_to_pem(cert_der_str, ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                        return res;
                }

#ifndef JWT_DISABLE_BASE64
                /**
                 * \brief Convert the certificate provided as base64 DER to PEM.
                 *
                 * This is useful when using with JWKs as x5c claim is encoded as base64 DER. More info
                 * [here](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7517#section-4.7)
                 *
                 * \param cert_base64_der_str         String containing the certificate encoded as base64 DER
                 * \param ec                                        error_code for error_detection (gets cleared if no error occurs)
                 */
                inline std::string convert_base64_der_to_pem(const std::string& cert_base64_der_str, std::error_code& ec) {
                        auto decode = [](const std::string& token) {
                                return base::decode<alphabet::base64>(base::pad<alphabet::base64>(token));
                        };
                        return convert_base64_der_to_pem(cert_base64_der_str, std::move(decode), ec);
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Convert the certificate provided as base64 DER to PEM.
                 *
                 * This is useful when using with JWKs as x5c claim is encoded as base64 DER. More info
                 * [here](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7517#section-4.7)
                 *
                 * \param cert_base64_der_str         String containing the certificate encoded as base64 DER
                 * \throw                                                rsa_exception if an error occurred
                 */
                inline std::string convert_base64_der_to_pem(const std::string& cert_base64_der_str) {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        auto res = convert_base64_der_to_pem(cert_base64_der_str, ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                        return res;
                }
#endif
                /**
                 * \brief Load a public key from a string.
                 *
                 * The string should contain a pem encoded certificate or public key
                 *
                 * \tparam error_category        jwt::error enum category to match with the keys being used
                 * \param key                String containing the certificate encoded as pem
                 * \param password        Password used to decrypt certificate (leave empty if not encrypted)
                 * \param ec                error_code for error_detection (gets cleared if no error occurs)
                 */
                template<typename error_category = error::rsa_error>
                evp_pkey_handle load_public_key_from_string(const std::string& key, const std::string& password,
                                                                                                        std::error_code& ec) {
                        ec.clear();
                        auto pubkey_bio = make_mem_buf_bio();
                        if (!pubkey_bio) {
                                ec = error_category::create_mem_bio_failed;
                                return {};
                        }
                        if (key.substr(0, 27) == "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----") {
                                auto epkey = helper::extract_pubkey_from_cert<error_category>(key, password, ec);
                                if (ec) return {};
                                // Ensure the size fits into an int before casting
                                if (epkey.size() > static_cast<std::size_t>((std::numeric_limits<int>::max)())) {
                                        ec = error_category::load_key_bio_write; // Add an appropriate error here
                                        return {};
                                }
                                int len = static_cast<int>(epkey.size());
                                if (BIO_write(pubkey_bio.get(), epkey.data(), len) != len) {
                                        ec = error_category::load_key_bio_write;
                                        return {};
                                }
                        } else {
                                // Ensure the size fits into an int before casting
                                if (key.size() > static_cast<std::size_t>((std::numeric_limits<int>::max)())) {
                                        ec = error_category::load_key_bio_write; // Add an appropriate error here
                                        return {};
                                }
                                int len = static_cast<int>(key.size());
                                if (BIO_write(pubkey_bio.get(), key.data(), len) != len) {
                                        ec = error_category::load_key_bio_write;
                                        return {};
                                }
                        }

                        evp_pkey_handle pkey(PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY(
                                pubkey_bio.get(), nullptr, nullptr,
                                (void*)password.data())); // NOLINT(google-readability-casting) requires `const_cast`
                        if (!pkey) ec = error_category::load_key_bio_read;
                        return pkey;
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Load a public key from a string.
                 *
                 * The string should contain a pem encoded certificate or public key
                 *
                 * \tparam error_category        jwt::error enum category to match with the keys being used
                 * \param key                                String containing the certificate encoded as pem
                 * \param password                        Password used to decrypt certificate (leave empty if not encrypted)
                 * \throw                                        Templated error_category's type exception if an error occurred
                 */
                template<typename error_category = error::rsa_error>
                inline evp_pkey_handle load_public_key_from_string(const std::string& key, const std::string& password = "") {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        auto res = load_public_key_from_string<error_category>(key, password, ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                        return res;
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Load a private key from a string.
                 *
                 * \tparam error_category        jwt::error enum category to match with the keys being used
                 * \param key                                String containing a private key as pem
                 * \param password                        Password used to decrypt key (leave empty if not encrypted)
                 * \param ec                                error_code for error_detection (gets cleared if no error occurs)
                 */
                template<typename error_category = error::rsa_error>
                inline evp_pkey_handle load_private_key_from_string(const std::string& key, const std::string& password,
                                                                                                                        std::error_code& ec) {
                        ec.clear();
                        auto private_key_bio = make_mem_buf_bio();
                        if (!private_key_bio) {
                                ec = error_category::create_mem_bio_failed;
                                return {};
                        }
                        const int len = static_cast<int>(key.size());
                        if (BIO_write(private_key_bio.get(), key.data(), len) != len) {
                                ec = error_category::load_key_bio_write;
                                return {};
                        }
                        evp_pkey_handle pkey(
                                PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(private_key_bio.get(), nullptr, nullptr, const_cast<char*>(password.c_str())));
                        if (!pkey) ec = error_category::load_key_bio_read;
                        return pkey;
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Load a private key from a string.
                 *
                 * \tparam error_category        jwt::error enum category to match with the keys being used
                 * \param key                                String containing a private key as pem
                 * \param password                        Password used to decrypt key (leave empty if not encrypted)
                 * \throw                                        Templated error_category's type exception if an error occurred
                 */
                template<typename error_category = error::rsa_error>
                inline evp_pkey_handle load_private_key_from_string(const std::string& key, const std::string& password = "") {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        auto res = load_private_key_from_string<error_category>(key, password, ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                        return res;
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Load a public key from a string.
                 *
                 * The string should contain a pem encoded certificate or public key
                 *
                 * \deprecated Use the templated version helper::load_private_key_from_string with error::ecdsa_error
                 *
                 * \param key                String containing the certificate encoded as pem
                 * \param password        Password used to decrypt certificate (leave empty if not encrypted)
                 * \param ec                error_code for error_detection (gets cleared if no error occurs)
                 */
                inline evp_pkey_handle load_public_ec_key_from_string(const std::string& key, const std::string& password,
                                                                                                                          std::error_code& ec) {
                        return load_public_key_from_string<error::ecdsa_error>(key, password, ec);
                }

                /**
                 * Convert a OpenSSL BIGNUM to a std::string
                 * \param bn BIGNUM to convert
                 * \return bignum as string
                 */
                inline
#ifdef JWT_OPENSSL_1_0_0
                        std::string
                        bn2raw(BIGNUM* bn)
#else
                        std::string
                        bn2raw(const BIGNUM* bn)
#endif
                {
                        std::string res(BN_num_bytes(bn), '\0');
                        BN_bn2bin(bn, (unsigned char*)res.data()); // NOLINT(google-readability-casting) requires `const_cast`
                        return res;
                }
                /**
                 * Convert an std::string to a OpenSSL BIGNUM
                 * \param raw String to convert
                 * \param ec  error_code for error_detection (gets cleared if no error occurs)
                 * \return BIGNUM representation
                 */
                inline std::unique_ptr<BIGNUM, decltype(&BN_free)> raw2bn(const std::string& raw, std::error_code& ec) {
                        auto bn =
                                BN_bin2bn(reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(raw.data()), static_cast<int>(raw.size()), nullptr);
                        // https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.1/man3/BN_bin2bn.html#RETURN-VALUES
                        if (!bn) {
                                ec = error::rsa_error::set_rsa_failed;
                                return {nullptr, BN_free};
                        }
                        return {bn, BN_free};
                }
                /**
                 * Convert an std::string to a OpenSSL BIGNUM
                 * \param raw String to convert
                 * \return BIGNUM representation
                 */
                inline std::unique_ptr<BIGNUM, decltype(&BN_free)> raw2bn(const std::string& raw) {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        auto res = raw2bn(raw, ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                        return res;
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Load a public key from a string.
                 *
                 * The string should contain a pem encoded certificate or public key
                 *
                 * \deprecated Use the templated version helper::load_private_key_from_string with error::ecdsa_error
                 *
                 * \param key                String containing the certificate or key encoded as pem
                 * \param password        Password used to decrypt certificate or key (leave empty if not encrypted)
                 * \throw                        ecdsa_exception if an error occurred
                 */
                inline evp_pkey_handle load_public_ec_key_from_string(const std::string& key,
                                                                                                                          const std::string& password = "") {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        auto res = load_public_key_from_string<error::ecdsa_error>(key, password, ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                        return res;
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Load a private key from a string.
                 *
                 * \deprecated Use the templated version helper::load_private_key_from_string with error::ecdsa_error
                 *
                 * \param key                String containing a private key as pem
                 * \param password        Password used to decrypt key (leave empty if not encrypted)
                 * \param ec                error_code for error_detection (gets cleared if no error occurs)
                 */
                inline evp_pkey_handle load_private_ec_key_from_string(const std::string& key, const std::string& password,
                                                                                                                           std::error_code& ec) {
                        return load_private_key_from_string<error::ecdsa_error>(key, password, ec);
                }

                /**
                * \brief create public key from modulus and exponent. This is defined in
                * [RFC 7518 Section 6.3](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7518#section-6.3)
                * Using the required "n" (Modulus) Parameter and "e" (Exponent) Parameter.
                *
                 * \tparam Decode is callable, taking a string_type and returns a string_type.
                 * It should ensure the padding of the input and then base64url decode and
                 * return the results.
                * \param modulus        string containing base64url encoded modulus
                * \param exponent        string containing base64url encoded exponent
                * \param decode         The function to decode the RSA parameters
                * \param ec                        error_code for error_detection (gets cleared if no error occur
                * \return                         public key in PEM format
                */
                template<typename Decode>
                std::string create_public_key_from_rsa_components(const std::string& modulus, const std::string& exponent,
                                                                                                                  Decode decode, std::error_code& ec) {
                        ec.clear();
                        auto decoded_modulus = decode(modulus);
                        auto decoded_exponent = decode(exponent);

                        auto n = helper::raw2bn(decoded_modulus, ec);
                        if (ec) return {};
                        auto e = helper::raw2bn(decoded_exponent, ec);
                        if (ec) return {};

#if defined(JWT_OPENSSL_3_0)
                        // OpenSSL deprecated mutable keys and there is a new way for making them
                        // https://mta.openssl.org/pipermail/openssl-users/2021-July/013994.html
                        // https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.1/man3/OSSL_PARAM_BLD_new.html#Example-2
                        std::unique_ptr<OSSL_PARAM_BLD, decltype(&OSSL_PARAM_BLD_free)> param_bld(OSSL_PARAM_BLD_new(),
                                                                                                                                                                          OSSL_PARAM_BLD_free);
                        if (!param_bld) {
                                ec = error::rsa_error::create_context_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        if (OSSL_PARAM_BLD_push_BN(param_bld.get(), "n", n.get()) != 1 ||
                                OSSL_PARAM_BLD_push_BN(param_bld.get(), "e", e.get()) != 1) {
                                ec = error::rsa_error::set_rsa_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        std::unique_ptr<OSSL_PARAM, decltype(&OSSL_PARAM_free)> params(OSSL_PARAM_BLD_to_param(param_bld.get()),
                                                                                                                                                   OSSL_PARAM_free);
                        if (!params) {
                                ec = error::rsa_error::set_rsa_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        std::unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY_CTX, decltype(&EVP_PKEY_CTX_free)> ctx(
                                EVP_PKEY_CTX_new_from_name(nullptr, "RSA", nullptr), EVP_PKEY_CTX_free);
                        if (!ctx) {
                                ec = error::rsa_error::create_context_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        // https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man3/EVP_PKEY_fromdata.html#EXAMPLES
                        // Error codes based on https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man3/EVP_PKEY_fromdata_init.html#RETURN-VALUES
                        EVP_PKEY* pkey = NULL;
                        if (EVP_PKEY_fromdata_init(ctx.get()) <= 0 ||
                                EVP_PKEY_fromdata(ctx.get(), &pkey, EVP_PKEY_KEYPAIR, params.get()) <= 0) {
                                // It's unclear if this can fail after allocating but free it anyways
                                // https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man3/EVP_PKEY_fromdata.html
                                EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);

                                ec = error::rsa_error::cert_load_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        // Transfer ownership so we get ref counter and cleanup
                        evp_pkey_handle rsa(pkey);

#else
                        std::unique_ptr<RSA, decltype(&RSA_free)> rsa(RSA_new(), RSA_free);

#if defined(JWT_OPENSSL_1_1_1) || defined(JWT_OPENSSL_1_1_0)
                        // After this RSA_free will also free the n and e big numbers
                        // See https://github.com/Thalhammer/jwt-cpp/pull/298#discussion_r1282619186
                        if (RSA_set0_key(rsa.get(), n.get(), e.get(), nullptr) == 1) {
                                // This can only fail we passed in NULL for `n` or `e`
                                // https://github.com/openssl/openssl/blob/d6e4056805f54bb1a0ef41fa3a6a35b70c94edba/crypto/rsa/rsa_lib.c#L396
                                // So to make sure there is no memory leak, we hold the references
                                n.release();
                                e.release();
                        } else {
                                ec = error::rsa_error::set_rsa_failed;
                                return {};
                        }
#elif defined(JWT_OPENSSL_1_0_0)
                        rsa->e = e.release();
                        rsa->n = n.release();
                        rsa->d = nullptr;
#endif
#endif

                        auto pub_key_bio = make_mem_buf_bio();
                        if (!pub_key_bio) {
                                ec = error::rsa_error::create_mem_bio_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        auto write_pem_to_bio =
#if defined(JWT_OPENSSL_3_0)
                                // https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.1/man3/PEM_write_bio_RSA_PUBKEY.html
                                &PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY;
#else
                                &PEM_write_bio_RSA_PUBKEY;
#endif
                        if (write_pem_to_bio(pub_key_bio.get(), rsa.get()) != 1) {
                                ec = error::rsa_error::load_key_bio_write;
                                return {};
                        }

                        return write_bio_to_string<error::rsa_error>(pub_key_bio, ec);
                }

                /**
                * Create public key from modulus and exponent. This is defined in
                * [RFC 7518 Section 6.3](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7518#section-6.3)
                * Using the required "n" (Modulus) Parameter and "e" (Exponent) Parameter.
                *
                 * \tparam Decode is callable, taking a string_type and returns a string_type.
                 * It should ensure the padding of the input and then base64url decode and
                 * return the results.
                * \param modulus        string containing base64url encoded modulus
                * \param exponent        string containing base64url encoded exponent
                * \param decode         The function to decode the RSA parameters
                * \return public key in PEM format
                */
                template<typename Decode>
                std::string create_public_key_from_rsa_components(const std::string& modulus, const std::string& exponent,
                                                                                                                  Decode decode) {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        auto res = create_public_key_from_rsa_components(modulus, exponent, decode, ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                        return res;
                }

#ifndef JWT_DISABLE_BASE64
                /**
                * Create public key from modulus and exponent. This is defined in
                * [RFC 7518 Section 6.3](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7518#section-6.3)
                * Using the required "n" (Modulus) Parameter and "e" (Exponent) Parameter.
                *
                * \param modulus        string containing base64 encoded modulus
                * \param exponent        string containing base64 encoded exponent
                * \param ec                        error_code for error_detection (gets cleared if no error occur
                * \return public key in PEM format
                */
                inline std::string create_public_key_from_rsa_components(const std::string& modulus,
                                                                                                                                 const std::string& exponent, std::error_code& ec) {
                        auto decode = [](const std::string& token) {
                                return base::decode<alphabet::base64url>(base::pad<alphabet::base64url>(token));
                        };
                        return create_public_key_from_rsa_components(modulus, exponent, std::move(decode), ec);
                }
                /**
                * Create public key from modulus and exponent. This is defined in
                * [RFC 7518 Section 6.3](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7518#section-6.3)
                * Using the required "n" (Modulus) Parameter and "e" (Exponent) Parameter.
                *
                * \param modulus        string containing base64url encoded modulus
                * \param exponent        string containing base64url encoded exponent
                * \return public key in PEM format
                */
                inline std::string create_public_key_from_rsa_components(const std::string& modulus,
                                                                                                                                 const std::string& exponent) {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        auto res = create_public_key_from_rsa_components(modulus, exponent, ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                        return res;
                }
#endif
                /**
                 * \brief Load a private key from a string.
                 *
                 * \deprecated Use the templated version helper::load_private_key_from_string with error::ecdsa_error
                 *
                 * \param key                String containing a private key as pem
                 * \param password        Password used to decrypt key (leave empty if not encrypted)
                 * \throw                        ecdsa_exception if an error occurred
                 */
                inline evp_pkey_handle load_private_ec_key_from_string(const std::string& key,
                                                                                                                           const std::string& password = "") {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        auto res = load_private_key_from_string<error::ecdsa_error>(key, password, ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                        return res;
                }

#if defined(JWT_OPENSSL_3_0)

                /**
                 * \brief Convert a curve name to a group name.
                 *
                 * \param curve        string containing curve name
                 * \param ec        error_code for error_detection
                 * \return                 group name
                 */
                inline std::string curve2group(const std::string curve, std::error_code& ec) {
                        if (curve == "P-256") {
                                return "prime256v1";
                        } else if (curve == "P-384") {
                                return "secp384r1";
                        } else if (curve == "P-521") {
                                return "secp521r1";
                        } else {
                                ec = jwt::error::ecdsa_error::unknown_curve;
                                return {};
                        }
                }

#else

                /**
                 * \brief Convert a curve name to an ID.
                 *
                 * \param curve        string containing curve name
                 * \param ec        error_code for error_detection
                 * \return                 ID
                 */
                inline int curve2nid(const std::string curve, std::error_code& ec) {
                        if (curve == "P-256") {
                                return NID_X9_62_prime256v1;
                        } else if (curve == "P-384") {
                                return NID_secp384r1;
                        } else if (curve == "P-521") {
                                return NID_secp521r1;
                        } else {
                                ec = jwt::error::ecdsa_error::unknown_curve;
                                return {};
                        }
                }

#endif

                /**
                 * Create public key from curve name and coordinates. This is defined in
                 * [RFC 7518 Section 6.2](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7518#section-6.2)
                 * Using the required "crv" (Curve), "x" (X Coordinate) and "y" (Y Coordinate) Parameters.
                 *
                 * \tparam Decode is callable, taking a string_type and returns a string_type.
                 * It should ensure the padding of the input and then base64url decode and
                 * return the results.
                 * \param curve        string containing curve name
                 * \param x                string containing base64url encoded x coordinate
                 * \param y                string containing base64url encoded y coordinate
                 * \param decode        The function to decode the RSA parameters
                 * \param ec                error_code for error_detection (gets cleared if no error occur
                 * \return                 public key in PEM format
                 */
                template<typename Decode>
                std::string create_public_key_from_ec_components(const std::string& curve, const std::string& x,
                                                                                                                 const std::string& y, Decode decode, std::error_code& ec) {
                        ec.clear();
                        auto decoded_x = decode(x);
                        auto decoded_y = decode(y);

#if defined(JWT_OPENSSL_3_0)
                        // OpenSSL deprecated mutable keys and there is a new way for making them
                        // https://mta.openssl.org/pipermail/openssl-users/2021-July/013994.html
                        // https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.1/man3/OSSL_PARAM_BLD_new.html#Example-2
                        std::unique_ptr<OSSL_PARAM_BLD, decltype(&OSSL_PARAM_BLD_free)> param_bld(OSSL_PARAM_BLD_new(),
                                                                                                                                                                          OSSL_PARAM_BLD_free);
                        if (!param_bld) {
                                ec = error::ecdsa_error::create_context_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        std::string group = helper::curve2group(curve, ec);
                        if (ec) return {};

                        // https://github.com/openssl/openssl/issues/16270#issuecomment-895734092
                        std::string pub = std::string("\x04").append(decoded_x).append(decoded_y);

                        if (OSSL_PARAM_BLD_push_utf8_string(param_bld.get(), "group", group.data(), group.size()) != 1 ||
                                OSSL_PARAM_BLD_push_octet_string(param_bld.get(), "pub", pub.data(), pub.size()) != 1) {
                                ec = error::ecdsa_error::set_ecdsa_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        std::unique_ptr<OSSL_PARAM, decltype(&OSSL_PARAM_free)> params(OSSL_PARAM_BLD_to_param(param_bld.get()),
                                                                                                                                                   OSSL_PARAM_free);
                        if (!params) {
                                ec = error::ecdsa_error::set_ecdsa_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        std::unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY_CTX, decltype(&EVP_PKEY_CTX_free)> ctx(
                                EVP_PKEY_CTX_new_from_name(nullptr, "EC", nullptr), EVP_PKEY_CTX_free);
                        if (!ctx) {
                                ec = error::ecdsa_error::create_context_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        // https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man3/EVP_PKEY_fromdata.html#EXAMPLES
                        // Error codes based on https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man3/EVP_PKEY_fromdata_init.html#RETURN-VALUES
                        EVP_PKEY* pkey = NULL;
                        if (EVP_PKEY_fromdata_init(ctx.get()) <= 0 ||
                                EVP_PKEY_fromdata(ctx.get(), &pkey, EVP_PKEY_KEYPAIR, params.get()) <= 0) {
                                // It's unclear if this can fail after allocating but free it anyways
                                // https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man3/EVP_PKEY_fromdata.html
                                EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);

                                ec = error::ecdsa_error::cert_load_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        // Transfer ownership so we get ref counter and cleanup
                        evp_pkey_handle ecdsa(pkey);

#else
                        int nid = helper::curve2nid(curve, ec);
                        if (ec) return {};

                        auto qx = helper::raw2bn(decoded_x, ec);
                        if (ec) return {};
                        auto qy = helper::raw2bn(decoded_y, ec);
                        if (ec) return {};

                        std::unique_ptr<EC_GROUP, decltype(&EC_GROUP_free)> ecgroup(EC_GROUP_new_by_curve_name(nid), EC_GROUP_free);
                        if (!ecgroup) {
                                ec = error::ecdsa_error::set_ecdsa_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        EC_GROUP_set_asn1_flag(ecgroup.get(), OPENSSL_EC_NAMED_CURVE);

                        std::unique_ptr<EC_POINT, decltype(&EC_POINT_free)> ecpoint(EC_POINT_new(ecgroup.get()), EC_POINT_free);
                        if (!ecpoint ||
                                EC_POINT_set_affine_coordinates_GFp(ecgroup.get(), ecpoint.get(), qx.get(), qy.get(), nullptr) != 1) {
                                ec = error::ecdsa_error::set_ecdsa_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        std::unique_ptr<EC_KEY, decltype(&EC_KEY_free)> ecdsa(EC_KEY_new(), EC_KEY_free);
                        if (!ecdsa || EC_KEY_set_group(ecdsa.get(), ecgroup.get()) != 1 ||
                                EC_KEY_set_public_key(ecdsa.get(), ecpoint.get()) != 1) {
                                ec = error::ecdsa_error::set_ecdsa_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

#endif

                        auto pub_key_bio = make_mem_buf_bio();
                        if (!pub_key_bio) {
                                ec = error::ecdsa_error::create_mem_bio_failed;
                                return {};
                        }

                        auto write_pem_to_bio =
#if defined(JWT_OPENSSL_3_0)
                                // https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.1/man3/PEM_write_bio_EC_PUBKEY.html
                                &PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY;
#else
                                &PEM_write_bio_EC_PUBKEY;
#endif
                        if (write_pem_to_bio(pub_key_bio.get(), ecdsa.get()) != 1) {
                                ec = error::ecdsa_error::load_key_bio_write;
                                return {};
                        }

                        return write_bio_to_string<error::ecdsa_error>(pub_key_bio, ec);
                }

                /**
                * Create public key from curve name and coordinates. This is defined in
                * [RFC 7518 Section 6.2](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7518#section-6.2)
                * Using the required "crv" (Curve), "x" (X Coordinate) and "y" (Y Coordinate) Parameters.
                *
                 * \tparam Decode is callable, taking a string_type and returns a string_type.
                 * It should ensure the padding of the input and then base64url decode and
                 * return the results.
                * \param curve        string containing curve name
                * \param x                string containing base64url encoded x coordinate
                * \param y                string containing base64url encoded y coordinate
                * \param decode The function to decode the RSA parameters
                * \return public key in PEM format
                */
                template<typename Decode>
                std::string create_public_key_from_ec_components(const std::string& curve, const std::string& x,
                                                                                                                 const std::string& y, Decode decode) {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        auto res = create_public_key_from_ec_components(curve, x, y, decode, ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                        return res;
                }

#ifndef JWT_DISABLE_BASE64
                /**
                * Create public key from curve name and coordinates. This is defined in
                * [RFC 7518 Section 6.2](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7518#section-6.2)
                * Using the required "crv" (Curve), "x" (X Coordinate) and "y" (Y Coordinate) Parameters.
                *
                * \param curve        string containing curve name
                * \param x                string containing base64url encoded x coordinate
                * \param y                string containing base64url encoded y coordinate
                * \param ec                error_code for error_detection (gets cleared if no error occur
                * \return public key in PEM format
                */
                inline std::string create_public_key_from_ec_components(const std::string& curve, const std::string& x,
                                                                                                                                const std::string& y, std::error_code& ec) {
                        auto decode = [](const std::string& token) {
                                return base::decode<alphabet::base64url>(base::pad<alphabet::base64url>(token));
                        };
                        return create_public_key_from_ec_components(curve, x, y, std::move(decode), ec);
                }
                /**
                * Create public key from curve name and coordinates. This is defined in
                * [RFC 7518 Section 6.2](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7518#section-6.2)
                * Using the required "crv" (Curve), "x" (X Coordinate) and "y" (Y Coordinate) Parameters.
                *
                * \param curve        string containing curve name
                * \param x                string containing base64url encoded x coordinate
                * \param y                string containing base64url encoded y coordinate
                * \return public key in PEM format
                */
                inline std::string create_public_key_from_ec_components(const std::string& curve, const std::string& x,
                                                                                                                                const std::string& y) {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        auto res = create_public_key_from_ec_components(curve, x, y, ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                        return res;
                }
#endif
        } // namespace helper

        /**
         * \brief Various cryptographic algorithms when working with JWT
         *
         * JWT (JSON Web Tokens) signatures are typically used as the payload for a JWS (JSON Web Signature) or
         * JWE (JSON Web Encryption). Both of these use various cryptographic as specified by
         * [RFC7518](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7518) and are exposed through the a [JOSE
         * Header](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7515#section-4) which points to one of the JWA [JSON Web
         * Algorithms](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7518#section-3.1)
         */
        namespace algorithm {
                /**
                 * \brief "none" algorithm.
                 *
                 * Returns and empty signature and checks if the given signature is empty.
                 * See [RFC 7518 Section 3.6](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7518#section-3.6)
                 * for more information.
                 */
                struct none {
                        /**
                         * \brief Return an empty string
                         */
                        std::string sign(const std::string& /*unused*/, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                ec.clear();
                                return {};
                        }
                        /**
                         * \brief Check if the given signature is empty.
                         *
                         * JWT's with "none" algorithm should not contain a signature.
                         * \param signature Signature data to verify
                         * \param ec                error_code filled with details about the error
                         */
                        void verify(const std::string& /*unused*/, const std::string& signature, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                ec.clear();
                                if (!signature.empty()) { ec = error::signature_verification_error::invalid_signature; }
                        }
                        /// Get algorithm name
                        std::string name() const { return "none"; }
                };
                /**
                 * \brief Base class for HMAC family of algorithms
                 */
                struct hmacsha {
                        /**
                         * Construct new hmac algorithm
                         *
                         * \param key Key to use for HMAC
                         * \param md Pointer to hash function
                         * \param name Name of the algorithm
                         */
                        hmacsha(std::string key, const EVP_MD* (*md)(), std::string name)
                                : secret(std::move(key)), md(md), alg_name(std::move(name)) {}
                        /**
                         * Sign jwt data
                         *
                         * \param data The data to sign
                         * \param ec error_code filled with details on error
                         * \return HMAC signature for the given data
                         */
                        std::string sign(const std::string& data, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                ec.clear();
                                std::string res(static_cast<size_t>(EVP_MAX_MD_SIZE), '\0');
                                auto len = static_cast<unsigned int>(res.size());
                                if (HMAC(md(), secret.data(), static_cast<int>(secret.size()),
                                                 reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(data.data()), static_cast<int>(data.size()),
                                                 (unsigned char*)res.data(), // NOLINT(google-readability-casting) requires `const_cast`
                                                 &len) == nullptr) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::hmac_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
                                res.resize(len);
                                return res;
                        }
                        /**
                         * Check if signature is valid
                         *
                         * \param data The data to check signature against
                         * \param signature Signature provided by the jwt
                         * \param ec Filled with details about failure.
                         */
                        void verify(const std::string& data, const std::string& signature, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                ec.clear();
                                auto res = sign(data, ec);
                                if (ec) return;

                                bool matched = true;
                                for (size_t i = 0; i < std::min<size_t>(res.size(), signature.size()); i++)
                                        if (res[i] != signature[i]) matched = false;
                                if (res.size() != signature.size()) matched = false;
                                if (!matched) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::invalid_signature;
                                        return;
                                }
                        }
                        /**
                         * Returns the algorithm name provided to the constructor
                         *
                         * \return algorithm's name
                         */
                        std::string name() const { return alg_name; }

                private:
                        /// HMAC secret
                        const std::string secret;
                        /// HMAC hash generator
                        const EVP_MD* (*md)();
                        /// algorithm's name
                        const std::string alg_name;
                };
                /**
                 * \brief Base class for RSA family of algorithms
                 */
                struct rsa {
                        /**
                         * Construct new rsa algorithm
                         *
                         * \param public_key RSA public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key RSA private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always fail.
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem.
                         * \param private_key_password Password to decrypt private key pem.
                         * \param md Pointer to hash function
                         * \param name Name of the algorithm
                         */
                        rsa(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key, const std::string& public_key_password,
                                const std::string& private_key_password, const EVP_MD* (*md)(), std::string name)
                                : md(md), alg_name(std::move(name)) {
                                if (!private_key.empty()) {
                                        pkey = helper::load_private_key_from_string(private_key, private_key_password);
                                } else if (!public_key.empty()) {
                                        pkey = helper::load_public_key_from_string(public_key, public_key_password);
                                } else
                                        throw error::rsa_exception(error::rsa_error::no_key_provided);
                        }
                        /**
                         * Construct new rsa algorithm
                         *
                         * \param key_pair openssl EVP_PKEY structure containing RSA key pair. The private part is optional.
                         * \param md Pointer to hash function
                         * \param name Name of the algorithm
                         */
                        rsa(helper::evp_pkey_handle key_pair, const EVP_MD* (*md)(), std::string name)
                                : pkey(std::move(key_pair)), md(md), alg_name(std::move(name)) {
                                if (!pkey) { throw error::rsa_exception(error::rsa_error::no_key_provided); }
                        }
                        /**
                         * Sign jwt data
                         * \param data The data to sign
                         * \param ec error_code filled with details on error
                         * \return RSA signature for the given data
                         */
                        std::string sign(const std::string& data, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                ec.clear();
                                auto ctx = helper::make_evp_md_ctx();
                                if (!ctx) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::create_context_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
                                if (!EVP_SignInit(ctx.get(), md())) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::signinit_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }

                                std::string res(EVP_PKEY_size(pkey.get()), '\0');
                                unsigned int len = 0;

                                if (!EVP_SignUpdate(ctx.get(), data.data(), data.size())) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::signupdate_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
                                if (EVP_SignFinal(ctx.get(), (unsigned char*)res.data(), &len, pkey.get()) == 0) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::signfinal_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }

                                res.resize(len);
                                return res;
                        }
                        /**
                         * Check if signature is valid
                         *
                         * \param data The data to check signature against
                         * \param signature Signature provided by the jwt
                         * \param ec Filled with details on failure
                         */
                        void verify(const std::string& data, const std::string& signature, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                ec.clear();
                                auto ctx = helper::make_evp_md_ctx();
                                if (!ctx) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::create_context_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
                                if (!EVP_VerifyInit(ctx.get(), md())) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::verifyinit_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
                                if (!EVP_VerifyUpdate(ctx.get(), data.data(), data.size())) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::verifyupdate_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
                                auto res = EVP_VerifyFinal(ctx.get(), reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(signature.data()),
                                                                                   static_cast<unsigned int>(signature.size()), pkey.get());
                                if (res != 1) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::verifyfinal_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
                        }
                        /**
                         * Returns the algorithm name provided to the constructor
                         * \return algorithm's name
                         */
                        std::string name() const { return alg_name; }

                private:
                        /// OpenSSL structure containing converted keys
                        helper::evp_pkey_handle pkey;
                        /// Hash generator
                        const EVP_MD* (*md)();
                        /// algorithm's name
                        const std::string alg_name;
                };
                /**
                 * \brief Base class for ECDSA family of algorithms
                 */
                struct ecdsa {
                        /**
                         * Construct new ecdsa algorithm
                         *
                         * \param public_key ECDSA public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key ECDSA private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always fail
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem
                         * \param private_key_password Password to decrypt private key pem
                         * \param md Pointer to hash function
                         * \param name Name of the algorithm
                         * \param siglen The bit length of the signature
                         */
                        ecdsa(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key, const std::string& public_key_password,
                                  const std::string& private_key_password, const EVP_MD* (*md)(), std::string name, size_t siglen)
                                : md(md), alg_name(std::move(name)), signature_length(siglen) {
                                if (!private_key.empty()) {
                                        pkey = helper::load_private_ec_key_from_string(private_key, private_key_password);
                                        check_private_key(pkey.get());
                                } else if (!public_key.empty()) {
                                        pkey = helper::load_public_ec_key_from_string(public_key, public_key_password);
                                        check_public_key(pkey.get());
                                } else {
                                        throw error::ecdsa_exception(error::ecdsa_error::no_key_provided);
                                }
                                if (!pkey) throw error::ecdsa_exception(error::ecdsa_error::invalid_key);

                                size_t keysize = EVP_PKEY_bits(pkey.get());
                                if (keysize != signature_length * 4 && (signature_length != 132 || keysize != 521))
                                        throw error::ecdsa_exception(error::ecdsa_error::invalid_key_size);
                        }

                        /**
                         * Construct new ecdsa algorithm
                         *
                         * \param key_pair openssl EVP_PKEY structure containing ECDSA key pair. The private part is optional.
                         * \param md Pointer to hash function
                         * \param name Name of the algorithm
                         * \param siglen The bit length of the signature
                         */
                        ecdsa(helper::evp_pkey_handle key_pair, const EVP_MD* (*md)(), std::string name, size_t siglen)
                                : pkey(std::move(key_pair)), md(md), alg_name(std::move(name)), signature_length(siglen) {
                                if (!pkey) { throw error::ecdsa_exception(error::ecdsa_error::no_key_provided); }
                                size_t keysize = EVP_PKEY_bits(pkey.get());
                                if (keysize != signature_length * 4 && (signature_length != 132 || keysize != 521))
                                        throw error::ecdsa_exception(error::ecdsa_error::invalid_key_size);
                        }

                        /**
                         * Sign jwt data
                         * \param data The data to sign
                         * \param ec error_code filled with details on error
                         * \return ECDSA signature for the given data
                         */
                        std::string sign(const std::string& data, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                ec.clear();
                                auto ctx = helper::make_evp_md_ctx();
                                if (!ctx) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::create_context_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
                                if (!EVP_DigestSignInit(ctx.get(), nullptr, md(), nullptr, pkey.get())) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::signinit_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
                                if (!EVP_DigestUpdate(ctx.get(), data.data(), static_cast<unsigned int>(data.size()))) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::digestupdate_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }

                                size_t len = 0;
                                if (!EVP_DigestSignFinal(ctx.get(), nullptr, &len)) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::signfinal_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
                                std::string res(len, '\0');
                                if (!EVP_DigestSignFinal(ctx.get(), (unsigned char*)res.data(), &len)) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::signfinal_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }

                                res.resize(len);
                                return der_to_p1363_signature(res, ec);
                        }

                        /**
                         * Check if signature is valid
                         * \param data The data to check signature against
                         * \param signature Signature provided by the jwt
                         * \param ec Filled with details on error
                         */
                        void verify(const std::string& data, const std::string& signature, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                ec.clear();
                                std::string der_signature = p1363_to_der_signature(signature, ec);
                                if (ec) { return; }

                                auto ctx = helper::make_evp_md_ctx();
                                if (!ctx) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::create_context_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
                                if (!EVP_DigestVerifyInit(ctx.get(), nullptr, md(), nullptr, pkey.get())) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::verifyinit_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
                                if (!EVP_DigestUpdate(ctx.get(), data.data(), static_cast<unsigned int>(data.size()))) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::verifyupdate_failed;
                                        return;
                                }

#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x10002000L
                                unsigned char* der_sig_data = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(const_cast<char*>(der_signature.data()));
#else
                                const unsigned char* der_sig_data = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(der_signature.data());
#endif
                                auto res =
                                        EVP_DigestVerifyFinal(ctx.get(), der_sig_data, static_cast<unsigned int>(der_signature.length()));
                                if (res == 0) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::invalid_signature;
                                        return;
                                }
                                if (res == -1) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::verifyfinal_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
                        }
                        /**
                         * Returns the algorithm name provided to the constructor
                         * \return algorithm's name
                         */
                        std::string name() const { return alg_name; }

                private:
                        static void check_public_key(EVP_PKEY* pkey) {
#ifdef JWT_OPENSSL_3_0
                                std::unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY_CTX, decltype(&EVP_PKEY_CTX_free)> ctx(
                                        EVP_PKEY_CTX_new_from_pkey(nullptr, pkey, nullptr), EVP_PKEY_CTX_free);
                                if (!ctx) { throw error::ecdsa_exception(error::ecdsa_error::create_context_failed); }
                                if (EVP_PKEY_public_check(ctx.get()) != 1) {
                                        throw error::ecdsa_exception(error::ecdsa_error::invalid_key);
                                }
#else
                                std::unique_ptr<EC_KEY, decltype(&EC_KEY_free)> eckey(EVP_PKEY_get1_EC_KEY(pkey), EC_KEY_free);
                                if (!eckey) { throw error::ecdsa_exception(error::ecdsa_error::invalid_key); }
                                if (EC_KEY_check_key(eckey.get()) == 0) throw error::ecdsa_exception(error::ecdsa_error::invalid_key);
#endif
                        }

                        static void check_private_key(EVP_PKEY* pkey) {
#ifdef JWT_OPENSSL_3_0
                                std::unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY_CTX, decltype(&EVP_PKEY_CTX_free)> ctx(
                                        EVP_PKEY_CTX_new_from_pkey(nullptr, pkey, nullptr), EVP_PKEY_CTX_free);
                                if (!ctx) { throw error::ecdsa_exception(error::ecdsa_error::create_context_failed); }
                                if (EVP_PKEY_private_check(ctx.get()) != 1) {
                                        throw error::ecdsa_exception(error::ecdsa_error::invalid_key);
                                }
#else
                                std::unique_ptr<EC_KEY, decltype(&EC_KEY_free)> eckey(EVP_PKEY_get1_EC_KEY(pkey), EC_KEY_free);
                                if (!eckey) { throw error::ecdsa_exception(error::ecdsa_error::invalid_key); }
                                if (EC_KEY_check_key(eckey.get()) == 0) throw error::ecdsa_exception(error::ecdsa_error::invalid_key);
#endif
                        }

                        std::string der_to_p1363_signature(const std::string& der_signature, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                const unsigned char* possl_signature = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(der_signature.data());
                                std::unique_ptr<ECDSA_SIG, decltype(&ECDSA_SIG_free)> sig(
                                        d2i_ECDSA_SIG(nullptr, &possl_signature, static_cast<long>(der_signature.length())),
                                        ECDSA_SIG_free);
                                if (!sig) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::signature_decoding_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }

#ifdef JWT_OPENSSL_1_0_0
                                auto rr = helper::bn2raw(sig->r);
                                auto rs = helper::bn2raw(sig->s);
#else
                                const BIGNUM* r;
                                const BIGNUM* s;
                                ECDSA_SIG_get0(sig.get(), &r, &s);
                                auto rr = helper::bn2raw(r);
                                auto rs = helper::bn2raw(s);
#endif
                                if (rr.size() > signature_length / 2 || rs.size() > signature_length / 2)
                                        throw std::logic_error("bignum size exceeded expected length");
                                rr.insert(0, signature_length / 2 - rr.size(), '\0');
                                rs.insert(0, signature_length / 2 - rs.size(), '\0');
                                return rr + rs;
                        }

                        std::string p1363_to_der_signature(const std::string& signature, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                ec.clear();
                                auto r = helper::raw2bn(signature.substr(0, signature.size() / 2), ec);
                                if (ec) return {};
                                auto s = helper::raw2bn(signature.substr(signature.size() / 2), ec);
                                if (ec) return {};

                                ECDSA_SIG* psig;
#ifdef JWT_OPENSSL_1_0_0
                                ECDSA_SIG sig;
                                sig.r = r.get();
                                sig.s = s.get();
                                psig = &sig;
#else
                                std::unique_ptr<ECDSA_SIG, decltype(&ECDSA_SIG_free)> sig(ECDSA_SIG_new(), ECDSA_SIG_free);
                                if (!sig) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::create_context_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
                                ECDSA_SIG_set0(sig.get(), r.release(), s.release());
                                psig = sig.get();
#endif

                                int length = i2d_ECDSA_SIG(psig, nullptr);
                                if (length < 0) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::signature_encoding_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
                                std::string der_signature(length, '\0');
                                unsigned char* psbuffer = (unsigned char*)der_signature.data();
                                length = i2d_ECDSA_SIG(psig, &psbuffer);
                                if (length < 0) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::signature_encoding_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
                                der_signature.resize(length);
                                return der_signature;
                        }

                        /// OpenSSL struct containing keys
                        helper::evp_pkey_handle pkey;
                        /// Hash generator function
                        const EVP_MD* (*md)();
                        /// algorithm's name
                        const std::string alg_name;
                        /// Length of the resulting signature
                        const size_t signature_length;
                };

#if !defined(JWT_OPENSSL_1_0_0) && !defined(JWT_OPENSSL_1_1_0)
                /**
                 * \brief Base class for EdDSA family of algorithms
                 *
                 * https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8032
                 *
                 * The EdDSA algorithms were introduced in [OpenSSL v1.1.1](https://www.openssl.org/news/openssl-1.1.1-notes.html),
                 * so these algorithms are only available when building against this version or higher.
                 */
                struct eddsa {
                        /**
                         * Construct new eddsa algorithm
                         * \param public_key EdDSA public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key EdDSA private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always
                         * fail.
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem.
                         * \param private_key_password Password
                         * to decrypt private key pem.
                         * \param name Name of the algorithm
                         */
                        eddsa(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key, const std::string& public_key_password,
                                  const std::string& private_key_password, std::string name)
                                : alg_name(std::move(name)) {
                                if (!private_key.empty()) {
                                        pkey = helper::load_private_key_from_string(private_key, private_key_password);
                                } else if (!public_key.empty()) {
                                        pkey = helper::load_public_key_from_string(public_key, public_key_password);
                                } else
                                        throw error::ecdsa_exception(error::ecdsa_error::load_key_bio_read);
                        }
                        /**
                         * Sign jwt data
                         * \param data The data to sign
                         * \param ec error_code filled with details on error
                         * \return EdDSA signature for the given data
                         */
                        std::string sign(const std::string& data, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                ec.clear();
                                auto ctx = helper::make_evp_md_ctx();
                                if (!ctx) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::create_context_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
                                if (!EVP_DigestSignInit(ctx.get(), nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, pkey.get())) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::signinit_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }

                                size_t len = EVP_PKEY_size(pkey.get());
                                std::string res(len, '\0');

// LibreSSL is the special kid in the block, as it does not support EVP_DigestSign.
// OpenSSL on the otherhand does not support using EVP_DigestSignUpdate for eddsa, which is why we end up with this
// mess.
#if defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) || defined(LIBWOLFSSL_VERSION_HEX)
                                ERR_clear_error();
                                if (EVP_DigestSignUpdate(ctx.get(), reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(data.data()), data.size()) !=
                                        1) {
                                        std::cout << ERR_error_string(ERR_get_error(), NULL) << '\n';
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::signupdate_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
                                if (EVP_DigestSignFinal(ctx.get(), reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(&res[0]), &len) != 1) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::signfinal_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
#else
                                if (EVP_DigestSign(ctx.get(), reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(&res[0]), &len,
                                                                   reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(data.data()), data.size()) != 1) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::signfinal_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
#endif

                                res.resize(len);
                                return res;
                        }

                        /**
                         * Check if signature is valid
                         * \param data The data to check signature against
                         * \param signature Signature provided by the jwt
                         * \param ec Filled with details on error
                         */
                        void verify(const std::string& data, const std::string& signature, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                ec.clear();
                                auto ctx = helper::make_evp_md_ctx();
                                if (!ctx) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::create_context_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
                                if (!EVP_DigestVerifyInit(ctx.get(), nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, pkey.get())) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::verifyinit_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
// LibreSSL is the special kid in the block, as it does not support EVP_DigestVerify.
// OpenSSL on the otherhand does not support using EVP_DigestVerifyUpdate for eddsa, which is why we end up with this
// mess.
#if defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) || defined(LIBWOLFSSL_VERSION_HEX)
                                if (EVP_DigestVerifyUpdate(ctx.get(), reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(data.data()),
                                                                                   data.size()) != 1) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::verifyupdate_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
                                if (EVP_DigestVerifyFinal(ctx.get(), reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(signature.data()),
                                                                                  signature.size()) != 1) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::verifyfinal_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
#else
                                auto res = EVP_DigestVerify(ctx.get(), reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(signature.data()),
                                                                                        signature.size(), reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(data.data()),
                                                                                        data.size());
                                if (res != 1) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::verifyfinal_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
#endif
                        }
                        /**
                         * Returns the algorithm name provided to the constructor
                         * \return algorithm's name
                         */
                        std::string name() const { return alg_name; }

                private:
                        /// OpenSSL struct containing keys
                        helper::evp_pkey_handle pkey;
                        /// algorithm's name
                        const std::string alg_name;
                };
#endif
                /**
                 * \brief Base class for PSS-RSA family of algorithms
                 */
                struct pss {
                        /**
                         * Construct new pss algorithm
                         * \param public_key RSA public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key RSA private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always fail.
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem.
                         * \param private_key_password Password to decrypt private key pem.
                         * \param md Pointer to hash function
                         * \param name Name of the algorithm
                         */
                        pss(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key, const std::string& public_key_password,
                                const std::string& private_key_password, const EVP_MD* (*md)(), std::string name)
                                : md(md), alg_name(std::move(name)) {
                                if (!private_key.empty()) {
                                        pkey = helper::load_private_key_from_string(private_key, private_key_password);
                                } else if (!public_key.empty()) {
                                        pkey = helper::load_public_key_from_string(public_key, public_key_password);
                                } else
                                        throw error::rsa_exception(error::rsa_error::no_key_provided);
                        }

                        /**
                         * Sign jwt data
                         * \param data The data to sign
                         * \param ec error_code filled with details on error
                         * \return ECDSA signature for the given data
                         */
                        std::string sign(const std::string& data, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                ec.clear();
                                auto md_ctx = helper::make_evp_md_ctx();
                                if (!md_ctx) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::create_context_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
                                EVP_PKEY_CTX* ctx = nullptr;
                                if (EVP_DigestSignInit(md_ctx.get(), &ctx, md(), nullptr, pkey.get()) != 1) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::signinit_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
                                if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_padding(ctx, RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING) <= 0) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::rsa_padding_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
// wolfSSL does not require EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_pss_saltlen. The default behavior
// sets the salt length to the hash length. Unlike OpenSSL which exposes this functionality.
#ifndef LIBWOLFSSL_VERSION_HEX
                                if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_pss_saltlen(ctx, -1) <= 0) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::set_rsa_pss_saltlen_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }
#endif
                                if (EVP_DigestUpdate(md_ctx.get(), data.data(), static_cast<unsigned int>(data.size())) != 1) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::digestupdate_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }

                                size_t size = EVP_PKEY_size(pkey.get());
                                std::string res(size, 0x00);
                                if (EVP_DigestSignFinal(
                                                md_ctx.get(),
                                                (unsigned char*)res.data(), // NOLINT(google-readability-casting) requires `const_cast`
                                                &size) <= 0) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::signfinal_failed;
                                        return {};
                                }

                                return res;
                        }

                        /**
                         * Check if signature is valid
                         * \param data The data to check signature against
                         * \param signature Signature provided by the jwt
                         * \param ec Filled with error details
                         */
                        void verify(const std::string& data, const std::string& signature, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                ec.clear();

                                auto md_ctx = helper::make_evp_md_ctx();
                                if (!md_ctx) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::create_context_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
                                EVP_PKEY_CTX* ctx = nullptr;
                                if (EVP_DigestVerifyInit(md_ctx.get(), &ctx, md(), nullptr, pkey.get()) != 1) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::verifyinit_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
                                if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_padding(ctx, RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING) <= 0) {
                                        ec = error::signature_generation_error::rsa_padding_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
// wolfSSL does not require EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_pss_saltlen. The default behavior
// sets the salt length to the hash length. Unlike OpenSSL which exposes this functionality.
#ifndef LIBWOLFSSL_VERSION_HEX
                                if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_pss_saltlen(ctx, -1) <= 0) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::set_rsa_pss_saltlen_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
#endif
                                if (EVP_DigestUpdate(md_ctx.get(), data.data(), static_cast<unsigned int>(data.size())) != 1) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::verifyupdate_failed;
                                        return;
                                }

                                if (EVP_DigestVerifyFinal(md_ctx.get(), (unsigned char*)signature.data(), signature.size()) <= 0) {
                                        ec = error::signature_verification_error::verifyfinal_failed;
                                        return;
                                }
                        }
                        /**
                         * Returns the algorithm name provided to the constructor
                         * \return algorithm's name
                         */
                        std::string name() const { return alg_name; }

                private:
                        /// OpenSSL structure containing keys
                        helper::evp_pkey_handle pkey;
                        /// Hash generator function
                        const EVP_MD* (*md)();
                        /// algorithm's name
                        const std::string alg_name;
                };

                /**
                 * HS256 algorithm
                 */
                struct hs256 : public hmacsha {
                        /**
                         * Construct new instance of algorithm
                         * \param key HMAC signing key
                         */
                        explicit hs256(std::string key) : hmacsha(std::move(key), EVP_sha256, "HS256") {}
                };
                /**
                 * HS384 algorithm
                 */
                struct hs384 : public hmacsha {
                        /**
                         * Construct new instance of algorithm
                         * \param key HMAC signing key
                         */
                        explicit hs384(std::string key) : hmacsha(std::move(key), EVP_sha384, "HS384") {}
                };
                /**
                 * HS512 algorithm
                 */
                struct hs512 : public hmacsha {
                        /**
                         * Construct new instance of algorithm
                         * \param key HMAC signing key
                         */
                        explicit hs512(std::string key) : hmacsha(std::move(key), EVP_sha512, "HS512") {}
                };
                /**
                 * RS256 algorithm.
                 *
                 * This data structure is used to describe the RSA256 and can be used to verify JWTs
                 */
                struct rs256 : public rsa {
                        /**
                         * \brief Construct new instance of algorithm
                         *
                         * \param public_key RSA public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key RSA private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always fail.
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem.
                         * \param private_key_password Password to decrypt private key pem.
                         */
                        explicit rs256(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key = "",
                                                   const std::string& public_key_password = "", const std::string& private_key_password = "")
                                : rsa(public_key, private_key, public_key_password, private_key_password, EVP_sha256, "RS256") {}
                };
                /**
                 * RS384 algorithm
                 */
                struct rs384 : public rsa {
                        /**
                         * Construct new instance of algorithm
                         * \param public_key RSA public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key RSA private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always fail.
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem.
                         * \param private_key_password Password to decrypt private key pem.
                         */
                        explicit rs384(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key = "",
                                                   const std::string& public_key_password = "", const std::string& private_key_password = "")
                                : rsa(public_key, private_key, public_key_password, private_key_password, EVP_sha384, "RS384") {}
                };
                /**
                 * RS512 algorithm
                 */
                struct rs512 : public rsa {
                        /**
                         * Construct new instance of algorithm
                         * \param public_key RSA public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key RSA private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always fail.
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem.
                         * \param private_key_password Password to decrypt private key pem.
                         */
                        explicit rs512(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key = "",
                                                   const std::string& public_key_password = "", const std::string& private_key_password = "")
                                : rsa(public_key, private_key, public_key_password, private_key_password, EVP_sha512, "RS512") {}
                };
                /**
                 * ES256 algorithm
                 */
                struct es256 : public ecdsa {
                        /**
                         * Construct new instance of algorithm
                         * \param public_key ECDSA public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key ECDSA private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always
                         * fail.
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem.
                         * \param private_key_password Password
                         * to decrypt private key pem.
                         */
                        explicit es256(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key = "",
                                                   const std::string& public_key_password = "", const std::string& private_key_password = "")
                                : ecdsa(public_key, private_key, public_key_password, private_key_password, EVP_sha256, "ES256", 64) {}
                };
                /**
                 * ES384 algorithm
                 */
                struct es384 : public ecdsa {
                        /**
                         * Construct new instance of algorithm
                         * \param public_key ECDSA public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key ECDSA private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always
                         * fail.
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem.
                         * \param private_key_password Password
                         * to decrypt private key pem.
                         */
                        explicit es384(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key = "",
                                                   const std::string& public_key_password = "", const std::string& private_key_password = "")
                                : ecdsa(public_key, private_key, public_key_password, private_key_password, EVP_sha384, "ES384", 96) {}
                };
                /**
                 * ES512 algorithm
                 */
                struct es512 : public ecdsa {
                        /**
                         * Construct new instance of algorithm
                         * \param public_key ECDSA public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key ECDSA private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always
                         * fail.
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem.
                         * \param private_key_password Password
                         * to decrypt private key pem.
                         */
                        explicit es512(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key = "",
                                                   const std::string& public_key_password = "", const std::string& private_key_password = "")
                                : ecdsa(public_key, private_key, public_key_password, private_key_password, EVP_sha512, "ES512", 132) {}
                };
                /**
                 * ES256K algorithm
                 */
                struct es256k : public ecdsa {
                        /**
                         * Construct new instance of algorithm
                         * \param public_key ECDSA public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key ECDSA private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always
                         * fail.
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem.
                         * \param private_key_password Password to decrypt private key pem.
                         */
                        explicit es256k(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key = "",
                                                        const std::string& public_key_password = "", const std::string& private_key_password = "")
                                : ecdsa(public_key, private_key, public_key_password, private_key_password, EVP_sha256, "ES256K", 64) {}
                };

#if !defined(JWT_OPENSSL_1_0_0) && !defined(JWT_OPENSSL_1_1_0)
                /**
                 * Ed25519 algorithm
                 *
                 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdDSA#Ed25519
                 *
                 * Requires at least OpenSSL 1.1.1.
                 */
                struct ed25519 : public eddsa {
                        /**
                         * Construct new instance of algorithm
                         * \param public_key Ed25519 public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key Ed25519 private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always
                         * fail.
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem.
                         * \param private_key_password Password
                         * to decrypt private key pem.
                         */
                        explicit ed25519(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key = "",
                                                         const std::string& public_key_password = "", const std::string& private_key_password = "")
                                : eddsa(public_key, private_key, public_key_password, private_key_password, "EdDSA") {}
                };

                /**
                 * Ed448 algorithm
                 *
                 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdDSA#Ed448
                 *
                 * Requires at least OpenSSL 1.1.1.
                 */
                struct ed448 : public eddsa {
                        /**
                         * Construct new instance of algorithm
                         * \param public_key Ed448 public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key Ed448 private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always
                         * fail.
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem.
                         * \param private_key_password Password
                         * to decrypt private key pem.
                         */
                        explicit ed448(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key = "",
                                                   const std::string& public_key_password = "", const std::string& private_key_password = "")
                                : eddsa(public_key, private_key, public_key_password, private_key_password, "EdDSA") {}
                };
#endif

                /**
                 * PS256 algorithm
                 */
                struct ps256 : public pss {
                        /**
                         * Construct new instance of algorithm
                         * \param public_key RSA public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key RSA private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always fail.
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem.
                         * \param private_key_password Password to decrypt private key pem.
                         */
                        explicit ps256(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key = "",
                                                   const std::string& public_key_password = "", const std::string& private_key_password = "")
                                : pss(public_key, private_key, public_key_password, private_key_password, EVP_sha256, "PS256") {}
                };
                /**
                 * PS384 algorithm
                 */
                struct ps384 : public pss {
                        /**
                         * Construct new instance of algorithm
                         * \param public_key RSA public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key RSA private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always fail.
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem.
                         * \param private_key_password Password to decrypt private key pem.
                         */
                        explicit ps384(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key = "",
                                                   const std::string& public_key_password = "", const std::string& private_key_password = "")
                                : pss(public_key, private_key, public_key_password, private_key_password, EVP_sha384, "PS384") {}
                };
                /**
                 * PS512 algorithm
                 */
                struct ps512 : public pss {
                        /**
                         * Construct new instance of algorithm
                         * \param public_key RSA public key in PEM format
                         * \param private_key RSA private key or empty string if not available. If empty, signing will always fail.
                         * \param public_key_password Password to decrypt public key pem.
                         * \param private_key_password Password to decrypt private key pem.
                         */
                        explicit ps512(const std::string& public_key, const std::string& private_key = "",
                                                   const std::string& public_key_password = "", const std::string& private_key_password = "")
                                : pss(public_key, private_key, public_key_password, private_key_password, EVP_sha512, "PS512") {}
                };
        } // namespace algorithm

        /**
         * \brief JSON Abstractions for working with any library
         */
        namespace json {
                /**
                 * \brief Categories for the various JSON types used in JWTs
                 *
                 * This enum is to abstract the third party underlying types and allows the library
                 * to identify the different structures and reason about them without needing a "concept"
                 * to capture that defintion to compare against a concrete type.
                 */
                enum class type { boolean, integer, number, string, array, object };
        } // namespace json

        namespace details {
#ifdef __cpp_lib_void_t
                template<typename... Ts>
                using void_t = std::void_t<Ts...>;
#else
                // https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/void_t
                template<typename... Ts>
                struct make_void {
                        using type = void;
                };

                template<typename... Ts>
                using void_t = typename make_void<Ts...>::type;
#endif

#ifdef __cpp_lib_experimental_detect
                template<template<typename...> class _Op, typename... _Args>
                using is_detected = std::experimental::is_detected<_Op, _Args...>;
#else
                struct nonesuch {
                        nonesuch() = delete;
                        ~nonesuch() = delete;
                        nonesuch(nonesuch const&) = delete;
                        nonesuch(nonesuch const&&) = delete;
                        void operator=(nonesuch const&) = delete;
                        void operator=(nonesuch&&) = delete;
                };

                // https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/experimental/is_detected
                template<class Default, class AlwaysVoid, template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
                struct detector {
                        using value = std::false_type;
                        using type = Default;
                };

                template<class Default, template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
                struct detector<Default, void_t<Op<Args...>>, Op, Args...> {
                        using value = std::true_type;
                        using type = Op<Args...>;
                };

                template<template<class...> class Op, class... Args>
                using is_detected = typename detector<nonesuch, void, Op, Args...>::value;
#endif

                template<typename T, typename Signature>
                using is_signature = typename std::is_same<T, Signature>;

                template<typename traits_type, template<typename...> class Op, typename Signature>
                struct is_function_signature_detected {
                        using type = Op<traits_type>;
                        static constexpr auto value = is_detected<Op, traits_type>::value && std::is_function<type>::value &&
                                                                                  is_signature<type, Signature>::value;
                };

                template<typename traits_type, typename value_type>
                struct supports_get_type {
                        template<typename T>
                        using get_type_t = decltype(T::get_type);

                        static constexpr auto value =
                                is_function_signature_detected<traits_type, get_type_t, json::type(const value_type&)>::value;

                        // Internal assertions for better feedback
                        static_assert(value, "traits implementation must provide `jwt::json::type get_type(const value_type&)`");
                };

#define JWT_CPP_JSON_TYPE_TYPE(TYPE) json_##TYPE_type
#define JWT_CPP_AS_TYPE_T(TYPE) as_##TYPE_t
#define JWT_CPP_SUPPORTS_AS(TYPE)                                                                                      \
        template<typename traits_type, typename value_type, typename JWT_CPP_JSON_TYPE_TYPE(TYPE)>                         \
        struct supports_as_##TYPE {                                                                                        \
                template<typename T>                                                                                           \
                using JWT_CPP_AS_TYPE_T(TYPE) = decltype(T::as_##TYPE);                                                        \
                                                                                                                       \
                static constexpr auto value =                                                                                  \
                        is_function_signature_detected<traits_type, JWT_CPP_AS_TYPE_T(TYPE),                                       \
                                                                                   JWT_CPP_JSON_TYPE_TYPE(TYPE)(const value_type&)>::value;                    \
                                                                                                                       \
                static_assert(value, "traits implementation must provide `" #TYPE "_type as_" #TYPE "(const value_type&)`");   \
        }

                JWT_CPP_SUPPORTS_AS(object);
                JWT_CPP_SUPPORTS_AS(array);
                JWT_CPP_SUPPORTS_AS(string);
                JWT_CPP_SUPPORTS_AS(number);
                JWT_CPP_SUPPORTS_AS(integer);
                JWT_CPP_SUPPORTS_AS(boolean);

#undef JWT_CPP_JSON_TYPE_TYPE
#undef JWT_CPP_AS_TYPE_T
#undef JWT_CPP_SUPPORTS_AS

                template<typename traits>
                struct is_valid_traits {
                        static constexpr auto value =
                                supports_get_type<traits, typename traits::value_type>::value &&
                                supports_as_object<traits, typename traits::value_type, typename traits::object_type>::value &&
                                supports_as_array<traits, typename traits::value_type, typename traits::array_type>::value &&
                                supports_as_string<traits, typename traits::value_type, typename traits::string_type>::value &&
                                supports_as_number<traits, typename traits::value_type, typename traits::number_type>::value &&
                                supports_as_integer<traits, typename traits::value_type, typename traits::integer_type>::value &&
                                supports_as_boolean<traits, typename traits::value_type, typename traits::boolean_type>::value;
                };

                template<typename value_type>
                struct is_valid_json_value {
                        static constexpr auto value =
                                std::is_default_constructible<value_type>::value &&
                                std::is_constructible<value_type, const value_type&>::value && // a more generic is_copy_constructible
                                std::is_move_constructible<value_type>::value && std::is_assignable<value_type, value_type>::value &&
                                std::is_copy_assignable<value_type>::value && std::is_move_assignable<value_type>::value;
                        // TODO(prince-chrismc): Stream operators
                };

                // https://stackoverflow.com/a/53967057/8480874
                template<typename T, typename = void>
                struct is_iterable : std::false_type {};

                template<typename T>
                struct is_iterable<T, void_t<decltype(std::begin(std::declval<T>())), decltype(std::end(std::declval<T>())),
#if __cplusplus > 201402L
                                                                         decltype(std::cbegin(std::declval<T>())), decltype(std::cend(std::declval<T>()))
#else
                                                                         decltype(std::begin(std::declval<const T>())),
                                                                         decltype(std::end(std::declval<const T>()))
#endif
                                                                         >> : std::true_type {
                };

#if __cplusplus > 201703L
                template<typename T>
                inline constexpr bool is_iterable_v = is_iterable<T>::value;
#endif

                template<typename object_type, typename string_type>
                using is_count_signature = typename std::is_integral<decltype(std::declval<const object_type>().count(
                        std::declval<const string_type>()))>;

                template<typename object_type, typename string_type, typename = void>
                struct is_subcription_operator_signature : std::false_type {};

                template<typename object_type, typename string_type>
                struct is_subcription_operator_signature<
                        object_type, string_type,
                        void_t<decltype(std::declval<object_type>().operator[](std::declval<string_type>()))>> : std::true_type {
                        // TODO(prince-chrismc): I am not convienced this is meaningful anymore
                        static_assert(
                                value,
                                "object_type must implementate the subscription operator '[]' taking string_type as an argument");
                };

                template<typename object_type, typename value_type, typename string_type>
                using is_at_const_signature =
                        typename std::is_same<decltype(std::declval<const object_type>().at(std::declval<const string_type>())),
                                                                  const value_type&>;

                template<typename value_type, typename string_type, typename object_type>
                struct is_valid_json_object {
                        template<typename T>
                        using mapped_type_t = typename T::mapped_type;
                        template<typename T>
                        using key_type_t = typename T::key_type;
                        template<typename T>
                        using iterator_t = typename T::iterator;
                        template<typename T>
                        using const_iterator_t = typename T::const_iterator;

                        static constexpr auto value =
                                std::is_constructible<value_type, object_type>::value &&
                                is_detected<mapped_type_t, object_type>::value &&
                                std::is_same<typename object_type::mapped_type, value_type>::value &&
                                is_detected<key_type_t, object_type>::value &&
                                (std::is_same<typename object_type::key_type, string_type>::value ||
                                 std::is_constructible<typename object_type::key_type, string_type>::value) &&
                                is_detected<iterator_t, object_type>::value && is_detected<const_iterator_t, object_type>::value &&
                                is_iterable<object_type>::value && is_count_signature<object_type, string_type>::value &&
                                is_subcription_operator_signature<object_type, string_type>::value &&
                                is_at_const_signature<object_type, value_type, string_type>::value;
                };

                template<typename value_type, typename array_type>
                struct is_valid_json_array {
                        template<typename T>
                        using value_type_t = typename T::value_type;
                        using front_base_type = typename std::decay<decltype(std::declval<array_type>().front())>::type;

                        static constexpr auto value = std::is_constructible<value_type, array_type>::value &&
                                                                                  is_iterable<array_type>::value &&
                                                                                  is_detected<value_type_t, array_type>::value &&
                                                                                  std::is_same<typename array_type::value_type, value_type>::value &&
                                                                                  std::is_same<front_base_type, value_type>::value;
                };

                template<typename string_type, typename integer_type>
                using is_substr_start_end_index_signature =
                        typename std::is_same<decltype(std::declval<string_type>().substr(
                                                                          static_cast<size_t>(std::declval<integer_type>()),
                                                                          static_cast<size_t>(std::declval<integer_type>()))),
                                                                  string_type>;

                template<typename string_type, typename integer_type>
                using is_substr_start_index_signature =
                        typename std::is_same<decltype(std::declval<string_type>().substr(
                                                                          static_cast<size_t>(std::declval<integer_type>()))),
                                                                  string_type>;

                template<typename string_type>
                using is_std_operate_plus_signature =
                        typename std::is_same<decltype(std::operator+(std::declval<string_type>(), std::declval<string_type>())),
                                                                  string_type>;

                template<typename value_type, typename string_type, typename integer_type>
                struct is_valid_json_string {
                        static constexpr auto substr = is_substr_start_end_index_signature<string_type, integer_type>::value &&
                                                                                   is_substr_start_index_signature<string_type, integer_type>::value;
                        static_assert(substr, "string_type must have a substr method taking only a start index and an overload "
                                                                  "taking a start and end index, both must return a string_type");

                        static constexpr auto operator_plus = is_std_operate_plus_signature<string_type>::value;
                        static_assert(operator_plus,
                                                  "string_type must have a '+' operator implemented which returns the concatenated string");

                        static constexpr auto value =
                                std::is_constructible<value_type, string_type>::value && substr && operator_plus;
                };

                template<typename value_type, typename number_type>
                struct is_valid_json_number {
                        static constexpr auto value =
                                std::is_floating_point<number_type>::value && std::is_constructible<value_type, number_type>::value;
                };

                template<typename value_type, typename integer_type>
                struct is_valid_json_integer {
                        static constexpr auto value = std::is_signed<integer_type>::value &&
                                                                                  !std::is_floating_point<integer_type>::value &&
                                                                                  std::is_constructible<value_type, integer_type>::value;
                };
                template<typename value_type, typename boolean_type>
                struct is_valid_json_boolean {
                        static constexpr auto value = std::is_convertible<boolean_type, bool>::value &&
                                                                                  std::is_constructible<value_type, boolean_type>::value;
                };

                template<typename value_type, typename object_type, typename array_type, typename string_type,
                                 typename number_type, typename integer_type, typename boolean_type>
                struct is_valid_json_types {
                        // Internal assertions for better feedback
                        static_assert(is_valid_json_value<value_type>::value,
                                                  "value_type must meet basic requirements, default constructor, copyable, moveable");
                        static_assert(is_valid_json_object<value_type, string_type, object_type>::value,
                                                  "object_type must be a string_type to value_type container");
                        static_assert(is_valid_json_array<value_type, array_type>::value,
                                                  "array_type must be a container of value_type");

                        static constexpr auto value = is_valid_json_value<value_type>::value &&
                                                                                  is_valid_json_object<value_type, string_type, object_type>::value &&
                                                                                  is_valid_json_array<value_type, array_type>::value &&
                                                                                  is_valid_json_string<value_type, string_type, integer_type>::value &&
                                                                                  is_valid_json_number<value_type, number_type>::value &&
                                                                                  is_valid_json_integer<value_type, integer_type>::value &&
                                                                                  is_valid_json_boolean<value_type, boolean_type>::value;
                };
        } // namespace details

        /**
         * \brief a class to store a generic JSON value as claim
         *
         * \tparam json_traits : JSON implementation traits
         *
         * \see [RFC 7519: JSON Web Token (JWT)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519)
         */
        template<typename json_traits>
        class basic_claim {
                /**
                 * The reason behind this is to provide an expressive abstraction without
                 * over complicating the API. For more information take the time to read
                 * https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/774. It maybe be expanded to
                 * support custom string types.
                 */
                static_assert(std::is_same<typename json_traits::string_type, std::string>::value ||
                                                  std::is_convertible<typename json_traits::string_type, std::string>::value ||
                                                  std::is_constructible<typename json_traits::string_type, std::string>::value,
                                          "string_type must be a std::string, convertible to a std::string, or construct a std::string.");

                static_assert(
                        details::is_valid_json_types<typename json_traits::value_type, typename json_traits::object_type,
                                                                                 typename json_traits::array_type, typename json_traits::string_type,
                                                                                 typename json_traits::number_type, typename json_traits::integer_type,
                                                                                 typename json_traits::boolean_type>::value,
                        "must satisfy json container requirements");
                static_assert(details::is_valid_traits<json_traits>::value, "traits must satisfy requirements");

                typename json_traits::value_type val;

        public:
                /**
                 * Order list of strings
                 */
                using set_t = std::set<typename json_traits::string_type>;

                basic_claim() = default;
                basic_claim(const basic_claim&) = default;
                basic_claim(basic_claim&&) = default;
                basic_claim& operator=(const basic_claim&) = default;
                basic_claim& operator=(basic_claim&&) = default;
                ~basic_claim() = default;

                JWT_CLAIM_EXPLICIT basic_claim(typename json_traits::string_type s) : val(std::move(s)) {}
                JWT_CLAIM_EXPLICIT basic_claim(const date& d)
                        : val(typename json_traits::integer_type(
                                  std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d.time_since_epoch()).count())) {}
                JWT_CLAIM_EXPLICIT basic_claim(typename json_traits::array_type a) : val(std::move(a)) {}
                JWT_CLAIM_EXPLICIT basic_claim(typename json_traits::value_type v) : val(std::move(v)) {}
                JWT_CLAIM_EXPLICIT basic_claim(const set_t& s) : val(typename json_traits::array_type(s.begin(), s.end())) {}
                template<typename Iterator>
                basic_claim(Iterator begin, Iterator end) : val(typename json_traits::array_type(begin, end)) {}

                /**
                 * Get wrapped JSON value
                 * \return Wrapped JSON value
                 */
                typename json_traits::value_type to_json() const { return val; }

                /**
                 * Parse input stream into underlying JSON value
                 * \return input stream
                 */
                std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is) { return is >> val; }

                /**
                 * Serialize claim to output stream from wrapped JSON value
                 * \return output stream
                 */
                std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os) { return os << val; }

                /**
                 * Get type of contained JSON value
                 * \return Type
                 * \throw std::logic_error An internal error occurred
                 */
                json::type get_type() const { return json_traits::get_type(val); }

                /**
                 * Get the contained JSON value as a string
                 * \return content as string
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Content was not a string
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type as_string() const { return json_traits::as_string(val); }

                /**
                 * \brief Get the contained JSON value as a date
                 *
                 * If the value is a decimal, it is rounded to the closest integer
                 *
                 * \return content as date
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Content was not a date
                 */
                date as_date() const {
                        using std::chrono::system_clock;
                        if (get_type() == json::type::number)
                                return date(std::chrono::seconds(static_cast<int64_t>(std::llround(as_number()))));
                        return date(std::chrono::seconds(as_integer()));
                }

                /**
                 * Get the contained JSON value as an array
                 * \return content as array
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Content was not an array
                 */
                typename json_traits::array_type as_array() const { return json_traits::as_array(val); }

                /**
                 * Get the contained JSON value as a set of strings
                 * \return content as set of strings
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Content was not an array of string
                 */
                set_t as_set() const {
                        set_t res;
                        for (const auto& e : json_traits::as_array(val)) {
                                res.insert(json_traits::as_string(e));
                        }
                        return res;
                }

                /**
                 * Get the contained JSON value as an integer
                 * \return content as int
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Content was not an int
                 */
                typename json_traits::integer_type as_integer() const { return json_traits::as_integer(val); }

                /**
                 * Get the contained JSON value as a bool
                 * \return content as bool
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Content was not a bool
                 */
                typename json_traits::boolean_type as_boolean() const { return json_traits::as_boolean(val); }

                /**
                 * Get the contained JSON value as a number
                 * \return content as double
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Content was not a number
                 */
                typename json_traits::number_type as_number() const { return json_traits::as_number(val); }
        };

        namespace error {
                /**
                 * Attempt to parse JSON was unsuccessful
                 */
                struct invalid_json_exception : public std::runtime_error {
                        invalid_json_exception() : runtime_error("invalid json") {}
                };
                /**
                 * Attempt to access claim was unsuccessful
                 */
                struct claim_not_present_exception : public std::out_of_range {
                        claim_not_present_exception() : out_of_range("claim not found") {}
                };
        } // namespace error

        namespace details {
                template<typename json_traits>
                struct map_of_claims {
                        typename json_traits::object_type claims;
                        using basic_claim_t = basic_claim<json_traits>;
                        using iterator = typename json_traits::object_type::iterator;
                        using const_iterator = typename json_traits::object_type::const_iterator;

                        map_of_claims() = default;
                        map_of_claims(const map_of_claims&) = default;
                        map_of_claims(map_of_claims&&) = default;
                        map_of_claims& operator=(const map_of_claims&) = default;
                        map_of_claims& operator=(map_of_claims&&) = default;

                        map_of_claims(typename json_traits::object_type json) : claims(std::move(json)) {}

                        iterator begin() { return claims.begin(); }
                        iterator end() { return claims.end(); }
                        const_iterator cbegin() const { return claims.begin(); }
                        const_iterator cend() const { return claims.end(); }
                        const_iterator begin() const { return claims.begin(); }
                        const_iterator end() const { return claims.end(); }

                        /**
                         * \brief Parse a JSON string into a map of claims
                         *
                         * The implication is that a "map of claims" is identic to a JSON object
                         *
                         * \param str JSON data to be parse as an object
                         * \return content as JSON object
                         */
                        static typename json_traits::object_type parse_claims(const typename json_traits::string_type& str) {
                                typename json_traits::value_type val;
                                if (!json_traits::parse(val, str)) throw error::invalid_json_exception();

                                return json_traits::as_object(val);
                        };

                        /**
                         * Check if a claim is present in the map
                         * \return true if claim was present, false otherwise
                         */
                        bool has_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& name) const noexcept {
                                return claims.count(name) != 0;
                        }

                        /**
                         * Get a claim by name
                         *
                         * \param name the name of the desired claim
                         * \return Requested claim
                         * \throw jwt::error::claim_not_present_exception if the claim was not present
                         */
                        basic_claim_t get_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& name) const {
                                if (!has_claim(name)) throw error::claim_not_present_exception();
                                return basic_claim_t{claims.at(name)};
                        }
                };
        } // namespace details

        /**
         * Base class that represents a token payload.
         * Contains Convenience accessors for common claims.
         */
        template<typename json_traits>
        class payload {
        protected:
                details::map_of_claims<json_traits> payload_claims;

        public:
                using basic_claim_t = basic_claim<json_traits>;

                /**
                 * Check if issuer is present ("iss")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_issuer() const noexcept { return has_payload_claim("iss"); }
                /**
                 * Check if subject is present ("sub")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_subject() const noexcept { return has_payload_claim("sub"); }
                /**
                 * Check if audience is present ("aud")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_audience() const noexcept { return has_payload_claim("aud"); }
                /**
                 * Check if expires is present ("exp")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_expires_at() const noexcept { return has_payload_claim("exp"); }
                /**
                 * Check if not before is present ("nbf")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_not_before() const noexcept { return has_payload_claim("nbf"); }
                /**
                 * Check if issued at is present ("iat")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_issued_at() const noexcept { return has_payload_claim("iat"); }
                /**
                 * Check if token id is present ("jti")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_id() const noexcept { return has_payload_claim("jti"); }
                /**
                 * Get issuer claim
                 * \return issuer as string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_issuer() const { return get_payload_claim("iss").as_string(); }
                /**
                 * Get subject claim
                 * \return subject as string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_subject() const { return get_payload_claim("sub").as_string(); }
                /**
                 * Get audience claim
                 * \return audience as a set of strings
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a set (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename basic_claim_t::set_t get_audience() const {
                        auto aud = get_payload_claim("aud");
                        if (aud.get_type() == json::type::string) return {aud.as_string()};

                        return aud.as_set();
                }
                /**
                 * Get expires claim
                 * \return expires as a date in utc
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a date (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                date get_expires_at() const { return get_payload_claim("exp").as_date(); }
                /**
                 * Get not valid before claim
                 * \return nbf date in utc
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a date (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                date get_not_before() const { return get_payload_claim("nbf").as_date(); }
                /**
                 * Get issued at claim
                 * \return issued at as date in utc
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a date (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                date get_issued_at() const { return get_payload_claim("iat").as_date(); }
                /**
                 * Get id claim
                 * \return id as string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_id() const { return get_payload_claim("jti").as_string(); }
                /**
                 * Check if a payload claim is present
                 * \return true if claim was present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_payload_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& name) const noexcept {
                        return payload_claims.has_claim(name);
                }
                /**
                 * Get payload claim
                 * \return Requested claim
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 */
                basic_claim_t get_payload_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& name) const {
                        return payload_claims.get_claim(name);
                }
        };

        /**
         * Base class that represents a token header.
         * Contains Convenience accessors for common claims.
         */
        template<typename json_traits>
        class header {
        protected:
                details::map_of_claims<json_traits> header_claims;

        public:
                using basic_claim_t = basic_claim<json_traits>;
                /**
                 * Check if algorithm is present ("alg")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_algorithm() const noexcept { return has_header_claim("alg"); }
                /**
                 * Check if type is present ("typ")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_type() const noexcept { return has_header_claim("typ"); }
                /**
                 * Check if content type is present ("cty")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_content_type() const noexcept { return has_header_claim("cty"); }
                /**
                 * Check if key id is present ("kid")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_key_id() const noexcept { return has_header_claim("kid"); }
                /**
                 * Get algorithm claim
                 * \return algorithm as string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_algorithm() const { return get_header_claim("alg").as_string(); }
                /**
                 * Get type claim
                 * \return type as a string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_type() const { return get_header_claim("typ").as_string(); }
                /**
                 * Get content type claim
                 * \return content type as string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_content_type() const { return get_header_claim("cty").as_string(); }
                /**
                 * Get key id claim
                 * \return key id as string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_key_id() const { return get_header_claim("kid").as_string(); }
                /**
                 * Check if a header claim is present
                 * \return true if claim was present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_header_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& name) const noexcept {
                        return header_claims.has_claim(name);
                }
                /**
                 * Get header claim
                 * \return Requested claim
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 */
                basic_claim_t get_header_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& name) const {
                        return header_claims.get_claim(name);
                }
        };

        /**
         * Class containing all information about a decoded token
         */
        template<typename json_traits>
        class decoded_jwt : public header<json_traits>, public payload<json_traits> {
        protected:
                /// Unmodified token, as passed to constructor
                typename json_traits::string_type token;
                /// Header part decoded from base64
                typename json_traits::string_type header;
                /// Unmodified header part in base64
                typename json_traits::string_type header_base64;
                /// Payload part decoded from base64
                typename json_traits::string_type payload;
                /// Unmodified payload part in base64
                typename json_traits::string_type payload_base64;
                /// Signature part decoded from base64
                typename json_traits::string_type signature;
                /// Unmodified signature part in base64
                typename json_traits::string_type signature_base64;

        public:
                using basic_claim_t = basic_claim<json_traits>;
#ifndef JWT_DISABLE_BASE64
                /**
                 * \brief Parses a given token
                 *
                 * \note Decodes using the jwt::base64url which supports an std::string
                 *
                 * \param token The token to parse
                 * \throw std::invalid_argument Token is not in correct format
                 * \throw std::runtime_error Base64 decoding failed or invalid json
                 */
                JWT_CLAIM_EXPLICIT decoded_jwt(const typename json_traits::string_type& token)
                        : decoded_jwt(token, [](const typename json_traits::string_type& str) {
                                  return base::decode<alphabet::base64url>(base::pad<alphabet::base64url>(str));
                          }) {}
#endif
                /**
                 * \brief Parses a given token
                 *
                 * \tparam Decode is callable, taking a string_type and returns a string_type.
                 * It should ensure the padding of the input and then base64url decode and
                 * return the results.
                 * \param token The token to parse
                 * \param decode The function to decode the token
                 * \throw std::invalid_argument Token is not in correct format
                 * \throw std::runtime_error Base64 decoding failed or invalid json
                 */
                template<typename Decode>
                decoded_jwt(const typename json_traits::string_type& token, Decode decode) : token(token) {
                        auto hdr_end = token.find('.');
                        if (hdr_end == json_traits::string_type::npos) throw std::invalid_argument("invalid token supplied");
                        auto payload_end = token.find('.', hdr_end + 1);
                        if (payload_end == json_traits::string_type::npos) throw std::invalid_argument("invalid token supplied");
                        header_base64 = token.substr(0, hdr_end);
                        payload_base64 = token.substr(hdr_end + 1, payload_end - hdr_end - 1);
                        signature_base64 = token.substr(payload_end + 1);

                        header = decode(header_base64);
                        payload = decode(payload_base64);
                        signature = decode(signature_base64);

                        this->header_claims = details::map_of_claims<json_traits>::parse_claims(header);
                        this->payload_claims = details::map_of_claims<json_traits>::parse_claims(payload);
                }

                /**
                 * Get token string, as passed to constructor
                 * \return token as passed to constructor
                 */
                const typename json_traits::string_type& get_token() const noexcept { return token; }
                /**
                 * Get header part as json string
                 * \return header part after base64 decoding
                 */
                const typename json_traits::string_type& get_header() const noexcept { return header; }
                /**
                 * Get payload part as json string
                 * \return payload part after base64 decoding
                 */
                const typename json_traits::string_type& get_payload() const noexcept { return payload; }
                /**
                 * Get signature part as json string
                 * \return signature part after base64 decoding
                 */
                const typename json_traits::string_type& get_signature() const noexcept { return signature; }
                /**
                 * Get header part as base64 string
                 * \return header part before base64 decoding
                 */
                const typename json_traits::string_type& get_header_base64() const noexcept { return header_base64; }
                /**
                 * Get payload part as base64 string
                 * \return payload part before base64 decoding
                 */
                const typename json_traits::string_type& get_payload_base64() const noexcept { return payload_base64; }
                /**
                 * Get signature part as base64 string
                 * \return signature part before base64 decoding
                 */
                const typename json_traits::string_type& get_signature_base64() const noexcept { return signature_base64; }
                /**
                 * Get all payload as JSON object
                 * \return map of claims
                 */
                typename json_traits::object_type get_payload_json() const { return this->payload_claims.claims; }
                /**
                 * Get all header as JSON object
                 * \return map of claims
                 */
                typename json_traits::object_type get_header_json() const { return this->header_claims.claims; }
                /**
                 * Get a payload claim by name
                 *
                 * \param name the name of the desired claim
                 * \return Requested claim
                 * \throw jwt::error::claim_not_present_exception if the claim was not present
                 */
                basic_claim_t get_payload_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& name) const {
                        return this->payload_claims.get_claim(name);
                }
                /**
                 * Get a header claim by name
                 *
                 * \param name the name of the desired claim
                 * \return Requested claim
                 * \throw jwt::error::claim_not_present_exception if the claim was not present
                 */
                basic_claim_t get_header_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& name) const {
                        return this->header_claims.get_claim(name);
                }
        };

        /**
         * Builder class to build and sign a new token
         * Use jwt::create() to get an instance of this class.
         */
        template<typename Clock, typename json_traits>
        class builder {
                typename json_traits::object_type header_claims;
                typename json_traits::object_type payload_claims;

                /// Instance of clock type
                Clock clock;

        public:
                /**
                 * Constructor for building a new builder instance
                 * \param c Clock instance
                 */
                JWT_CLAIM_EXPLICIT builder(Clock c) : clock(c) {}
                /**
                 * Set a header claim.
                 * \param id Name of the claim
                 * \param c Claim to add
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_header_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& id, typename json_traits::value_type c) {
                        header_claims[id] = std::move(c);
                        return *this;
                }

                /**
                 * Set a header claim.
                 * \param id Name of the claim
                 * \param c Claim to add
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_header_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& id, basic_claim<json_traits> c) {
                        header_claims[id] = c.to_json();
                        return *this;
                }
                /**
                 * Set a payload claim.
                 * \param id Name of the claim
                 * \param c Claim to add
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_payload_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& id, typename json_traits::value_type c) {
                        payload_claims[id] = std::move(c);
                        return *this;
                }
                /**
                 * Set a payload claim.
                 * \param id Name of the claim
                 * \param c Claim to add
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_payload_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& id, basic_claim<json_traits> c) {
                        payload_claims[id] = c.to_json();
                        return *this;
                }
                /**
                 * \brief Set algorithm claim
                 * You normally don't need to do this, as the algorithm is automatically set if you don't change it.
                 *
                 * \param str Name of algorithm
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_algorithm(typename json_traits::string_type str) {
                        return set_header_claim("alg", typename json_traits::value_type(str));
                }
                /**
                 * Set type claim
                 * \param str Type to set
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_type(typename json_traits::string_type str) {
                        return set_header_claim("typ", typename json_traits::value_type(str));
                }
                /**
                 * Set content type claim
                 * \param str Type to set
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_content_type(typename json_traits::string_type str) {
                        return set_header_claim("cty", typename json_traits::value_type(str));
                }
                /**
                 * \brief Set key id claim
                 *
                 * \param str Key id to set
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_key_id(typename json_traits::string_type str) {
                        return set_header_claim("kid", typename json_traits::value_type(str));
                }
                /**
                 * Set issuer claim
                 * \param str Issuer to set
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_issuer(typename json_traits::string_type str) {
                        return set_payload_claim("iss", typename json_traits::value_type(str));
                }
                /**
                 * Set subject claim
                 * \param str Subject to set
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_subject(typename json_traits::string_type str) {
                        return set_payload_claim("sub", typename json_traits::value_type(str));
                }
                /**
                 * Set audience claim
                 * \param a Audience set
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_audience(typename json_traits::array_type a) {
                        return set_payload_claim("aud", typename json_traits::value_type(a));
                }
                /**
                 * Set audience claim
                 * \param aud Single audience
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_audience(typename json_traits::string_type aud) {
                        return set_payload_claim("aud", typename json_traits::value_type(aud));
                }
                /**
                 * Set expires at claim
                 * \param d Expires time
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_expires_at(const date& d) { return set_payload_claim("exp", basic_claim<json_traits>(d)); }
                /**
                 * Set expires at claim to @p d from the current moment
                 * \param d token expiration timeout
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                template<class Rep, class Period>
                builder& set_expires_in(const std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& d) {
                        return set_payload_claim("exp", basic_claim<json_traits>(clock.now() + d));
                }
                /**
                 * Set not before claim
                 * \param d First valid time
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_not_before(const date& d) { return set_payload_claim("nbf", basic_claim<json_traits>(d)); }
                /**
                 * Set issued at claim
                 * \param d Issued at time, should be current time
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_issued_at(const date& d) { return set_payload_claim("iat", basic_claim<json_traits>(d)); }
                /**
                 * Set issued at claim to the current moment
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_issued_now() { return set_issued_at(clock.now()); }
                /**
                 * Set id claim
                 * \param str ID to set
                 * \return *this to allow for method chaining
                 */
                builder& set_id(const typename json_traits::string_type& str) {
                        return set_payload_claim("jti", typename json_traits::value_type(str));
                }

                /**
                 * Sign token and return result
                 * \tparam Algo Callable method which takes a string_type and return the signed input as a string_type
                 * \tparam Encode Callable method which takes a string_type and base64url safe encodes it,
                 * MUST return the result with no padding; trim the result.
                 * \param algo Instance of an algorithm to sign the token with
                 * \param encode Callable to transform the serialized json to base64 with no padding
                 * \return Final token as a string
                 *
                 * \note If the 'alg' header in not set in the token it will be set to `algo.name()`
                 */
                template<typename Algo, typename Encode>
                typename json_traits::string_type sign(const Algo& algo, Encode encode) const {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        auto res = sign(algo, encode, ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                        return res;
                }
#ifndef JWT_DISABLE_BASE64
                /**
                 * Sign token and return result
                 *
                 * using the `jwt::base` functions provided
                 *
                 * \param algo Instance of an algorithm to sign the token with
                 * \return Final token as a string
                 */
                template<typename Algo>
                typename json_traits::string_type sign(const Algo& algo) const {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        auto res = sign(algo, ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                        return res;
                }
#endif

                /**
                 * Sign token and return result
                 * \tparam Algo Callable method which takes a string_type and return the signed input as a string_type
                 * \tparam Encode Callable method which takes a string_type and base64url safe encodes it,
                 * MUST return the result with no padding; trim the result.
                 * \param algo Instance of an algorithm to sign the token with
                 * \param encode Callable to transform the serialized json to base64 with no padding
                 * \param ec error_code filled with details on error
                 * \return Final token as a string
                 *
                 * \note If the 'alg' header in not set in the token it will be set to `algo.name()`
                 */
                template<typename Algo, typename Encode>
                typename json_traits::string_type sign(const Algo& algo, Encode encode, std::error_code& ec) const {
                        // make a copy such that a builder can be re-used
                        typename json_traits::object_type obj_header = header_claims;
                        if (header_claims.count("alg") == 0) obj_header["alg"] = typename json_traits::value_type(algo.name());

                        const auto header = encode(json_traits::serialize(typename json_traits::value_type(obj_header)));
                        const auto payload = encode(json_traits::serialize(typename json_traits::value_type(payload_claims)));
                        const auto token = header + "." + payload;

                        auto signature = algo.sign(token, ec);
                        if (ec) return {};

                        return token + "." + encode(signature);
                }
#ifndef JWT_DISABLE_BASE64
                /**
                 * Sign token and return result
                 *
                 * using the `jwt::base` functions provided
                 *
                 * \param algo Instance of an algorithm to sign the token with
                 * \param ec error_code filled with details on error
                 * \return Final token as a string
                 */
                template<typename Algo>
                typename json_traits::string_type sign(const Algo& algo, std::error_code& ec) const {
                        return sign(
                                algo,
                                [](const typename json_traits::string_type& data) {
                                        return base::trim<alphabet::base64url>(base::encode<alphabet::base64url>(data));
                                },
                                ec);
                }
#endif
        };

        namespace verify_ops {
                /**
                 * This is the base container which holds the token that need to be verified
                 */
                template<typename json_traits>
                struct verify_context {
                        verify_context(date ctime, const decoded_jwt<json_traits>& j, size_t l)
                                : current_time(ctime), jwt(j), default_leeway(l) {}
                        /// Current time, retrieved from the verifiers clock and cached for performance and consistency
                        date current_time;
                        /// The jwt passed to the verifier
                        const decoded_jwt<json_traits>& jwt;
                        /// The configured default leeway for this verification
                        size_t default_leeway{0};

                        /// The claim key to apply this comparison on
                        typename json_traits::string_type claim_key{};

                        /**
                         * \brief Helper method to get a claim from the jwt in this context
                         * \param in_header check JWT header or payload sections
                         * \param ec std::error_code which will indicate if any error occure
                         * \return basic_claim if it was present otherwise empty
                         */
                        basic_claim<json_traits> get_claim(bool in_header, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                if (in_header) {
                                        if (!jwt.has_header_claim(claim_key)) {
                                                ec = error::token_verification_error::missing_claim;
                                                return {};
                                        }
                                        return jwt.get_header_claim(claim_key);
                                } else {
                                        if (!jwt.has_payload_claim(claim_key)) {
                                                ec = error::token_verification_error::missing_claim;
                                                return {};
                                        }
                                        return jwt.get_payload_claim(claim_key);
                                }
                        }
                        /**
                         * Helper method to get a claim of a specific type from the jwt in this context
                         * \param in_header check JWT header or payload sections
                         * \param t the expected type of the claim
                         * \param ec std::error_code which will indicate if any error occure
                         * \return basic_claim if it was present otherwise empty
                          */
                        basic_claim<json_traits> get_claim(bool in_header, json::type t, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                auto c = get_claim(in_header, ec);
                                if (ec) return {};
                                if (c.get_type() != t) {
                                        ec = error::token_verification_error::claim_type_missmatch;
                                        return {};
                                }
                                return c;
                        }
                        /**
                         * \brief Helper method to get a payload claim from the jwt
                         * \param ec std::error_code which will indicate if any error occure
                         * \return basic_claim if it was present otherwise empty
                          */
                        basic_claim<json_traits> get_claim(std::error_code& ec) const { return get_claim(false, ec); }
                        /**
                         * \brief Helper method to get a payload claim of a specific type from the jwt
                         * \param t the expected type of the claim
                         * \param ec std::error_code which will indicate if any error occure
                         * \return basic_claim if it was present otherwise empty
                          */
                        basic_claim<json_traits> get_claim(json::type t, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                return get_claim(false, t, ec);
                        }
                };

                /**
                 * This is the default operation and does case sensitive matching
                 */
                template<typename json_traits, bool in_header = false>
                struct equals_claim {
                        const basic_claim<json_traits> expected;
                        void operator()(const verify_context<json_traits>& ctx, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                auto jc = ctx.get_claim(in_header, expected.get_type(), ec);
                                if (ec) return;
                                const bool matches = [&]() {
                                        switch (expected.get_type()) {
                                        case json::type::boolean: return expected.as_boolean() == jc.as_boolean();
                                        case json::type::integer: return expected.as_integer() == jc.as_integer();
                                        case json::type::number: return expected.as_number() == jc.as_number();
                                        case json::type::string: return expected.as_string() == jc.as_string();
                                        case json::type::array:
                                        case json::type::object:
                                                return json_traits::serialize(expected.to_json()) == json_traits::serialize(jc.to_json());
                                        default: throw std::logic_error("internal error, should be unreachable");
                                        }
                                }();
                                if (!matches) {
                                        ec = error::token_verification_error::claim_value_missmatch;
                                        return;
                                }
                        }
                };

                /**
                 * Checks that the current time is before the time specified in the given
                 * claim. This is identical to how the "exp" check works.
                 */
                template<typename json_traits, bool in_header = false>
                struct date_before_claim {
                        const size_t leeway;
                        void operator()(const verify_context<json_traits>& ctx, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                auto jc = ctx.get_claim(in_header, json::type::integer, ec);
                                if (ec) return;
                                auto c = jc.as_date();
                                if (ctx.current_time > c + std::chrono::seconds(leeway)) {
                                        ec = error::token_verification_error::token_expired;
                                }
                        }
                };

                /**
                 * Checks that the current time is after the time specified in the given
                 * claim. This is identical to how the "nbf" and "iat" check works.
                 */
                template<typename json_traits, bool in_header = false>
                struct date_after_claim {
                        const size_t leeway;
                        void operator()(const verify_context<json_traits>& ctx, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                auto jc = ctx.get_claim(in_header, json::type::integer, ec);
                                if (ec) return;
                                auto c = jc.as_date();
                                if (ctx.current_time < c - std::chrono::seconds(leeway)) {
                                        ec = error::token_verification_error::token_expired;
                                }
                        }
                };

                /**
                 * Checks if the given set is a subset of the set inside the token.
                 * If the token value is a string it is treated as a set with a single element.
                 * The comparison is case sensitive.
                 */
                template<typename json_traits, bool in_header = false>
                struct is_subset_claim {
                        const typename basic_claim<json_traits>::set_t expected;
                        void operator()(const verify_context<json_traits>& ctx, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                auto c = ctx.get_claim(in_header, ec);
                                if (ec) return;
                                if (c.get_type() == json::type::string) {
                                        if (expected.size() != 1 || *expected.begin() != c.as_string()) {
                                                ec = error::token_verification_error::audience_missmatch;
                                                return;
                                        }
                                } else if (c.get_type() == json::type::array) {
                                        auto jc = c.as_set();
                                        for (auto& e : expected) {
                                                if (jc.find(e) == jc.end()) {
                                                        ec = error::token_verification_error::audience_missmatch;
                                                        return;
                                                }
                                        }
                                } else {
                                        ec = error::token_verification_error::claim_type_missmatch;
                                        return;
                                }
                        }
                };

                /**
                 * Checks if the claim is a string and does an case insensitive comparison.
                 */
                template<typename json_traits, bool in_header = false>
                struct insensitive_string_claim {
                        const typename json_traits::string_type expected;
                        std::locale locale;
                        insensitive_string_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& e, std::locale loc)
                                : expected(to_lower_unicode(e, loc)), locale(loc) {}

                        void operator()(const verify_context<json_traits>& ctx, std::error_code& ec) const {
                                const auto c = ctx.get_claim(in_header, json::type::string, ec);
                                if (ec) return;
                                if (to_lower_unicode(c.as_string(), locale) != expected) {
                                        ec = error::token_verification_error::claim_value_missmatch;
                                }
                        }

                        static std::string to_lower_unicode(const std::string& str, const std::locale& loc) {
                                std::mbstate_t state = std::mbstate_t();
                                const char* in_next = str.data();
                                const char* in_end = str.data() + str.size();
                                std::wstring wide;
                                wide.reserve(str.size());

                                while (in_next != in_end) {
                                        wchar_t wc;
                                        std::size_t result = std::mbrtowc(&wc, in_next, in_end - in_next, &state);
                                        if (result == static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)) {
                                                throw std::runtime_error("encoding error: " + std::string(std::strerror(errno)));
                                        } else if (result == static_cast<std::size_t>(-2)) {
                                                throw std::runtime_error("conversion error: next bytes constitute an incomplete, but so far "
                                                                                                 "valid, multibyte character.");
                                        }
                                        in_next += result;
                                        wide.push_back(wc);
                                }

                                auto& f = std::use_facet<std::ctype<wchar_t>>(loc);
                                f.tolower(&wide[0], &wide[0] + wide.size());

                                std::string out;
                                out.reserve(wide.size());
                                for (wchar_t wc : wide) {
                                        char mb[MB_LEN_MAX];
                                        std::size_t n = std::wcrtomb(mb, wc, &state);
                                        if (n != static_cast<std::size_t>(-1)) out.append(mb, n);
                                }

                                return out;
                        }
                };
        } // namespace verify_ops

        /**
         * Verifier class used to check if a decoded token contains all claims required by your application and has a valid
         * signature.
         */
        template<typename Clock, typename json_traits>
        class verifier {
        public:
                using basic_claim_t = basic_claim<json_traits>;
                /**
                 * \brief Verification function data structure.
                 *
                 * This gets passed the current verifier, a reference to the decoded jwt, a reference to the key of this claim,
                 * as well as a reference to an error_code.
                 * The function checks if the actual value matches certain rules (e.g. equality to value x) and sets the error_code if
                 * it does not. Once a non zero error_code is encountered the verification stops and this error_code becomes the result
                 * returned from verify
                 */
                using verify_check_fn_t =
                        std::function<void(const verify_ops::verify_context<json_traits>&, std::error_code& ec)>;

        private:
                struct algo_base {
                        virtual ~algo_base() = default;
                        virtual void verify(const std::string& data, const std::string& sig, std::error_code& ec) = 0;
                };
                template<typename T>
                struct algo : public algo_base {
                        T alg;
                        explicit algo(T a) : alg(a) {}
                        void verify(const std::string& data, const std::string& sig, std::error_code& ec) override {
                                alg.verify(data, sig, ec);
                        }
                };
                /// Required claims
                std::unordered_map<typename json_traits::string_type, verify_check_fn_t> claims;
                /// Leeway time for exp, nbf and iat
                size_t default_leeway = 0;
                /// Instance of clock type
                Clock clock;
                /// Supported algorithms
                std::unordered_map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<algo_base>> algs;

        public:
                /**
                 * Constructor for building a new verifier instance
                 * \param c Clock instance
                 */
                explicit verifier(Clock c) : clock(c) {
                        claims["exp"] = [](const verify_ops::verify_context<json_traits>& ctx, std::error_code& ec) {
                                if (!ctx.jwt.has_expires_at()) return;
                                auto exp = ctx.jwt.get_expires_at();
                                if (ctx.current_time > exp + std::chrono::seconds(ctx.default_leeway)) {
                                        ec = error::token_verification_error::token_expired;
                                }
                        };
                        claims["iat"] = [](const verify_ops::verify_context<json_traits>& ctx, std::error_code& ec) {
                                if (!ctx.jwt.has_issued_at()) return;
                                auto iat = ctx.jwt.get_issued_at();
                                if (ctx.current_time < iat - std::chrono::seconds(ctx.default_leeway)) {
                                        ec = error::token_verification_error::token_expired;
                                }
                        };
                        claims["nbf"] = [](const verify_ops::verify_context<json_traits>& ctx, std::error_code& ec) {
                                if (!ctx.jwt.has_not_before()) return;
                                auto nbf = ctx.jwt.get_not_before();
                                if (ctx.current_time < nbf - std::chrono::seconds(ctx.default_leeway)) {
                                        ec = error::token_verification_error::token_expired;
                                }
                        };
                }

                /**
                 * Set default leeway to use.
                 * \param leeway Default leeway to use if not specified otherwise
                 * \return *this to allow chaining
                 */
                verifier& leeway(size_t leeway) {
                        default_leeway = leeway;
                        return *this;
                }
                /**
                 * Set leeway for expires at.
                 * If not specified the default leeway will be used.
                 * \param leeway Set leeway to use for expires at.
                 * \return *this to allow chaining
                 */
                verifier& expires_at_leeway(size_t leeway) {
                        claims["exp"] = verify_ops::date_before_claim<json_traits>{leeway};
                        return *this;
                }
                /**
                 * Set leeway for not before.
                 * If not specified the default leeway will be used.
                 * \param leeway Set leeway to use for not before.
                 * \return *this to allow chaining
                 */
                verifier& not_before_leeway(size_t leeway) {
                        claims["nbf"] = verify_ops::date_after_claim<json_traits>{leeway};
                        return *this;
                }
                /**
                 * Set leeway for issued at.
                 * If not specified the default leeway will be used.
                 * \param leeway Set leeway to use for issued at.
                 * \return *this to allow chaining
                 */
                verifier& issued_at_leeway(size_t leeway) {
                        claims["iat"] = verify_ops::date_after_claim<json_traits>{leeway};
                        return *this;
                }

                /**
                 * Set an type to check for.
                 *
                 * According to [RFC 7519 Section 5.1](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7519#section-5.1),
                 * This parameter is ignored by JWT implementations; any processing of this parameter is performed by the JWT application.
                 * Check is case sensitive.
                 *
                 * \param type Type Header Parameter to check for.
                 * \param locale Localization functionality to use when comparing
                 * \return *this to allow chaining
                 */
                verifier& with_type(const typename json_traits::string_type& type, std::locale locale = std::locale{}) {
                        return with_claim("typ", verify_ops::insensitive_string_claim<json_traits, true>{type, std::move(locale)});
                }

                /**
                 * Set an issuer to check for.
                 * Check is case sensitive.
                 * \param iss Issuer to check for.
                 * \return *this to allow chaining
                 */
                verifier& with_issuer(const typename json_traits::string_type& iss) {
                        return with_claim("iss", basic_claim_t(iss));
                }

                /**
                 * Set a subject to check for.
                 * Check is case sensitive.
                 * \param sub Subject to check for.
                 * \return *this to allow chaining
                 */
                verifier& with_subject(const typename json_traits::string_type& sub) {
                        return with_claim("sub", basic_claim_t(sub));
                }
                /**
                 * Set an audience to check for.
                 * If any of the specified audiences is not present in the token the check fails.
                 * \param aud Audience to check for.
                 * \return *this to allow chaining
                 */
                verifier& with_audience(const typename basic_claim_t::set_t& aud) {
                        claims["aud"] = verify_ops::is_subset_claim<json_traits>{aud};
                        return *this;
                }
                /**
                 * Set an audience to check for.
                 * If the specified audiences is not present in the token the check fails.
                 * \param aud Audience to check for.
                 * \return *this to allow chaining
                 */
                verifier& with_audience(const typename json_traits::string_type& aud) {
                        typename basic_claim_t::set_t s;
                        s.insert(aud);
                        return with_audience(s);
                }
                /**
                 * Set an id to check for.
                 * Check is case sensitive.
                 * \param id ID to check for.
                 * \return *this to allow chaining
                 */
                verifier& with_id(const typename json_traits::string_type& id) { return with_claim("jti", basic_claim_t(id)); }

                /**
                 * Specify a claim to check for using the specified operation.
                 * This is helpful for implementating application specific authentication checks
                 * such as the one seen in partial-claim-verifier.cpp
                 *
                 * \snippet{trimleft} partial-claim-verifier.cpp verifier check custom claim
                 *
                 * \param name Name of the claim to check for
                 * \param fn Function to use for verifying the claim
                 * \return *this to allow chaining
                 */
                verifier& with_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& name, verify_check_fn_t fn) {
                        claims[name] = fn;
                        return *this;
                }

                /**
                 * Specify a claim to check for equality (both type & value).
                 * See the private-claims.cpp example.
                 *
                 * \snippet{trimleft} private-claims.cpp verify exact claim
                 *
                 * \param name Name of the claim to check for
                 * \param c Claim to check for
                 * \return *this to allow chaining
                 */
                verifier& with_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& name, basic_claim_t c) {
                        return with_claim(name, verify_ops::equals_claim<json_traits>{c});
                }

                /**
                 * \brief Add an algorithm available for checking.
                 *
                 * This is used to handle incomming tokens for predefined algorithms
                 * which the authorization server is provided. For example a small system
                 * where only a single RSA key-pair is used to sign tokens
                 *
                 * \snippet{trimleft} example/rsa-verify.cpp allow rsa algorithm
                 *
                 * \tparam Algorithm any algorithm such as those provided by jwt::algorithm
                 * \param alg Algorithm to allow
                 * \return *this to allow chaining
                 */
                template<typename Algorithm>
                verifier& allow_algorithm(Algorithm alg) {
                        algs[alg.name()] = std::make_shared<algo<Algorithm>>(alg);
                        return *this;
                }

                /**
                 * Verify the given token.
                 * \param jwt Token to check
                 * \throw token_verification_exception Verification failed
                 */
                void verify(const decoded_jwt<json_traits>& jwt) const {
                        std::error_code ec;
                        verify(jwt, ec);
                        error::throw_if_error(ec);
                }
                /**
                 * Verify the given token.
                 * \param jwt Token to check
                 * \param ec error_code filled with details on error
                 */
                void verify(const decoded_jwt<json_traits>& jwt, std::error_code& ec) const {
                        ec.clear();
                        const typename json_traits::string_type data = jwt.get_header_base64() + "." + jwt.get_payload_base64();
                        const typename json_traits::string_type sig = jwt.get_signature();
                        const std::string algo = jwt.get_algorithm();
                        if (algs.count(algo) == 0) {
                                ec = error::token_verification_error::wrong_algorithm;
                                return;
                        }
                        algs.at(algo)->verify(data, sig, ec);
                        if (ec) return;

                        verify_ops::verify_context<json_traits> ctx{clock.now(), jwt, default_leeway};
                        for (auto& c : claims) {
                                ctx.claim_key = c.first;
                                c.second(ctx, ec);
                                if (ec) return;
                        }
                }
        };

        /**
         * \brief JSON Web Key
         *
         * https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7517
         *
         * A JSON object that represents a cryptographic key.  The members of
         * the object represent properties of the key, including its value.
         */
        template<typename json_traits>
        class jwk {
                using basic_claim_t = basic_claim<json_traits>;
                const details::map_of_claims<json_traits> jwk_claims;

        public:
                JWT_CLAIM_EXPLICIT jwk(const typename json_traits::string_type& str)
                        : jwk_claims(details::map_of_claims<json_traits>::parse_claims(str)) {}

                JWT_CLAIM_EXPLICIT jwk(const typename json_traits::value_type& json)
                        : jwk_claims(json_traits::as_object(json)) {}

                /**
                 * Get key type claim
                 *
                 * This returns the general type (e.g. RSA or EC), not a specific algorithm value.
                 * \return key type as string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_key_type() const { return get_jwk_claim("kty").as_string(); }

                /**
                 * Get public key usage claim
                 * \return usage parameter as string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_use() const { return get_jwk_claim("use").as_string(); }

                /**
                 * Get key operation types claim
                 * \return key operation types as a set of strings
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename basic_claim_t::set_t get_key_operations() const { return get_jwk_claim("key_ops").as_set(); }

                /**
                 * Get algorithm claim
                 * \return algorithm as string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_algorithm() const { return get_jwk_claim("alg").as_string(); }

                /**
                 * Get key id claim
                 * \return key id as string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_key_id() const { return get_jwk_claim("kid").as_string(); }

                /**
                 * \brief Get curve claim
                 *
                 * https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7518.html#section-6.2.1.1
                 * https://www.iana.org/assignments/jose/jose.xhtml#table-web-key-elliptic-curve
                 *
                 * \return curve as string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_curve() const { return get_jwk_claim("crv").as_string(); }

                /**
                 * Get x5c claim
                 * \return x5c as an array
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a array (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::array_type get_x5c() const { return get_jwk_claim("x5c").as_array(); };

                /**
                 * Get X509 URL claim
                 * \return x5u as string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_x5u() const { return get_jwk_claim("x5u").as_string(); };

                /**
                 * Get X509 thumbprint claim
                 * \return x5t as string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_x5t() const { return get_jwk_claim("x5t").as_string(); };

                /**
                 * Get X509 SHA256 thumbprint claim
                 * \return x5t#S256 as string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_x5t_sha256() const { return get_jwk_claim("x5t#S256").as_string(); };

                /**
                 * Get x5c claim as a string
                 * \return x5c as an string
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 * \throw std::bad_cast Claim was present but not a string (Should not happen in a valid token)
                 */
                typename json_traits::string_type get_x5c_key_value() const {
                        auto x5c_array = get_jwk_claim("x5c").as_array();
                        if (x5c_array.size() == 0) throw error::claim_not_present_exception();

                        return json_traits::as_string(x5c_array.front());
                };

                /**
                 * Check if a key type is present ("kty")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_key_type() const noexcept { return has_jwk_claim("kty"); }

                /**
                 * Check if a public key usage indication is present ("use")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_use() const noexcept { return has_jwk_claim("use"); }

                /**
                 * Check if a key operations parameter is present ("key_ops")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_key_operations() const noexcept { return has_jwk_claim("key_ops"); }

                /**
                 * Check if algorithm is present ("alg")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_algorithm() const noexcept { return has_jwk_claim("alg"); }

                /**
                 * Check if curve is present ("crv")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_curve() const noexcept { return has_jwk_claim("crv"); }

                /**
                 * Check if key id is present ("kid")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_key_id() const noexcept { return has_jwk_claim("kid"); }

                /**
                 * Check if X509 URL is present ("x5u")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_x5u() const noexcept { return has_jwk_claim("x5u"); }

                /**
                 * Check if X509 Chain is present ("x5c")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_x5c() const noexcept { return has_jwk_claim("x5c"); }

                /**
                 * Check if a X509 thumbprint is present ("x5t")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_x5t() const noexcept { return has_jwk_claim("x5t"); }

                /**
                 * Check if a X509 SHA256 thumbprint is present ("x5t#S256")
                 * \return true if present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_x5t_sha256() const noexcept { return has_jwk_claim("x5t#S256"); }

                /**
                 * Check if a jwk claim is present
                 * \return true if claim was present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_jwk_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& name) const noexcept {
                        return jwk_claims.has_claim(name);
                }

                /**
                 * Get jwk claim by name
                 * \return Requested claim
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If claim was not present
                 */
                basic_claim_t get_jwk_claim(const typename json_traits::string_type& name) const {
                        return jwk_claims.get_claim(name);
                }

                /**
                * Check if the jwk has any claims
                * \return true is any claim is present
                 */
                bool empty() const noexcept { return jwk_claims.empty(); }

                /**
                 * Get all jwk claims
                 * \return Map of claims
                 */
                typename json_traits::object_type get_claims() const { return this->jwk_claims.claims; }
        };

        /**
         * \brief JWK Set
         *
         * https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7517
         *
         * A JSON object that represents a set of JWKs.  The JSON object MUST
         * have a "keys" member, which is an array of JWKs.
         *
         * This container takes a JWKs and simplifies it to a vector of JWKs
         */
        template<typename json_traits>
        class jwks {
        public:
                /// JWK instance template specialization
                using jwks_t = jwk<json_traits>;
                /// Type specialization for the vector of JWK
                using jwks_vector_t = std::vector<jwks_t>;
                using iterator = typename jwks_vector_t::iterator;
                using const_iterator = typename jwks_vector_t::const_iterator;

                /**
                 * Default constructor producing an empty object without any keys
                 */
                jwks() = default;

                /**
                 * Parses a string buffer to extract the JWKS.
                 * \param str buffer containing JSON object representing a JWKS
                 * \throw error::invalid_json_exception or underlying JSON implation error if the JSON is
                 *        invalid with regards to the JWKS specification
                */
                JWT_CLAIM_EXPLICIT jwks(const typename json_traits::string_type& str) {
                        typename json_traits::value_type parsed_val;
                        if (!json_traits::parse(parsed_val, str)) throw error::invalid_json_exception();

                        const details::map_of_claims<json_traits> jwks_json = json_traits::as_object(parsed_val);
                        if (!jwks_json.has_claim("keys")) throw error::invalid_json_exception();

                        auto jwk_list = jwks_json.get_claim("keys").as_array();
                        std::transform(jwk_list.begin(), jwk_list.end(), std::back_inserter(jwk_claims),
                                                   [](const typename json_traits::value_type& val) { return jwks_t{val}; });
                }

                iterator begin() { return jwk_claims.begin(); }
                iterator end() { return jwk_claims.end(); }
                const_iterator cbegin() const { return jwk_claims.begin(); }
                const_iterator cend() const { return jwk_claims.end(); }
                const_iterator begin() const { return jwk_claims.begin(); }
                const_iterator end() const { return jwk_claims.end(); }

                /**
                 * Check if a jwk with the kid is present
                 * \return true if jwk was present, false otherwise
                 */
                bool has_jwk(const typename json_traits::string_type& key_id) const noexcept {
                        return find_by_kid(key_id) != end();
                }

                /**
                 * Get jwk
                 * \return Requested jwk by key_id
                 * \throw std::runtime_error If jwk was not present
                 */
                jwks_t get_jwk(const typename json_traits::string_type& key_id) const {
                        const auto maybe = find_by_kid(key_id);
                        if (maybe == end()) throw error::claim_not_present_exception();
                        return *maybe;
                }

        private:
                jwks_vector_t jwk_claims;

                const_iterator find_by_kid(const typename json_traits::string_type& key_id) const noexcept {
                        return std::find_if(cbegin(), cend(), [key_id](const jwks_t& jwk) {
                                if (!jwk.has_key_id()) { return false; }
                                return jwk.get_key_id() == key_id;
                        });
                }
        };

        /**
         * Create a verifier using the given clock
         * \param c Clock instance to use
         * \return verifier instance
         */
        template<typename Clock, typename json_traits>
        verifier<Clock, json_traits> verify(Clock c) {
                return verifier<Clock, json_traits>(c);
        }

        /**
         * Create a builder using the given clock
         * \param c Clock instance to use
         * \return builder instance
         */
        template<typename Clock, typename json_traits>
        builder<Clock, json_traits> create(Clock c) {
                return builder<Clock, json_traits>(c);
        }

        /**
         * Default clock class using std::chrono::system_clock as a backend.
         */
        struct default_clock {
                /**
                 * Gets the current system time
                 * \return time_point of the host system
                 */
                date now() const { return date::clock::now(); }
        };

        /**
         * Create a verifier using the default_clock.
         *
         *
         *
         * \param c Clock instance to use
         * \return verifier instance
         */
        template<typename json_traits>
        verifier<default_clock, json_traits> verify(default_clock c = {}) {
                return verifier<default_clock, json_traits>(c);
        }

        /**
         * Return a builder instance to create a new token
         */
        template<typename json_traits>
        builder<default_clock, json_traits> create(default_clock c = {}) {
                return builder<default_clock, json_traits>(c);
        }

        /**
         * \brief Decode a token. This can be used to to help access important feild like 'x5c'
         * for verifying tokens. See associated example rsa-verify.cpp for more details.
         *
         * \tparam json_traits JSON implementation traits
         * \tparam Decode is callable, taking a string_type and returns a string_type.
         *         It should ensure the padding of the input and then base64url decode and
         *         return the results.
         * \param token Token to decode
         * \param decode function that will pad and base64url decode the token
         * \return Decoded token
         * \throw std::invalid_argument Token is not in correct format
         * \throw std::runtime_error Base64 decoding failed or invalid json
         */
        template<typename json_traits, typename Decode>
        decoded_jwt<json_traits> decode(const typename json_traits::string_type& token, Decode decode) {
                return decoded_jwt<json_traits>(token, decode);
        }

        /**
         * Decode a token. This can be used to to help access important feild like 'x5c'
         * for verifying tokens. See associated example rsa-verify.cpp for more details.
         *
         * \tparam json_traits JSON implementation traits
         * \param token Token to decode
         * \return Decoded token
         * \throw std::invalid_argument Token is not in correct format
         * \throw std::runtime_error Base64 decoding failed or invalid json
         */
        template<typename json_traits>
        decoded_jwt<json_traits> decode(const typename json_traits::string_type& token) {
                return decoded_jwt<json_traits>(token);
        }
        /**
         * Parse a single JSON Web Key
         * \tparam json_traits JSON implementation traits
         * \param jwk_ string buffer containing the JSON object
         * \return Decoded jwk
         */
        template<typename json_traits>
        jwk<json_traits> parse_jwk(const typename json_traits::string_type& jwk_) {
                return jwk<json_traits>(jwk_);
        }
        /**
         * Parse a JSON Web Key Set. This can be used to to help access
         * important feild like 'x5c' for verifying tokens. See example
         * jwks-verify.cpp for more information.
         *
         * \tparam json_traits JSON implementation traits
         * \param jwks_ string buffer containing the JSON object
         * \return Parsed JSON object containing the data of the JWK SET string
         * \throw std::runtime_error Token is not in correct format
         */
        template<typename json_traits>
        jwks<json_traits> parse_jwks(const typename json_traits::string_type& jwks_) {
                return jwks<json_traits>(jwks_);
        }
} // namespace jwt

template<typename json_traits>
std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, jwt::basic_claim<json_traits>& c) {
        return c.operator>>(is);
}

template<typename json_traits>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const jwt::basic_claim<json_traits>& c) {
        return os << c.to_json();
}

#ifndef JWT_DISABLE_PICOJSON
#include "traits/kazuho-picojson/defaults.h"
#endif

#endif

prince-chrismc / jwt-cpp / 22085618954

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