20447389715

Committed 21 Dec 2025 07:31PM UTC coverage: 72.37% (-0.1%) from 72.5%

Build # 20447389715

Build Type

push

github

Committed by

DaanDeMeyer

Commit Message

mkosi: Use initrd as exitrd

Let's speed up image builds by avoiding building
an exitrd and instead reusing the initrd image for
the same purpose.

Run Details

308584 of 426400 relevant lines covered (72.37%)

1134231.7 hits per line

Source File
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67.59

/src/tmpfiles/tmpfiles.c

/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */

#include <fcntl.h>
#include <fnmatch.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <sys/file.h>
#include <sysexits.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "sd-path.h"

#include "acl-util.h"
#include "alloc-util.h"
#include "bitfield.h"
#include "btrfs-util.h"
#include "build.h"
#include "capability-util.h"
#include "chase.h"
#include "chattr-util.h"
#include "conf-files.h"
#include "constants.h"
#include "copy.h"
#include "creds-util.h"
#include "devnum-util.h"
#include "dirent-util.h"
#include "dissect-image.h"
#include "env-util.h"
#include "errno-util.h"
#include "escape.h"
#include "extract-word.h"
#include "fd-util.h"
#include "fileio.h"
#include "format-util.h"
#include "fs-util.h"
#include "glob-util.h"
#include "hexdecoct.h"
#include "image-policy.h"
#include "io-util.h"
#include "label-util.h"
#include "log.h"
#include "loop-util.h"
#include "main-func.h"
#include "mkdir-label.h"
#include "mount-util.h"
#include "mountpoint-util.h"
#include "offline-passwd.h"
#include "pager.h"
#include "parse-argument.h"
#include "parse-util.h"
#include "path-lookup.h"
#include "path-util.h"
#include "pretty-print.h"
#include "rlimit-util.h"
#include "rm-rf.h"
#include "selinux-util.h"
#include "set.h"
#include "sort-util.h"
#include "specifier.h"
#include "stat-util.h"
#include "string-table.h"
#include "string-util.h"
#include "strv.h"
#include "sysctl-util.h"
#include "time-util.h"
#include "umask-util.h"
#include "user-util.h"
#include "verbs.h"
#include "virt.h"
#include "xattr-util.h"

/* This reads all files listed in /etc/tmpfiles.d/?*.conf and creates
 * them in the file system. This is intended to be used to create
 * properly owned directories beneath /tmp, /var/tmp, /run, which are
 * volatile and hence need to be recreated on bootup. */

typedef enum OperationMask {
        OPERATION_CREATE = 1 << 0,
        OPERATION_REMOVE = 1 << 1,
        OPERATION_CLEAN  = 1 << 2,
        OPERATION_PURGE  = 1 << 3,
} OperationMask;

typedef enum ItemType {
        /* These ones take file names */
        CREATE_FILE                    = 'f',
        TRUNCATE_FILE                  = 'F', /* deprecated: use f+ */
        CREATE_DIRECTORY               = 'd',
        TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY             = 'D',
        CREATE_SUBVOLUME               = 'v',
        CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA = 'q',
        CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA     = 'Q',
        CREATE_FIFO                    = 'p',
        CREATE_SYMLINK                 = 'L',
        CREATE_CHAR_DEVICE             = 'c',
        CREATE_BLOCK_DEVICE            = 'b',
        COPY_FILES                     = 'C',

        /* These ones take globs */
        WRITE_FILE                     = 'w',
        EMPTY_DIRECTORY                = 'e',
        SET_XATTR                      = 't',
        RECURSIVE_SET_XATTR            = 'T',
        SET_ACL                        = 'a',
        RECURSIVE_SET_ACL              = 'A',
        SET_ATTRIBUTE                  = 'h',
        RECURSIVE_SET_ATTRIBUTE        = 'H',
        IGNORE_PATH                    = 'x',
        IGNORE_DIRECTORY_PATH          = 'X',
        REMOVE_PATH                    = 'r',
        RECURSIVE_REMOVE_PATH          = 'R',
        RELABEL_PATH                   = 'z',
        RECURSIVE_RELABEL_PATH         = 'Z',
        ADJUST_MODE                    = 'm', /* legacy, 'z' is identical to this */
} ItemType;

typedef enum AgeBy {
        AGE_BY_ATIME = 1 << 0,
        AGE_BY_BTIME = 1 << 1,
        AGE_BY_CTIME = 1 << 2,
        AGE_BY_MTIME = 1 << 3,

        /* All file timestamp types are checked by default. */
        AGE_BY_DEFAULT_FILE = AGE_BY_ATIME | AGE_BY_BTIME | AGE_BY_CTIME | AGE_BY_MTIME,
        AGE_BY_DEFAULT_DIR  = AGE_BY_ATIME | AGE_BY_BTIME | AGE_BY_MTIME,
} AgeBy;

typedef struct Item {
        ItemType type;

        char *path;
        char *argument;
        void *binary_argument;        /* set if binary data, in which case it takes precedence over 'argument' */
        size_t binary_argument_size;
        char **xattrs;
#if HAVE_ACL
        acl_t acl_access;
        acl_t acl_access_exec;
        acl_t acl_default;
#endif
        uid_t uid;
        gid_t gid;
        mode_t mode;
        usec_t age;
        AgeBy age_by_file, age_by_dir;

        dev_t major_minor;
        unsigned attribute_value;
        unsigned attribute_mask;

        bool uid_set:1;
        bool gid_set:1;
        bool mode_set:1;
        bool uid_only_create:1;
        bool gid_only_create:1;
        bool mode_only_create:1;
        bool age_set:1;
        bool mask_perms:1;
        bool attribute_set:1;

        bool keep_first_level:1;

        bool append_or_force:1;

        bool allow_failure:1;

        bool try_replace:1;

        bool purge:1;

        bool ignore_if_target_missing:1;

        OperationMask done;
} Item;

typedef struct ItemArray {
        Item *items;
        size_t n_items;

        struct ItemArray *parent;
        Set *children;
} ItemArray;

typedef enum DirectoryType {
        DIRECTORY_RUNTIME,
        DIRECTORY_STATE,
        DIRECTORY_CACHE,
        DIRECTORY_LOGS,
        _DIRECTORY_TYPE_MAX,
} DirectoryType;

typedef enum {
        CREATION_NORMAL,
        CREATION_EXISTING,
        CREATION_FORCE,
        _CREATION_MODE_MAX,
        _CREATION_MODE_INVALID = -EINVAL,
} CreationMode;

static CatFlags arg_cat_flags = CAT_CONFIG_OFF;
static bool arg_dry_run = false;
static RuntimeScope arg_runtime_scope = RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM;
static OperationMask arg_operation = 0;
static bool arg_boot = false;
static bool arg_graceful = false;
static PagerFlags arg_pager_flags = 0;
static char **arg_include_prefixes = NULL;
static char **arg_exclude_prefixes = NULL;
static char *arg_root = NULL;
static char *arg_image = NULL;
static char *arg_replace = NULL;
static ImagePolicy *arg_image_policy = NULL;

#define MAX_DEPTH 256

typedef struct Context {
        OrderedHashmap *items;
        OrderedHashmap *globs;
        Set *unix_sockets;
        Hashmap *uid_cache;
        Hashmap *gid_cache;
} Context;

STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_include_prefixes, strv_freep);
STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_exclude_prefixes, strv_freep);
STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_root, freep);
STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_image, freep);
STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_image_policy, image_policy_freep);

static const char *const creation_mode_verb_table[_CREATION_MODE_MAX] = {
        [CREATION_NORMAL]   = "Created",
        [CREATION_EXISTING] = "Found existing",
        [CREATION_FORCE]    = "Created replacement",
};

DEFINE_PRIVATE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP_TO_STRING(creation_mode_verb, CreationMode);

static void context_done(Context *c) {
        assert(c);

        ordered_hashmap_free(c->items);
        ordered_hashmap_free(c->globs);

        set_free(c->unix_sockets);

        hashmap_free(c->uid_cache);
        hashmap_free(c->gid_cache);
}

/* Different kinds of errors that mean that information is not available in the environment. */
static bool ERRNO_IS_NEG_NOINFO(intmax_t r) {
        return IN_SET(r,
                      -EUNATCH,    /* os-release or machine-id missing */
                      -ENOMEDIUM,  /* machine-id or another file empty */
                      -ENOPKG,     /* machine-id is uninitialized */
                      -ENXIO);     /* env var is unset */
}

static int specifier_directory(
                char specifier,
                const void *data,
                const char *root,
                const void *userdata,
                char **ret) {

        struct table_entry {
                uint64_t type;
                const char *suffix;
        };

        static const struct table_entry paths_system[] = {
                [DIRECTORY_RUNTIME] = { SD_PATH_SYSTEM_RUNTIME            },
                [DIRECTORY_STATE] =   { SD_PATH_SYSTEM_STATE_PRIVATE      },
                [DIRECTORY_CACHE] =   { SD_PATH_SYSTEM_STATE_CACHE        },
                [DIRECTORY_LOGS] =    { SD_PATH_SYSTEM_STATE_LOGS         },
        };

        static const struct table_entry paths_user[] = {
                [DIRECTORY_RUNTIME] = { SD_PATH_USER_RUNTIME              },
                [DIRECTORY_STATE] =   { SD_PATH_USER_STATE_PRIVATE        },
                [DIRECTORY_CACHE] =   { SD_PATH_USER_STATE_CACHE          },
                [DIRECTORY_LOGS] =    { SD_PATH_USER_STATE_PRIVATE, "log" },
        };

        const struct table_entry *paths;
        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
        unsigned i;
        int r;

        assert_cc(ELEMENTSOF(paths_system) == ELEMENTSOF(paths_user));
        paths = arg_runtime_scope == RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER ? paths_user : paths_system;

        i = PTR_TO_UINT(data);
        assert(i < ELEMENTSOF(paths_system));

        r = sd_path_lookup(paths[i].type, paths[i].suffix, &p);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (arg_root) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *j = NULL;

                j = path_join(arg_root, p);
                if (!j)
                        return -ENOMEM;

                *ret = TAKE_PTR(j);
        } else
                *ret = TAKE_PTR(p);

        return 0;
}

static int log_unresolvable_specifier(const char *filename, unsigned line) {
        static bool notified = false;

        /* In system mode, this is called when /etc is not fully initialized and some specifiers are
         * unresolvable. In user mode, this is called when some variables are not defined. These cases are
         * not considered a fatal error, so log at LOG_NOTICE only for the first time and then downgrade this
         * to LOG_DEBUG for the rest.
         *
         * If we're running in a chroot (--root was used or sd_booted() reports that systemd is not running),
         * always use LOG_DEBUG. We may be called to initialize a chroot before booting and there is no
         * expectation that machine-id and other files will be populated.
         */

        int log_level = notified || arg_root || running_in_chroot() > 0 ?
                LOG_DEBUG : LOG_NOTICE;

        log_syntax(NULL,
                   log_level,
                   filename, line, 0,
                   "Failed to resolve specifier: %s, skipping.",
                   arg_runtime_scope == RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER ? "Required $XDG_... variable not defined" : "uninitialized /etc/ detected");

        if (!notified)
                log_full(log_level,
                         "All rules containing unresolvable specifiers will be skipped.");

        notified = true;
        return 0;
}

#define log_action(would, doing, fmt, ...)              \
        log_full(arg_dry_run ? LOG_INFO : LOG_DEBUG,    \
                 fmt,                                   \
                 arg_dry_run ? (would) : (doing),       \
                 __VA_ARGS__)

static int user_config_paths(char ***ret) {
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **config_dirs = NULL, **data_dirs = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ char *runtime_config = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(ret);

        /* Combined user-specific and global dirs */
        r = user_search_dirs("/user-tmpfiles.d", &config_dirs, &data_dirs);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = xdg_user_runtime_dir("/user-tmpfiles.d", &runtime_config);
        if (r < 0 && !ERRNO_IS_NEG_NOINFO(r))
                return r;

        r = strv_consume(&config_dirs, TAKE_PTR(runtime_config));
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = strv_extend_strv_consume(&config_dirs, TAKE_PTR(data_dirs), /* filter_duplicates= */ true);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = path_strv_make_absolute_cwd(config_dirs);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        *ret = TAKE_PTR(config_dirs);
        return 0;
}

static bool needs_purge(ItemType t) {
        return IN_SET(t,
                      CREATE_FILE,
                      TRUNCATE_FILE,
                      CREATE_DIRECTORY,
                      TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY,
                      CREATE_SUBVOLUME,
                      CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA,
                      CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA,
                      CREATE_FIFO,
                      CREATE_SYMLINK,
                      CREATE_CHAR_DEVICE,
                      CREATE_BLOCK_DEVICE,
                      COPY_FILES,
                      WRITE_FILE,
                      EMPTY_DIRECTORY);
}

static bool needs_glob(ItemType t) {
        return IN_SET(t,
                      WRITE_FILE,
                      EMPTY_DIRECTORY,
                      SET_XATTR,
                      RECURSIVE_SET_XATTR,
                      SET_ACL,
                      RECURSIVE_SET_ACL,
                      SET_ATTRIBUTE,
                      RECURSIVE_SET_ATTRIBUTE,
                      IGNORE_PATH,
                      IGNORE_DIRECTORY_PATH,
                      REMOVE_PATH,
                      RECURSIVE_REMOVE_PATH,
                      RELABEL_PATH,
                      RECURSIVE_RELABEL_PATH,
                      ADJUST_MODE);
}

static bool takes_ownership(ItemType t) {
        return IN_SET(t,
                      CREATE_FILE,
                      TRUNCATE_FILE,
                      CREATE_DIRECTORY,
                      TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY,
                      CREATE_SUBVOLUME,
                      CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA,
                      CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA,
                      CREATE_FIFO,
                      CREATE_SYMLINK,
                      CREATE_CHAR_DEVICE,
                      CREATE_BLOCK_DEVICE,
                      COPY_FILES,
                      WRITE_FILE,
                      EMPTY_DIRECTORY,
                      IGNORE_PATH,
                      IGNORE_DIRECTORY_PATH,
                      REMOVE_PATH,
                      RECURSIVE_REMOVE_PATH);
}

static bool supports_ignore_if_target_missing(ItemType t) {
        return t == CREATE_SYMLINK;
}

static struct Item* find_glob(OrderedHashmap *h, const char *match) {
        ItemArray *j;

        ORDERED_HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, h)
                FOREACH_ARRAY(item, j->items, j->n_items)
                        if (fnmatch(item->path, match, FNM_PATHNAME|FNM_PERIOD) == 0)
                                return item;
        return NULL;
}

static int load_unix_sockets(Context *c) {
        _cleanup_set_free_ Set *sockets = NULL;
        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
        int r;

        if (c->unix_sockets)
                return 0;

        /* We maintain a cache of the sockets we found in /proc/net/unix to speed things up a little. */

        f = fopen("/proc/net/unix", "re");
        if (!f)
                return log_full_errno(errno == ENOENT ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, errno,
                                      "Failed to open %s, ignoring: %m", "/proc/net/unix");

        /* Skip header */
        r = read_line(f, LONG_LINE_MAX, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to skip /proc/net/unix header line: %m");
        if (r == 0)
                return log_warning_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EIO), "Premature end of file reading /proc/net/unix.");

        for (;;) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *line = NULL;
                char *p;

                r = read_line(f, LONG_LINE_MAX, &line);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read /proc/net/unix line, ignoring: %m");
                if (r == 0) /* EOF */
                        break;

                p = strchr(line, ':');
                if (!p)
                        continue;

                if (strlen(p) < 37)
                        continue;

                p += 37;
                p += strspn(p, WHITESPACE);
                p += strcspn(p, WHITESPACE); /* skip one more word */
                p += strspn(p, WHITESPACE);

                if (!path_is_absolute(p))
                        continue;

                r = set_put_strdup_full(&sockets, &path_hash_ops_free, p);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to add AF_UNIX socket to set, ignoring: %m");
        }

        c->unix_sockets = TAKE_PTR(sockets);
        return 1;
}

static bool unix_socket_alive(Context *c, const char *fn) {
        assert(c);
        assert(fn);

        if (load_unix_sockets(c) < 0)
                return true;     /* We don't know, so assume yes */

        return set_contains(c->unix_sockets, fn);
}

/* Accessors for the argument in binary format */
static const void* item_binary_argument(const Item *i) {
        assert(i);
        return i->binary_argument ?: i->argument;
}

static size_t item_binary_argument_size(const Item *i) {
        assert(i);
        return i->binary_argument ? i->binary_argument_size : strlen_ptr(i->argument);
}

static DIR* xopendirat_nomod(int dirfd, const char *path) {
        DIR *dir;

        dir = xopendirat(dirfd, path, O_NOFOLLOW|O_NOATIME);
        if (dir)
                return dir;

        if (!IN_SET(errno, ENOENT, ELOOP))
                log_debug_errno(errno, "Cannot open %sdirectory \"%s\" with O_NOATIME: %m", dirfd == AT_FDCWD ? "" : "sub", path);
        if (!ERRNO_IS_PRIVILEGE(errno))
                return NULL;

        dir = xopendirat(dirfd, path, O_NOFOLLOW);
        if (!dir)
                log_debug_errno(errno, "Cannot open %sdirectory \"%s\" with or without O_NOATIME: %m", dirfd == AT_FDCWD ? "" : "sub", path);

        return dir;
}

static DIR* opendir_nomod(const char *path) {
        return xopendirat_nomod(AT_FDCWD, path);
}

static int opendir_and_stat(
                const char *path,
                DIR **ret,
                struct statx *ret_sx,
                bool *ret_mountpoint) {

        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
        struct statx sx1;
        int r;

        assert(path);
        assert(ret);
        assert(ret_sx);
        assert(ret_mountpoint);

        /* Do opendir() and statx() on the directory.
         * Return 1 if successful, 0 if file doesn't exist or is not a directory,
         * negative errno otherwise.
         */

        d = opendir_nomod(path);
        if (!d) {
                bool ignore = IN_SET(errno, ENOENT, ENOTDIR);
                r = log_full_errno(ignore ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR,
                                   errno, "Failed to open directory %s: %m", path);
                if (!ignore)
                        return r;

                *ret = NULL;
                *ret_sx = (struct statx) {};
                *ret_mountpoint = false;
                return 0;
        }

        if (statx(dirfd(d), "", AT_EMPTY_PATH, STATX_MODE|STATX_INO|STATX_ATIME|STATX_MTIME, &sx1) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "statx(%s) failed: %m", path);

        if (FLAGS_SET(sx1.stx_attributes_mask, STATX_ATTR_MOUNT_ROOT))
                *ret_mountpoint = FLAGS_SET(sx1.stx_attributes, STATX_ATTR_MOUNT_ROOT);
        else {
                struct statx sx2;
                if (statx(dirfd(d), "..", 0, STATX_INO, &sx2) < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "statx(%s/..) failed: %m", path);

                *ret_mountpoint = !statx_mount_same(&sx1, &sx2);
        }

        *ret = TAKE_PTR(d);
        *ret_sx = sx1;
        return 1;
}

static bool needs_cleanup(
                nsec_t atime,
                nsec_t btime,
                nsec_t ctime,
                nsec_t mtime,
                nsec_t cutoff,
                const char *sub_path,
                AgeBy age_by,
                bool is_dir) {

        if (FLAGS_SET(age_by, AGE_BY_MTIME) && mtime != NSEC_INFINITY && mtime >= cutoff) {
                /* Follows spelling in stat(1). */
                log_debug("%s \"%s\": modify time %s is too new.",
                          is_dir ? "Directory" : "File",
                          sub_path,
                          FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_STYLE(mtime / NSEC_PER_USEC, TIMESTAMP_US));

                return false;
        }

        if (FLAGS_SET(age_by, AGE_BY_ATIME) && atime != NSEC_INFINITY && atime >= cutoff) {
                log_debug("%s \"%s\": access time %s is too new.",
                          is_dir ? "Directory" : "File",
                          sub_path,
                          FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_STYLE(atime / NSEC_PER_USEC, TIMESTAMP_US));

                return false;
        }

        /*
         * Note: Unless explicitly specified by the user, "ctime" is ignored
         * by default for directories, because we change it when deleting.
         */
        if (FLAGS_SET(age_by, AGE_BY_CTIME) && ctime != NSEC_INFINITY && ctime >= cutoff) {
                log_debug("%s \"%s\": change time %s is too new.",
                          is_dir ? "Directory" : "File",
                          sub_path,
                          FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_STYLE(ctime / NSEC_PER_USEC, TIMESTAMP_US));

                return false;
        }

        if (FLAGS_SET(age_by, AGE_BY_BTIME) && btime != NSEC_INFINITY && btime >= cutoff) {
                log_debug("%s \"%s\": birth time %s is too new.",
                          is_dir ? "Directory" : "File",
                          sub_path,
                          FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_STYLE(btime / NSEC_PER_USEC, TIMESTAMP_US));

                return false;
        }

        return true;
}

static int dir_cleanup(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                const char *p,
                DIR *d,
                nsec_t self_atime_nsec,
                nsec_t self_mtime_nsec,
                nsec_t cutoff_nsec,
                dev_t rootdev_major,
                dev_t rootdev_minor,
                bool mountpoint,
                int maxdepth,
                bool keep_this_level,
                AgeBy age_by_file,
                AgeBy age_by_dir) {

        bool deleted = false;
        int r = 0;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(d);

        FOREACH_DIRENT_ALL(de, d, break) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *sub_path = NULL;
                nsec_t atime_nsec, mtime_nsec, ctime_nsec, btime_nsec;

                if (dot_or_dot_dot(de->d_name))
                        continue;

                /* If statx() is supported, use it. It's preferable over fstatat() since it tells us
                 * explicitly where we are looking at a mount point, for free as side information. Determining
                 * the same information without statx() is hard, see the complexity of path_is_mount_point(),
                 * and also much slower as it requires a number of syscalls instead of just one. Hence, when
                 * we have modern statx() we use it instead of fstat() and do proper mount point checks,
                 * while on older kernels's well do traditional st_dev based detection of mount points.
                 *
                 * Using statx() for detecting mount points also has the benefit that we handle weird file
                 * systems such as overlayfs better where each file is originating from a different
                 * st_dev. */

                struct statx sx;
                if (statx(dirfd(d), de->d_name,
                          AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW|AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT,
                          STATX_TYPE|STATX_MODE|STATX_UID|STATX_ATIME|STATX_MTIME|STATX_CTIME|STATX_BTIME,
                          &sx) < 0) {
                        if (errno == ENOENT)
                                continue;

                        /* FUSE, NFS mounts, SELinux might return EACCES */
                        log_full_errno(errno == EACCES ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR, errno,
                                       "statx(%s/%s) failed: %m", p, de->d_name);
                        continue;
                }

                if (FLAGS_SET(sx.stx_attributes_mask, STATX_ATTR_MOUNT_ROOT)) {
                        /* Yay, we have the mount point API, use it */
                        if (FLAGS_SET(sx.stx_attributes, STATX_ATTR_MOUNT_ROOT)) {
                                log_debug("Ignoring \"%s/%s\": different mount points.", p, de->d_name);
                                continue;
                        }
                } else {
                        /* So we might have statx() but the STATX_ATTR_MOUNT_ROOT flag is not supported, fall
                         * back to traditional stx_dev checking. */
                        if (sx.stx_dev_major != rootdev_major ||
                            sx.stx_dev_minor != rootdev_minor) {
                                log_debug("Ignoring \"%s/%s\": different filesystem.", p, de->d_name);
                                continue;
                        }

                        /* Try to detect bind mounts of the same filesystem instance; they do not differ in
                         * device major/minors. This type of query is not supported on all kernels or
                         * filesystem types though. */
                        if (S_ISDIR(sx.stx_mode)) {
                                int q;

                                q = is_mount_point_at(dirfd(d), de->d_name, 0);
                                if (q < 0)
                                        log_debug_errno(q, "Failed to determine whether \"%s/%s\" is a mount point, ignoring: %m", p, de->d_name);
                                else if (q > 0) {
                                        log_debug("Ignoring \"%s/%s\": different mount of the same filesystem.", p, de->d_name);
                                        continue;
                                }
                        }
                }

                atime_nsec = FLAGS_SET(sx.stx_mask, STATX_ATIME) ? statx_timestamp_load_nsec(&sx.stx_atime) : 0;
                mtime_nsec = FLAGS_SET(sx.stx_mask, STATX_MTIME) ? statx_timestamp_load_nsec(&sx.stx_mtime) : 0;
                ctime_nsec = FLAGS_SET(sx.stx_mask, STATX_CTIME) ? statx_timestamp_load_nsec(&sx.stx_ctime) : 0;
                btime_nsec = FLAGS_SET(sx.stx_mask, STATX_BTIME) ? statx_timestamp_load_nsec(&sx.stx_btime) : 0;

                sub_path = path_join(p, de->d_name);
                if (!sub_path) {
                        r = log_oom();
                        goto finish;
                }

                /* Is there an item configured for this path? */
                if (ordered_hashmap_get(c->items, sub_path)) {
                        log_debug("Ignoring \"%s\": a separate entry exists.", sub_path);
                        continue;
                }

                if (find_glob(c->globs, sub_path)) {
                        log_debug("Ignoring \"%s\": a separate glob exists.", sub_path);
                        continue;
                }

                if (S_ISDIR(sx.stx_mode)) {
                        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *sub_dir = NULL;

                        if (mountpoint &&
                            streq(de->d_name, "lost+found") &&
                            sx.stx_uid == 0) {
                                log_debug("Ignoring directory \"%s\".", sub_path);
                                continue;
                        }

                        if (maxdepth <= 0)
                                log_warning("Reached max depth on \"%s\".", sub_path);
                        else {
                                int q;

                                sub_dir = xopendirat_nomod(dirfd(d), de->d_name);
                                if (!sub_dir) {
                                        if (errno != ENOENT)
                                                r = log_warning_errno(errno, "Opening directory \"%s\" failed, ignoring: %m", sub_path);

                                        continue;
                                }

                                if (!arg_dry_run &&
                                    flock(dirfd(sub_dir), LOCK_EX|LOCK_NB) < 0) {
                                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Couldn't acquire shared BSD lock on directory \"%s\", skipping: %m", sub_path);
                                        continue;
                                }

                                q = dir_cleanup(c, i,
                                                sub_path, sub_dir,
                                                atime_nsec, mtime_nsec, cutoff_nsec,
                                                rootdev_major, rootdev_minor,
                                                false, maxdepth-1, false,
                                                age_by_file, age_by_dir);
                                if (q < 0)
                                        r = q;
                        }

                        /* Note: if you are wondering why we don't support the sticky bit for excluding
                         * directories from cleaning like we do it for other file system objects: well, the
                         * sticky bit already has a meaning for directories, so we don't want to overload
                         * that. */

                        if (keep_this_level) {
                                log_debug("Keeping directory \"%s\".", sub_path);
                                continue;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Check the file timestamps of an entry against the
                         * given cutoff time; delete if it is older.
                         */
                        if (!needs_cleanup(atime_nsec, btime_nsec, ctime_nsec, mtime_nsec,
                                           cutoff_nsec, sub_path, age_by_dir, true))
                                continue;

                        log_action("Would remove", "Removing", "%s directory \"%s\"", sub_path);
                        if (!arg_dry_run &&
                            unlinkat(dirfd(d), de->d_name, AT_REMOVEDIR) < 0 &&
                            !IN_SET(errno, ENOENT, ENOTEMPTY))
                                r = log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to remove directory \"%s\", ignoring: %m", sub_path);

                } else {
                        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF; /* This file descriptor is defined here so that the
                                                          * lock that is taken below is only dropped _after_
                                                          * the unlink operation has finished. */

                        /* Skip files for which the sticky bit is set. These are semantics we define, and are
                         * unknown elsewhere. See XDG_RUNTIME_DIR specification for details. */
                        if (sx.stx_mode & S_ISVTX) {
                                log_debug("Skipping \"%s\": sticky bit set.", sub_path);
                                continue;
                        }

                        if (mountpoint &&
                            S_ISREG(sx.stx_mode) &&
                            sx.stx_uid == 0 &&
                            STR_IN_SET(de->d_name,
                                       ".journal",
                                       "aquota.user",
                                       "aquota.group")) {
                                log_debug("Skipping \"%s\".", sub_path);
                                continue;
                        }

                        /* Ignore sockets that are listed in /proc/net/unix */
                        if (S_ISSOCK(sx.stx_mode) && unix_socket_alive(c, sub_path)) {
                                log_debug("Skipping \"%s\": live socket.", sub_path);
                                continue;
                        }

                        /* Ignore device nodes */
                        if (S_ISCHR(sx.stx_mode) || S_ISBLK(sx.stx_mode)) {
                                log_debug("Skipping \"%s\": a device.", sub_path);
                                continue;
                        }

                        /* Keep files on this level if this was requested */
                        if (keep_this_level) {
                                log_debug("Keeping \"%s\".", sub_path);
                                continue;
                        }

                        if (!needs_cleanup(atime_nsec, btime_nsec, ctime_nsec, mtime_nsec,
                                           cutoff_nsec, sub_path, age_by_file, false))
                                continue;

                        if (!arg_dry_run) {
                                fd = xopenat(dirfd(d), de->d_name, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOFOLLOW|O_NOATIME|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOCTTY);
                                if (fd < 0 && !IN_SET(fd, -ENOENT, -ELOOP))
                                        log_warning_errno(fd, "Opening file \"%s\" failed, proceeding without lock: %m", sub_path);
                                if (fd >= 0 && flock(fd, LOCK_EX|LOCK_NB) < 0 && errno == EAGAIN) {
                                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Couldn't acquire shared BSD lock on file \"%s\", skipping: %m", sub_path);
                                        continue;
                                }
                        }

                        log_action("Would remove", "Removing", "%s \"%s\"", sub_path);
                        if (!arg_dry_run &&
                            unlinkat(dirfd(d), de->d_name, 0) < 0 &&
                            errno != ENOENT)
                                r = log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to remove \"%s\", ignoring: %m", sub_path);

                        deleted = true;
                }
        }

finish:
        if (deleted && (self_atime_nsec < NSEC_INFINITY || self_mtime_nsec < NSEC_INFINITY)) {
                struct timespec ts[2];

                log_action("Would restore", "Restoring",
                           "%s access and modification time on \"%s\": %s, %s",
                           p,
                           FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_STYLE(self_atime_nsec / NSEC_PER_USEC, TIMESTAMP_US),
                           FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_STYLE(self_mtime_nsec / NSEC_PER_USEC, TIMESTAMP_US));

                timespec_store_nsec(ts + 0, self_atime_nsec);
                timespec_store_nsec(ts + 1, self_mtime_nsec);

                /* Restore original directory timestamps */
                if (!arg_dry_run &&
                    futimens(dirfd(d), ts) < 0)
                        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to revert timestamps of '%s', ignoring: %m", p);
        }

        return r;
}

static bool hardlinks_protected(void) {
        static int cached = -1;
        int r;

        /* Check whether the fs.protected_hardlinks sysctl is on. If we can't determine it we assume its off,
         * as that's what the kernel default is.
         * Note that we ship 50-default.conf where it is enabled, but better be safe than sorry. */

        if (cached >= 0)
                return cached;

        _cleanup_free_ char *value = NULL;

        r = sysctl_read("fs/protected_hardlinks", &value);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to read fs.protected_hardlinks sysctl, assuming disabled: %m");
                return false;
        }

        cached = parse_boolean(value);
        if (cached < 0)
                log_debug_errno(cached, "Failed to parse fs.protected_hardlinks sysctl, assuming disabled: %m");
        return cached > 0;
}

static bool hardlink_vulnerable(const struct stat *st) {
        assert(st);

        return !S_ISDIR(st->st_mode) && st->st_nlink > 1 && !hardlinks_protected();
}

static mode_t process_mask_perms(mode_t mode, mode_t current) {

        if ((current & 0111) == 0)
                mode &= ~0111;
        if ((current & 0222) == 0)
                mode &= ~0222;
        if ((current & 0444) == 0)
                mode &= ~0444;
        if (!S_ISDIR(current))
                mode &= ~07000; /* remove sticky/sgid/suid bit, unless directory */

        return mode;
}

static int fd_set_perms(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                int fd,
                const char *path,
                const struct stat *st,
                CreationMode creation) {

        bool do_chown, do_chmod;
        struct stat stbuf;
        mode_t new_mode;
        uid_t new_uid;
        gid_t new_gid;
        int r;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(fd >= 0);
        assert(path);

        if (!i->mode_set && !i->uid_set && !i->gid_set)
                goto shortcut;

        if (!st) {
                if (fstat(fd, &stbuf) < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "fstat(%s) failed: %m", path);
                st = &stbuf;
        }

        if (hardlink_vulnerable(st))
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EPERM),
                                       "Refusing to set permissions on hardlinked file %s while the fs.protected_hardlinks sysctl is turned off.",
                                       path);
        new_uid = i->uid_set && (creation != CREATION_EXISTING || !i->uid_only_create) ? i->uid : st->st_uid;
        new_gid = i->gid_set && (creation != CREATION_EXISTING || !i->gid_only_create) ? i->gid : st->st_gid;

        /* Do we need a chown()? */
        do_chown = (new_uid != st->st_uid) || (new_gid != st->st_gid);

        /* Calculate the mode to apply */
        new_mode = i->mode_set && (creation != CREATION_EXISTING || !i->mode_only_create) ?
                (i->mask_perms ? process_mask_perms(i->mode, st->st_mode) : i->mode) :
                (st->st_mode & 07777);

        do_chmod = ((new_mode ^ st->st_mode) & 07777) != 0;

        if (do_chmod && do_chown) {
                /* Before we issue the chmod() let's reduce the access mode to the common bits of the old and
                 * the new mode. That way there's no time window where the file exists under the old owner
                 * with more than the old access modes — and not under the new owner with more than the new
                 * access modes either. */

                if (S_ISLNK(st->st_mode))
                        log_debug("Skipping temporary mode fix for symlink %s.", path);
                else {
                        mode_t m = new_mode & st->st_mode; /* Mask new mode by old mode */

                        if (((m ^ st->st_mode) & 07777) == 0)
                                log_debug("\"%s\" matches temporary mode %o already.", path, m);
                        else {
                                log_action("Would temporarily change", "Temporarily changing",
                                           "%s \"%s\" to mode %o", path, m);
                                if (!arg_dry_run) {
                                        r = fchmod_opath(fd, m);
                                        if (r < 0)
                                                return log_error_errno(r, "fchmod() of %s failed: %m", path);
                                }
                        }
                }
        }

        if (do_chown) {
                log_action("Would change", "Changing",
                           "%s \"%s\" to owner "UID_FMT":"GID_FMT, path, new_uid, new_gid);

                if (!arg_dry_run &&
                    fchownat(fd, "",
                             new_uid != st->st_uid ? new_uid : UID_INVALID,
                             new_gid != st->st_gid ? new_gid : GID_INVALID,
                             AT_EMPTY_PATH) < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "fchownat() of %s failed: %m", path);
        }

        /* Now, apply the final mode. We do this in two cases: when the user set a mode explicitly, or after a
         * chown(), since chown()'s mangle the access mode in regards to sgid/suid in some conditions. */
        if (do_chmod || do_chown) {
                if (S_ISLNK(st->st_mode))
                        log_debug("Skipping mode fix for symlink %s.", path);
                else {
                        log_action("Would change", "Changing", "%s \"%s\" to mode %o", path, new_mode);
                        if (!arg_dry_run) {
                                r = fchmod_opath(fd, new_mode);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return log_error_errno(r, "fchmod() of %s failed: %m", path);
                        }
                }
        }

shortcut:
        if (arg_dry_run) {
                log_debug("Would relabel \"%s\"", path);
                return 0;
        }

        log_debug("Relabelling \"%s\"", path);
        return label_fix_full(fd, /* inode_path= */ NULL, /* label_path= */ path, 0);
}

static int path_open_parent_safe(const char *path, bool allow_failure) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *dn = NULL;
        int r, fd;

        if (!path_is_normalized(path))
                return log_full_errno(allow_failure ? LOG_INFO : LOG_ERR,
                                      SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                      "Failed to open parent of '%s': path not normalized%s.",
                                      path,
                                      allow_failure ? ", ignoring" : "");

        r = path_extract_directory(path, &dn);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_full_errno(allow_failure ? LOG_INFO : LOG_ERR,
                                      r,
                                      "Unable to determine parent directory of '%s'%s: %m",
                                      path,
                                      allow_failure ? ", ignoring" : "");

        r = chase(dn, arg_root, allow_failure ? CHASE_SAFE : CHASE_SAFE|CHASE_WARN, NULL, &fd);
        if (r == -ENOLINK) /* Unsafe symlink: already covered by CHASE_WARN */
                return r;
        if (r < 0)
                return log_full_errno(allow_failure ? LOG_INFO : LOG_ERR,
                                      r,
                                      "Failed to open path '%s'%s: %m",
                                      dn,
                                      allow_failure ? ", ignoring" : "");

        return fd;
}

static int path_open_safe(const char *path) {
        int r, fd;

        /* path_open_safe() returns a file descriptor opened with O_PATH after
         * verifying that the path doesn't contain unsafe transitions, except
         * for its final component as the function does not follow symlink. */

        assert(path);

        if (!path_is_normalized(path))
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Failed to open invalid path '%s'.", path);

        r = chase(path, arg_root, CHASE_SAFE|CHASE_WARN|CHASE_NOFOLLOW, NULL, &fd);
        if (r == -ENOLINK)
                return r; /* Unsafe symlink: already covered by CHASE_WARN */
        if (r < 0)
                return log_full_errno(r == -ENOENT ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR, r,
                                      "Failed to open path %s%s: %m", path,
                                      r == -ENOENT ? ", ignoring" : "");

        return fd;
}

static int path_set_perms(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                const char *path,
                CreationMode creation) {

        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(path);

        fd = path_open_safe(path);
        if (fd == -ENOENT)
                return 0;
        if (fd < 0)
                return fd;

        return fd_set_perms(c, i, fd, path, /* st= */ NULL, creation);
}

static int parse_xattrs_from_arg(Item *i) {
        const char *p;
        int r;

        assert(i);

        assert_se(p = i->argument);
        for (;;) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL, *value = NULL, *xattr = NULL;

                r = extract_first_word(&p, &xattr, NULL, EXTRACT_UNQUOTE|EXTRACT_CUNESCAPE);
                if (r < 0)
                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse extended attribute '%s', ignoring: %m", p);
                if (r <= 0)
                        break;

                r = split_pair(xattr, "=", &name, &value);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse extended attribute, ignoring: %s", xattr);
                        continue;
                }

                if (isempty(name) || isempty(value)) {
                        log_warning("Malformed extended attribute found, ignoring: %s", xattr);
                        continue;
                }

                if (strv_push_pair(&i->xattrs, name, value) < 0)
                        return log_oom();

                name = value = NULL;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int fd_set_xattrs(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                int fd,
                const char *path,
                const struct stat *st,
                CreationMode creation) {

        int r;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(fd >= 0);
        assert(path);

        STRV_FOREACH_PAIR(name, value, i->xattrs) {
                log_action("Would set", "Setting",
                           "%s extended attribute '%s=%s' on %s", *name, *value, path);

                if (!arg_dry_run) {
                        r = xsetxattr(fd, /* path= */ NULL, AT_EMPTY_PATH, *name, *value);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set extended attribute %s=%s on '%s': %m",
                                                       *name, *value, path);
                }
        }
        return 0;
}

static int path_set_xattrs(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                const char *path,
                CreationMode creation) {

        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(path);

        fd = path_open_safe(path);
        if (fd == -ENOENT)
                return 0;
        if (fd < 0)
                return fd;

        return fd_set_xattrs(c, i, fd, path, /* st= */ NULL, creation);
}

static int parse_acls_from_arg(Item *item) {
#if HAVE_ACL
        int r;

        assert(item);

        /* If append_or_force (= modify) is set, we will not modify the acl
         * afterwards, so the mask can be added now if necessary. */

        r = parse_acl(item->argument, &item->acl_access, &item->acl_access_exec,
                      &item->acl_default, !item->append_or_force);
        if (r < 0)
                log_full_errno(arg_graceful && IN_SET(r, -EINVAL, -ENOENT, -ESRCH) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING,
                               r, "Failed to parse ACL \"%s\", ignoring: %m", item->argument);
#else
        log_warning("ACLs are not supported, ignoring.");
#endif

        return 0;
}

#if HAVE_ACL
static int parse_acl_cond_exec(
                const char *path,
                const struct stat *st,
                acl_t cond_exec,
                acl_t access, /* could be empty (NULL) */
                bool append,
                acl_t *ret) {

        acl_entry_t entry;
        acl_permset_t permset;
        bool has_exec;
        int r;

        assert(path);
        assert(st);
        assert(cond_exec);
        assert(ret);

        r = dlopen_libacl();
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (!S_ISDIR(st->st_mode)) {
                _cleanup_(acl_freep) acl_t old = NULL;

                old = sym_acl_get_file(path, ACL_TYPE_ACCESS);
                if (!old)
                        return -errno;

                has_exec = false;

                for (r = sym_acl_get_entry(old, ACL_FIRST_ENTRY, &entry);
                     r > 0;
                     r = sym_acl_get_entry(old, ACL_NEXT_ENTRY, &entry)) {

                        acl_tag_t tag;

                        if (sym_acl_get_tag_type(entry, &tag) < 0)
                                return -errno;

                        if (tag == ACL_MASK)
                                continue;

                        /* If not appending, skip ACL definitions */
                        if (!append && IN_SET(tag, ACL_USER, ACL_GROUP))
                                continue;

                        if (sym_acl_get_permset(entry, &permset) < 0)
                                return -errno;

                        r = sym_acl_get_perm(permset, ACL_EXECUTE);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return -errno;
                        if (r > 0) {
                                has_exec = true;
                                break;
                        }
                }
                if (r < 0)
                        return -errno;

                /* Check if we're about to set the execute bit in acl_access */
                if (!has_exec && access) {
                        for (r = sym_acl_get_entry(access, ACL_FIRST_ENTRY, &entry);
                             r > 0;
                             r = sym_acl_get_entry(access, ACL_NEXT_ENTRY, &entry)) {

                                if (sym_acl_get_permset(entry, &permset) < 0)
                                        return -errno;

                                r = sym_acl_get_perm(permset, ACL_EXECUTE);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return -errno;
                                if (r > 0) {
                                        has_exec = true;
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
                        if (r < 0)
                                return -errno;
                }
        } else
                has_exec = true;

        _cleanup_(acl_freep) acl_t parsed = access ? sym_acl_dup(access) : sym_acl_init(0);
        if (!parsed)
                return -errno;

        for (r = sym_acl_get_entry(cond_exec, ACL_FIRST_ENTRY, &entry);
             r > 0;
             r = sym_acl_get_entry(cond_exec, ACL_NEXT_ENTRY, &entry)) {

                acl_entry_t parsed_entry;

                if (sym_acl_create_entry(&parsed, &parsed_entry) < 0)
                        return -errno;

                if (sym_acl_copy_entry(parsed_entry, entry) < 0)
                        return -errno;

                /* We substituted 'X' with 'x' in parse_acl(), so drop execute bit here if not applicable. */
                if (!has_exec) {
                        if (sym_acl_get_permset(parsed_entry, &permset) < 0)
                                return -errno;

                        if (sym_acl_delete_perm(permset, ACL_EXECUTE) < 0)
                                return -errno;
                }
        }
        if (r < 0)
                return -errno;

        if (!append) { /* want_mask = true */
                r = calc_acl_mask_if_needed(&parsed);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        *ret = TAKE_PTR(parsed);

        return 0;
}

static int path_set_acl(
                Context *c,
                const char *path,
                const char *pretty,
                acl_type_t type,
                acl_t acl,
                bool modify) {

        _cleanup_(acl_free_charpp) char *t = NULL;
        _cleanup_(acl_freep) acl_t dup = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(c);

        r = dlopen_libacl();
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        /* Returns 0 for success, positive error if already warned, negative error otherwise. */

        if (modify) {
                r = acls_for_file(path, type, acl, &dup);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = calc_acl_mask_if_needed(&dup);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        } else {
                dup = sym_acl_dup(acl);
                if (!dup)
                        return -errno;

                /* the mask was already added earlier if needed */
        }

        r = add_base_acls_if_needed(&dup, path);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        t = sym_acl_to_any_text(dup, NULL, ',', TEXT_ABBREVIATE);
        log_action("Would set", "Setting",
                   "%s %s ACL %s on %s",
                   type == ACL_TYPE_ACCESS ? "access" : "default",
                   strna(t), pretty);

        if (!arg_dry_run &&
            sym_acl_set_file(path, type, dup) < 0) {
                if (ERRNO_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED(errno))
                        /* No error if filesystem doesn't support ACLs. Return negative. */
                        return -errno;
                else
                        /* Return positive to indicate we already warned */
                        return -log_error_errno(errno,
                                                "Setting %s ACL \"%s\" on %s failed: %m",
                                                type == ACL_TYPE_ACCESS ? "access" : "default",
                                                strna(t), pretty);
        }
        return 0;
}
#endif

static int fd_set_acls(
                Context *c,
                Item *item,
                int fd,
                const char *path,
                const struct stat *st,
                CreationMode creation) {

        int r = 0;
#if HAVE_ACL
        _cleanup_(acl_freep) acl_t access_with_exec_parsed = NULL;
        struct stat stbuf;

        assert(c);
        assert(item);
        assert(fd >= 0);
        assert(path);

        if (!st) {
                if (fstat(fd, &stbuf) < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "fstat(%s) failed: %m", path);
                st = &stbuf;
        }

        if (hardlink_vulnerable(st))
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EPERM),
                                       "Refusing to set ACLs on hardlinked file %s while the fs.protected_hardlinks sysctl is turned off.",
                                       path);

        if (!inode_type_can_acl(st->st_mode)) {
                log_debug("Skipping ACL fix for '%s' (inode type does not support ACLs).", path);
                return 0;
        }

        if (item->acl_access_exec) {
                r = parse_acl_cond_exec(FORMAT_PROC_FD_PATH(fd), st,
                                        item->acl_access_exec,
                                        item->acl_access,
                                        item->append_or_force,
                                        &access_with_exec_parsed);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse conditionalized execute bit for \"%s\": %m", path);

                r = path_set_acl(c, FORMAT_PROC_FD_PATH(fd), path, ACL_TYPE_ACCESS, access_with_exec_parsed, item->append_or_force);
        } else if (item->acl_access)
                r = path_set_acl(c, FORMAT_PROC_FD_PATH(fd), path, ACL_TYPE_ACCESS, item->acl_access, item->append_or_force);

        /* set only default acls to folders */
        if (r == 0 && item->acl_default && S_ISDIR(st->st_mode))
                r = path_set_acl(c, FORMAT_PROC_FD_PATH(fd), path, ACL_TYPE_DEFAULT, item->acl_default, item->append_or_force);

        if (ERRNO_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED(r)) {
                log_debug_errno(r, "ACLs not supported by file system at %s", path);
                return 0;
        }
        if (r > 0)
                return -r; /* already warned in path_set_acl */
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "ACL operation on \"%s\" failed: %m", path);
#endif
        return r;
}

static int path_set_acls(
                Context *c,
                Item *item,
                const char *path,
                CreationMode creation) {

        int r = 0;
#if HAVE_ACL
        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;

        assert(c);
        assert(item);
        assert(path);

        fd = path_open_safe(path);
        if (fd == -ENOENT)
                return 0;
        if (fd < 0)
                return fd;

        r = fd_set_acls(c, item, fd, path, /* st= */ NULL, creation);
#endif
        return r;
}

static int parse_attribute_from_arg(Item *item) {
        static const struct {
                char character;
                unsigned value;
        } attributes[] = {
                { 'A', FS_NOATIME_FL },      /* do not update atime */
                { 'S', FS_SYNC_FL },         /* Synchronous updates */
                { 'D', FS_DIRSYNC_FL },      /* dirsync behaviour (directories only) */
                { 'a', FS_APPEND_FL },       /* writes to file may only append */
                { 'c', FS_COMPR_FL },        /* Compress file */
                { 'd', FS_NODUMP_FL },       /* do not dump file */
                { 'e', FS_EXTENT_FL },       /* Extents */
                { 'i', FS_IMMUTABLE_FL },    /* Immutable file */
                { 'j', FS_JOURNAL_DATA_FL }, /* Reserved for ext3 */
                { 's', FS_SECRM_FL },        /* Secure deletion */
                { 'u', FS_UNRM_FL },         /* Undelete */
                { 't', FS_NOTAIL_FL },       /* file tail should not be merged */
                { 'T', FS_TOPDIR_FL },       /* Top of directory hierarchies */
                { 'C', FS_NOCOW_FL },        /* Do not cow file */
                { 'P', FS_PROJINHERIT_FL },  /* Inherit the quota project ID */
        };

        enum {
                MODE_ADD,
                MODE_DEL,
                MODE_SET
        } mode = MODE_ADD;

        unsigned value = 0, mask = 0;
        const char *p;

        assert(item);

        p = item->argument;
        if (p) {
                if (*p == '+') {
                        mode = MODE_ADD;
                        p++;
                } else if (*p == '-') {
                        mode = MODE_DEL;
                        p++;
                } else  if (*p == '=') {
                        mode = MODE_SET;
                        p++;
                }
        }

        if (isempty(p) && mode != MODE_SET)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                       "Setting file attribute on '%s' needs an attribute specification.",
                                       item->path);

        for (; p && *p ; p++) {
                unsigned i, v;

                for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(attributes); i++)
                        if (*p == attributes[i].character)
                                break;

                if (i >= ELEMENTSOF(attributes))
                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                               "Unknown file attribute '%c' on '%s'.", *p, item->path);

                v = attributes[i].value;

                SET_FLAG(value, v, IN_SET(mode, MODE_ADD, MODE_SET));

                mask |= v;
        }

        if (mode == MODE_SET)
                mask |= CHATTR_ALL_FL;

        assert(mask != 0);

        item->attribute_mask = mask;
        item->attribute_value = value;
        item->attribute_set = true;

        return 0;
}

static int fd_set_attribute(
                Context *c,
                Item *item,
                int fd,
                const char *path,
                const struct stat *st,
                CreationMode creation) {

        struct stat stbuf;
        unsigned f;
        int r;

        assert(c);
        assert(item);
        assert(fd >= 0);
        assert(path);

        if (!item->attribute_set || item->attribute_mask == 0)
                return 0;

        if (!st) {
                if (fstat(fd, &stbuf) < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "fstat(%s) failed: %m", path);
                st = &stbuf;
        }

        /* Issuing the file attribute ioctls on device nodes is not safe, as that will be delivered to the
         * drivers, not the file system containing the device node. */
        if (!S_ISREG(st->st_mode) && !S_ISDIR(st->st_mode))
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                       "Setting file flags is only supported on regular files and directories, cannot set on '%s'.",
                                       path);

        f = item->attribute_value & item->attribute_mask;

        /* Mask away directory-specific flags */
        if (!S_ISDIR(st->st_mode))
                f &= ~FS_DIRSYNC_FL;

        log_action("Would try to set", "Trying to set",
                   "%s file attributes 0x%08x on %s",
                   f & item->attribute_mask,
                   path);

        if (!arg_dry_run) {
                _cleanup_close_ int procfs_fd = -EBADF;

                procfs_fd = fd_reopen(fd, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOATIME);
                if (procfs_fd < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(procfs_fd, "Failed to reopen '%s': %m", path);

                unsigned previous, current;
                r = chattr_full(procfs_fd, NULL, f, item->attribute_mask, &previous, &current, CHATTR_FALLBACK_BITWISE);
                if (r == -ENOANO)
                        log_warning("Cannot set file attributes for '%s', maybe due to incompatibility in specified attributes, "
                                    "previous=0x%08x, current=0x%08x, expected=0x%08x, ignoring.",
                                    path, previous, current, (previous & ~item->attribute_mask) | (f & item->attribute_mask));
                else if (r < 0)
                        log_full_errno(ERRNO_IS_IOCTL_NOT_SUPPORTED(r) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
                                       "Cannot set file attributes for '%s', value=0x%08x, mask=0x%08x, ignoring: %m",
                                       path, item->attribute_value, item->attribute_mask);
        }

        return 0;
}

static int path_set_attribute(
                Context *c,
                Item *item,
                const char *path,
                CreationMode creation) {

        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;

        assert(c);
        assert(item);

        if (!item->attribute_set || item->attribute_mask == 0)
                return 0;

        fd = path_open_safe(path);
        if (fd == -ENOENT)
                return 0;
        if (fd < 0)
                return fd;

        return fd_set_attribute(c, item, fd, path, /* st= */ NULL, creation);
}

static int write_argument_data(Item *i, int fd, const char *path) {
        int r;

        assert(i);
        assert(fd >= 0);
        assert(path);

        if (item_binary_argument_size(i) == 0)
                return 0;

        assert(item_binary_argument(i));

        log_action("Would write", "Writing", "%s to \"%s\"", path);

        if (!arg_dry_run) {
                r = loop_write(fd, item_binary_argument(i), item_binary_argument_size(i));
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write file \"%s\": %m", path);
        }

        return 0;
}

static int write_one_file(Context *c, Item *i, const char *path, CreationMode creation) {
        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF, dir_fd = -EBADF;
        _cleanup_free_ char *bn = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(path);
        assert(i->type == WRITE_FILE);

        r = path_extract_filename(path, &bn);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to extract filename from path '%s': %m", path);
        if (r == O_DIRECTORY)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EISDIR), "Cannot open path '%s' for writing, is a directory.", path);

        /* Validate the path and keep the fd on the directory for opening the file so we're sure that it
         * can't be changed behind our back. */
        dir_fd = path_open_parent_safe(path, i->allow_failure);
        if (dir_fd < 0)
                return dir_fd;

        /* Follow symlinks. Open with O_PATH in dry-run mode to make sure we don't use the path inadvertently. */
        int flags = O_NONBLOCK | O_CLOEXEC | O_WRONLY | O_NOCTTY | i->append_or_force * O_APPEND | arg_dry_run * O_PATH;
        fd = openat(dir_fd, bn, flags, i->mode);
        if (fd < 0) {
                if (errno == ENOENT) {
                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Not writing missing file \"%s\": %m", path);
                        return 0;
                }

                if (i->allow_failure)
                        return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to open file \"%s\", ignoring: %m", path);

                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open file \"%s\": %m", path);
        }

        /* 'w' is allowed to write into any kind of files. */

        r = write_argument_data(i, fd, path);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return fd_set_perms(c, i, fd, path, NULL, creation);
}

static int create_file(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                const char *path) {

        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF, dir_fd = -EBADF;
        _cleanup_free_ char *bn = NULL;
        struct stat stbuf, *st = NULL;
        CreationMode creation;
        int r = 0;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(path);
        assert(i->type == CREATE_FILE);

        /* 'f' operates on regular files exclusively. */

        r = path_extract_filename(path, &bn);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to extract filename from path '%s': %m", path);
        if (r == O_DIRECTORY)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EISDIR), "Cannot open path '%s' for writing, is a directory.", path);

        if (arg_dry_run) {
                log_info("Would create file %s", path);
                return 0;

                /* The opening of the directory below would fail if it doesn't exist,
                 * so log and exit before even trying to do that. */
        }

        /* Validate the path and keep the fd on the directory for opening the file so we're sure that it
         * can't be changed behind our back. */
        dir_fd = path_open_parent_safe(path, i->allow_failure);
        if (dir_fd < 0)
                return dir_fd;

        WITH_UMASK(0000) {
                mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(path, S_IFREG);
                fd = RET_NERRNO(openat(dir_fd, bn, O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_NOFOLLOW|O_NONBLOCK|O_CLOEXEC|O_WRONLY|O_NOCTTY, i->mode));
                mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
        }

        if (fd < 0) {
                /* Even on a read-only filesystem, open(2) returns EEXIST if the file already exists. It
                 * returns EROFS only if it needs to create the file. */
                if (fd != -EEXIST)
                        return log_error_errno(fd, "Failed to create file %s: %m", path);

                /* Re-open the file. At that point it must exist since open(2) failed with EEXIST. We still
                 * need to check if the perms/mode need to be changed. For read-only filesystems, we let
                 * fd_set_perms() report the error if the perms need to be modified. */
                fd = openat(dir_fd, bn, O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC|O_PATH, i->mode);
                if (fd < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to reopen file %s: %m", path);

                if (fstat(fd, &stbuf) < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "stat(%s) failed: %m", path);

                if (!S_ISREG(stbuf.st_mode))
                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EEXIST),
                                               "%s exists and is not a regular file.",
                                               path);

                st = &stbuf;
                creation = CREATION_EXISTING;
        } else {
                r = write_argument_data(i, fd, path);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                creation = CREATION_NORMAL;
        }

        return fd_set_perms(c, i, fd, path, st, creation);
}

static int truncate_file(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                const char *path) {

        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF, dir_fd = -EBADF;
        _cleanup_free_ char *bn = NULL;
        struct stat stbuf, *st = NULL;
        CreationMode creation;
        bool erofs = false;
        int r = 0;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(path);
        assert(i->type == TRUNCATE_FILE || (i->type == CREATE_FILE && i->append_or_force));

        /* We want to operate on regular file exclusively especially since O_TRUNC is unspecified if the file
         * is neither a regular file nor a fifo nor a terminal device. Therefore we first open the file and
         * make sure it's a regular one before truncating it. */

        r = path_extract_filename(path, &bn);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to extract filename from path '%s': %m", path);
        if (r == O_DIRECTORY)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EISDIR), "Cannot open path '%s' for truncation, is a directory.", path);

        /* Validate the path and keep the fd on the directory for opening the file so we're sure that it
         * can't be changed behind our back. */
        dir_fd = path_open_parent_safe(path, i->allow_failure);
        if (dir_fd < 0)
                return dir_fd;

        if (arg_dry_run) {
                log_info("Would truncate %s", path);
                return 0;
        }

        creation = CREATION_EXISTING;
        fd = RET_NERRNO(openat(dir_fd, bn, O_NOFOLLOW|O_NONBLOCK|O_CLOEXEC|O_WRONLY|O_NOCTTY, i->mode));
        if (fd == -ENOENT) {
                creation = CREATION_NORMAL; /* Didn't work without O_CREATE, try again with */

                WITH_UMASK(0000) {
                        mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(path, S_IFREG);
                        fd = RET_NERRNO(openat(dir_fd, bn, O_CREAT|O_NOFOLLOW|O_NONBLOCK|O_CLOEXEC|O_WRONLY|O_NOCTTY, i->mode));
                        mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
                }
        }

        if (fd < 0) {
                if (fd != -EROFS)
                        return log_error_errno(fd, "Failed to open/create file %s: %m", path);

                /* On a read-only filesystem, we don't want to fail if the target is already empty and the
                 * perms are set. So we still proceed with the sanity checks and let the remaining operations
                 * fail with EROFS if they try to modify the target file. */

                fd = openat(dir_fd, bn, O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC|O_PATH, i->mode);
                if (fd < 0) {
                        if (errno == ENOENT)
                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EROFS),
                                                       "Cannot create file %s on a read-only file system.",
                                                       path);

                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to reopen file %s: %m", path);
                }

                erofs = true;
                creation = CREATION_EXISTING;
        }

        if (fstat(fd, &stbuf) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "stat(%s) failed: %m", path);

        if (!S_ISREG(stbuf.st_mode))
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EEXIST),
                                       "%s exists and is not a regular file.",
                                       path);

        if (stbuf.st_size > 0) {
                if (ftruncate(fd, 0) < 0) {
                        r = erofs ? -EROFS : -errno;
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to truncate file %s: %m", path);
                }
        } else
                st = &stbuf;

        log_debug("\"%s\" has been created.", path);

        if (item_binary_argument(i)) {
                r = write_argument_data(i, fd, path);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return fd_set_perms(c, i, fd, path, st, creation);
}

static int copy_files(Context *c, Item *i) {
        _cleanup_close_ int dfd = -EBADF, fd = -EBADF;
        _cleanup_free_ char *bn = NULL;
        struct stat st, a;
        int r;

        log_action("Would copy", "Copying", "%s tree \"%s\" to \"%s\"", i->argument, i->path);
        if (arg_dry_run)
                return 0;

        r = path_extract_filename(i->path, &bn);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to extract filename from path '%s': %m", i->path);

        /* Validate the path and use the returned directory fd for copying the target so we're sure that the
         * path can't be changed behind our back. */
        dfd = path_open_parent_safe(i->path, i->allow_failure);
        if (dfd < 0)
                return dfd;

        r = copy_tree_at(AT_FDCWD, i->argument,
                         dfd, bn,
                         i->uid_set ? i->uid : UID_INVALID,
                         i->gid_set ? i->gid : GID_INVALID,
                         COPY_REFLINK | ((i->append_or_force) ? COPY_MERGE : COPY_MERGE_EMPTY) | COPY_MAC_CREATE | COPY_HARDLINKS,
                         NULL, NULL);

        fd = openat(dfd, bn, O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC|O_PATH);
        if (fd < 0) {
                if (r < 0) /* Look at original error first */
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to copy files to %s: %m", i->path);

                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to openat(%s): %m", i->path);
        }

        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fstat(%s): %m", i->path);

        if (stat(i->argument, &a) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to stat(%s): %m", i->argument);

        if (((st.st_mode ^ a.st_mode) & S_IFMT) != 0) {
                log_debug("Can't copy to %s, file exists already and is of different type", i->path);
                return 0;
        }

        return fd_set_perms(c, i, fd, i->path, &st, _CREATION_MODE_INVALID);
}

static int create_directory_or_subvolume(
                const char *path,
                mode_t mode,
                bool subvol,
                bool allow_failure,
                struct stat *ret_st,
                CreationMode *ret_creation) {

        _cleanup_free_ char *bn = NULL;
        _cleanup_close_ int pfd = -EBADF;
        CreationMode creation;
        struct stat st;
        int r, fd;

        assert(path);

        r = path_extract_filename(path, &bn);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to extract filename from path '%s': %m", path);

        pfd = path_open_parent_safe(path, allow_failure);
        if (pfd < 0)
                return pfd;

        if (subvol) {
                r = getenv_bool("SYSTEMD_TMPFILES_FORCE_SUBVOL");
                if (r < 0) {
                        if (r != -ENXIO) /* env var is unset */
                                log_warning_errno(r, "Cannot parse value of $SYSTEMD_TMPFILES_FORCE_SUBVOL, ignoring.");
                        r = btrfs_is_subvol(empty_to_root(arg_root)) > 0;
                }
                if (r == 0)
                        /* Don't create a subvolume unless the root directory is one, too. We do this under
                         * the assumption that if the root directory is just a plain directory (i.e. very
                         * lightweight), we shouldn't try to split it up into subvolumes (i.e. more
                         * heavy-weight). Thus, chroot() environments and suchlike will get a full brtfs
                         * subvolume set up below their tree only if they specifically set up a btrfs
                         * subvolume for the root dir too. */
                        subvol = false;
                else {
                        log_action("Would create", "Creating", "%s btrfs subvolume %s", path);
                        if (!arg_dry_run)
                                WITH_UMASK((~mode) & 0777)
                                        r = btrfs_subvol_make(pfd, bn);
                        else
                                r = 0;
                }
        } else
                r = 0;

        if (!subvol || ERRNO_IS_NEG_NOT_SUPPORTED(r)) {
                log_action("Would create", "Creating", "%s directory \"%s\"", path);
                if (!arg_dry_run)
                        WITH_UMASK(0000)
                                r = mkdirat_label(pfd, bn, mode);
        }

        if (arg_dry_run)
                return 0;

        creation = r >= 0 ? CREATION_NORMAL : CREATION_EXISTING;

        fd = openat(pfd, bn, O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY|O_PATH);
        if (fd < 0) {
                /* We couldn't open it because it is not actually a directory? */
                if (errno == ENOTDIR)
                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EEXIST), "\"%s\" already exists and is not a directory.", path);

                /* Then look at the original error */
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_full_errno(allow_failure ? LOG_INFO : LOG_ERR,
                                              r,
                                              "Failed to create directory or subvolume \"%s\"%s: %m",
                                              path,
                                              allow_failure ? ", ignoring" : "");

                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open directory/subvolume we just created '%s': %m", path);
        }

        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fstat(%s): %m", path);

        assert(S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)); /* we used O_DIRECTORY above */

        log_debug("%s directory \"%s\".", creation_mode_verb_to_string(creation), path);

        if (ret_st)
                *ret_st = st;
        if (ret_creation)
                *ret_creation = creation;

        return fd;
}

static int create_directory(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                const char *path) {

        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
        CreationMode creation;
        struct stat st;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(IN_SET(i->type, CREATE_DIRECTORY, TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY));

        if (arg_dry_run) {
                log_info("Would create directory %s", path);
                return 0;
        }

        fd = create_directory_or_subvolume(path, i->mode, /* subvol= */ false, i->allow_failure, &st, &creation);
        if (fd == -EEXIST)
                return 0;
        if (fd < 0)
                return fd;

        return fd_set_perms(c, i, fd, path, &st, creation);
}

static int create_subvolume(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                const char *path) {

        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
        CreationMode creation;
        struct stat st;
        int r, q = 0;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(IN_SET(i->type, CREATE_SUBVOLUME, CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA, CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA));

        if (arg_dry_run) {
                log_info("Would create subvolume %s", path);
                return 0;
        }

        fd = create_directory_or_subvolume(path, i->mode, /* subvol= */ true, i->allow_failure, &st, &creation);
        if (fd == -EEXIST)
                return 0;
        if (fd < 0)
                return fd;

        if (creation == CREATION_NORMAL &&
            IN_SET(i->type, CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA, CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA)) {
                r = btrfs_subvol_auto_qgroup_fd(fd, 0, i->type == CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA);
                if (r == -ENOTTY)
                        log_debug_errno(r, "Couldn't adjust quota for subvolume \"%s\" (unsupported fs or dir not a subvolume): %m", i->path);
                else if (r == -EROFS)
                        log_debug_errno(r, "Couldn't adjust quota for subvolume \"%s\" (fs is read-only).", i->path);
                else if (r == -ENOTCONN)
                        log_debug_errno(r, "Couldn't adjust quota for subvolume \"%s\" (quota support is disabled).", i->path);
                else if (r < 0)
                        q = log_error_errno(r, "Failed to adjust quota for subvolume \"%s\": %m", i->path);
                else if (r > 0)
                        log_debug("Adjusted quota for subvolume \"%s\".", i->path);
                else if (r == 0)
                        log_debug("Quota for subvolume \"%s\" already in place, no change made.", i->path);
        }

        r = fd_set_perms(c, i, fd, path, &st, creation);
        if (q < 0) /* prefer the quota change error from above */
                return q;

        return r;
}

static int empty_directory(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                const char *path,
                CreationMode creation) {

        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
        struct stat st;
        int r;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(i->type == EMPTY_DIRECTORY);

        r = chase(path, arg_root, CHASE_SAFE|CHASE_WARN, NULL, &fd);
        if (r == -ENOLINK) /* Unsafe symlink: already covered by CHASE_WARN */
                return r;
        if (r == -ENOENT) {
                /* Option "e" operates only on existing objects. Do not print errors about non-existent files
                 * or directories */
                log_debug_errno(r, "Skipping missing directory: %s", path);
                return 0;
        }
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open directory '%s': %m", path);

        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fstat(%s): %m", path);
        if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
                log_warning("'%s' already exists and is not a directory.", path);
                return 0;
        }

        return fd_set_perms(c, i, fd, path, &st, creation);
}

static int create_device(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                mode_t file_type) {

        _cleanup_close_ int dfd = -EBADF, fd = -EBADF;
        _cleanup_free_ char *bn = NULL;
        CreationMode creation;
        struct stat st;
        int r;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(IN_SET(i->type, CREATE_BLOCK_DEVICE, CREATE_CHAR_DEVICE));
        assert(IN_SET(file_type, S_IFBLK, S_IFCHR));

        r = path_extract_filename(i->path, &bn);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to extract filename from path '%s': %m", i->path);
        if (r == O_DIRECTORY)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EISDIR),
                                       "Cannot open path '%s' for creating device node, is a directory.", i->path);

        if (arg_dry_run) {
                log_info("Would create device node %s", i->path);
                return 0;
        }

        /* Validate the path and use the returned directory fd for copying the target so we're sure that the
         * path can't be changed behind our back. */
        dfd = path_open_parent_safe(i->path, i->allow_failure);
        if (dfd < 0)
                return dfd;

        WITH_UMASK(0000) {
                mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(i->path, file_type);
                r = RET_NERRNO(mknodat(dfd, bn, i->mode | file_type, i->major_minor));
                mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
        }
        creation = r >= 0 ? CREATION_NORMAL : CREATION_EXISTING;

        /* Try to open the inode via O_PATH, regardless if we could create it or not. Maybe everything is in
         * order anyway and we hence can ignore the error to create the device node */
        fd = openat(dfd, bn, O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC|O_PATH);
        if (fd < 0) {
                /* OK, so opening the inode failed, let's look at the original error then. */

                if (r < 0) {
                        if (ERRNO_IS_PRIVILEGE(r))
                                goto handle_privilege;

                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create device node '%s': %m", i->path);
                }

                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open device node '%s' we just created: %m", i->path);
        }

        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fstat(%s): %m", i->path);

        if (((st.st_mode ^ file_type) & S_IFMT) != 0) {

                if (i->append_or_force) {
                        fd = safe_close(fd);

                        WITH_UMASK(0000) {
                                mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(i->path, file_type);
                                r = mknodat_atomic(dfd, bn, i->mode | file_type, i->major_minor);
                                mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
                        }
                        if (ERRNO_IS_PRIVILEGE(r))
                                goto handle_privilege;
                        if (IN_SET(r, -EISDIR, -EEXIST, -ENOTEMPTY)) {
                                r = rm_rf_child(dfd, bn, REMOVE_PHYSICAL);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return log_error_errno(r, "rm -rf %s failed: %m", i->path);

                                mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(i->path, file_type);
                                r = RET_NERRNO(mknodat(dfd, bn, i->mode | file_type, i->major_minor));
                                mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
                        }
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create device node '%s': %m", i->path);

                        fd = openat(dfd, bn, O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC|O_PATH);
                        if (fd < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open device node we just created '%s': %m", i->path);

                        /* Validate type before change ownership below */
                        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fstat(%s): %m", i->path);

                        if (((st.st_mode ^ file_type) & S_IFMT) != 0)
                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADF),
                                                       "Device node we just created is not a device node, refusing.");

                        creation = CREATION_FORCE;
                } else {
                        log_warning("\"%s\" already exists and is not a device node.", i->path);
                        return 0;
                }
        }

        log_debug("%s %s device node \"%s\" %u:%u.",
                  creation_mode_verb_to_string(creation),
                  i->type == CREATE_BLOCK_DEVICE ? "block" : "char",
                  i->path, major(i->mode), minor(i->mode));

        return fd_set_perms(c, i, fd, i->path, &st, creation);

handle_privilege:
        log_debug_errno(r,
                        "We lack permissions, possibly because of cgroup configuration; "
                        "skipping creation of device node '%s'.", i->path);
        return 0;
}

static int create_fifo(Context *c, Item *i) {
        _cleanup_close_ int pfd = -EBADF, fd = -EBADF;
        _cleanup_free_ char *bn = NULL;
        CreationMode creation;
        struct stat st;
        int r;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(i->type == CREATE_FIFO);

        r = path_extract_filename(i->path, &bn);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to extract filename from path '%s': %m", i->path);
        if (r == O_DIRECTORY)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EISDIR),
                                       "Cannot open path '%s' for creating FIFO, is a directory.", i->path);

        if (arg_dry_run) {
                log_info("Would create fifo %s", i->path);
                return 0;
        }

        pfd = path_open_parent_safe(i->path, i->allow_failure);
        if (pfd < 0)
                return pfd;

        WITH_UMASK(0000) {
                mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(i->path, S_IFIFO);
                r = RET_NERRNO(mkfifoat(pfd, bn, i->mode));
                mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
        }

        creation = r >= 0 ? CREATION_NORMAL : CREATION_EXISTING;

        /* Open the inode via O_PATH, regardless if we managed to create it or not. Maybe it is already the FIFO we want */
        fd = openat(pfd, bn, O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC|O_PATH);
        if (fd < 0) {
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create FIFO %s: %m", i->path); /* original error! */

                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open FIFO we just created %s: %m", i->path);
        }

        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fstat(%s): %m", i->path);

        if (!S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode)) {

                if (i->append_or_force) {
                        fd = safe_close(fd);

                        WITH_UMASK(0000) {
                                mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(i->path, S_IFIFO);
                                r = mkfifoat_atomic(pfd, bn, i->mode);
                                mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
                        }
                        if (IN_SET(r, -EISDIR, -EEXIST, -ENOTEMPTY)) {
                                r = rm_rf_child(pfd, bn, REMOVE_PHYSICAL);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return log_error_errno(r, "rm -rf %s failed: %m", i->path);

                                mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(i->path, S_IFIFO);
                                r = RET_NERRNO(mkfifoat(pfd, bn, i->mode));
                                mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
                        }
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create FIFO %s: %m", i->path);

                        fd = openat(pfd, bn, O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC|O_PATH);
                        if (fd < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open FIFO we just created '%s': %m", i->path);

                        /* Validate type before change ownership below */
                        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fstat(%s): %m", i->path);

                        if (!S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode))
                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADF),
                                                       "FIFO inode we just created is not a FIFO, refusing.");

                        creation = CREATION_FORCE;
                } else {
                        log_warning("\"%s\" already exists and is not a FIFO.", i->path);
                        return 0;
                }
        }

        log_debug("%s fifo \"%s\".", creation_mode_verb_to_string(creation), i->path);

        return fd_set_perms(c, i, fd, i->path, &st, creation);
}

static int create_symlink(Context *c, Item *i) {
        _cleanup_close_ int pfd = -EBADF, fd = -EBADF;
        _cleanup_free_ char *bn = NULL;
        CreationMode creation;
        struct stat st;
        bool good = false;
        int r;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);

        if (i->ignore_if_target_missing) {
                r = chase(i->argument, arg_root, CHASE_SAFE|CHASE_PREFIX_ROOT|CHASE_NOFOLLOW, /* ret_path= */ NULL, /* ret_fd= */ NULL);
                if (r == -ENOENT) {
                        /* Silently skip over lines where the source file is missing. */
                        log_info("Symlink source path '%s/%s' does not exist, skipping line.",
                                 empty_to_root(arg_root), skip_leading_slash(i->argument));
                        return 0;
                }
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to check if symlink source path '%s/%s' exists: %m",
                                               empty_to_root(arg_root), skip_leading_slash(i->argument));
        }

        r = path_extract_filename(i->path, &bn);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to extract filename from path '%s': %m", i->path);
        if (r == O_DIRECTORY)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EISDIR),
                                       "Cannot open path '%s' for creating symlink, is a directory.", i->path);

        if (arg_dry_run) {
                log_info("Would create symlink %s -> %s", i->path, i->argument);
                return 0;
        }

        pfd = path_open_parent_safe(i->path, i->allow_failure);
        if (pfd < 0)
                return pfd;

        mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(i->path, S_IFLNK);
        r = RET_NERRNO(symlinkat(i->argument, pfd, bn));
        mac_selinux_create_file_clear();

        creation = r >= 0 ? CREATION_NORMAL : CREATION_EXISTING;

        fd = openat(pfd, bn, O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC|O_PATH);
        if (fd < 0) {
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create symlink '%s': %m", i->path); /* original error! */

                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open symlink we just created '%s': %m", i->path);
        }

        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fstat(%s): %m", i->path);

        if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *x = NULL;

                r = readlinkat_malloc(fd, "", &x);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "readlinkat(%s) failed: %m", i->path);

                good = streq(x, i->argument);
        } else
                good = false;

        if (!good) {
                if (!i->append_or_force) {
                        log_debug("\"%s\" is not a symlink or does not point to the correct path.", i->path);
                        return 0;
                }

                fd = safe_close(fd);

                r = symlinkat_atomic_full(i->argument, pfd, bn, SYMLINK_LABEL);
                if (IN_SET(r, -EISDIR, -EEXIST, -ENOTEMPTY)) {
                        r = rm_rf_child(pfd, bn, REMOVE_PHYSICAL);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(r, "rm -rf %s failed: %m", i->path);

                        r = symlinkat_atomic_full(i->argument, pfd, bn, SYMLINK_LABEL);
                }
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "symlink(%s, %s) failed: %m", i->argument, i->path);

                fd = openat(pfd, bn, O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC|O_PATH);
                if (fd < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open symlink we just created '%s': %m", i->path);

                /* Validate type before change ownership below */
                if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to fstat(%s): %m", i->path);

                if (!S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADF), "Symlink we just created is not a symlink, refusing.");

                creation = CREATION_FORCE;
        }

        log_debug("%s symlink \"%s\".", creation_mode_verb_to_string(creation), i->path);
        return fd_set_perms(c, i, fd, i->path, &st, creation);
}

typedef int (*action_t)(Context *c, Item *i, const char *path, CreationMode creation);
typedef int (*fdaction_t)(Context *c, Item *i, int fd, const char *path, const struct stat *st, CreationMode creation);

static int item_do(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                int fd,
                const char *path,
                CreationMode creation,
                fdaction_t action) {

        struct stat st;
        int r;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(fd >= 0);
        assert(path);
        assert(action);

        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
                r = log_error_errno(errno, "fstat() on file failed: %m");
                goto finish;
        }

        /* This returns the first error we run into, but nevertheless tries to go on */
        r = action(c, i, fd, path, &st, creation);

        if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
                _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;

                /* The passed 'fd' was opened with O_PATH. We need to convert it into a 'regular' fd before
                 * reading the directory content. */
                d = opendir(FORMAT_PROC_FD_PATH(fd));
                if (!d) {
                        RET_GATHER(r, log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to opendir() '%s': %m", FORMAT_PROC_FD_PATH(fd)));
                        goto finish;
                }

                FOREACH_DIRENT_ALL(de, d, RET_GATHER(r, -errno); goto finish) {
                        _cleanup_close_ int de_fd = -EBADF;
                        _cleanup_free_ char *de_path = NULL;

                        if (dot_or_dot_dot(de->d_name))
                                continue;

                        de_fd = openat(fd, de->d_name, O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC|O_PATH);
                        if (de_fd < 0) {
                                if (errno != ENOENT)
                                        RET_GATHER(r, log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open file '%s': %m", de->d_name));
                                continue;
                        }

                        de_path = path_join(path, de->d_name);
                        if (!de_path) {
                                r = log_oom();
                                goto finish;
                        }

                        /* Pass ownership of dirent fd over */
                        RET_GATHER(r, item_do(c, i, TAKE_FD(de_fd), de_path, CREATION_EXISTING, action));
                }
        }

finish:
        safe_close(fd);
        return r;
}

static int glob_item(Context *c, Item *i, action_t action) {
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **paths = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(action);

        r = safe_glob_full(i->path, GLOB_NOSORT|GLOB_BRACE, opendir_nomod, &paths);
        if (r == -ENOENT)
                return 0;
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to glob '%s': %m", i->path);

        r = 0;
        STRV_FOREACH(fn, paths)
                /* We pass CREATION_EXISTING here, since if we are globbing for it, it always has to exist */
                RET_GATHER(r, action(c, i, *fn, CREATION_EXISTING));

        return r;
}

static int glob_item_recursively(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                fdaction_t action) {

        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **paths = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);
        assert(action);

        r = safe_glob_full(i->path, GLOB_NOSORT|GLOB_BRACE, opendir_nomod, &paths);
        if (r == -ENOENT)
                return 0;
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to glob '%s': %m", i->path);

        r = 0;
        STRV_FOREACH(fn, paths) {
                _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;

                /* Make sure we won't trigger/follow file object (such as device nodes, automounts, ...)
                 * pointed out by 'fn' with O_PATH. Note, when O_PATH is used, flags other than
                 * O_CLOEXEC, O_DIRECTORY, and O_NOFOLLOW are ignored. */

                fd = open(*fn, O_CLOEXEC|O_NOFOLLOW|O_PATH);
                if (fd < 0) {
                        RET_GATHER(r, log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open '%s': %m", *fn));
                        continue;
                }

                RET_GATHER(r, item_do(c, i, TAKE_FD(fd), *fn, CREATION_EXISTING, action));
        }

        return r;
}

static int rm_if_wrong_type_safe(
                mode_t mode,
                int parent_fd,
                const struct stat *parent_st, /* Only used if follow_links below is true. */
                const char *name,
                int flags) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *parent_name = NULL;
        bool follow_links = !FLAGS_SET(flags, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
        struct stat st;
        int r;

        assert(name);
        assert((mode & ~S_IFMT) == 0);
        assert(!follow_links || parent_st);
        assert((flags & ~AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) == 0);

        if (mode == 0)
                return 0;

        if (!filename_is_valid(name))
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "\"%s\" is not a valid filename.", name);

        r = fstatat_harder(parent_fd, name, &st, flags, REMOVE_CHMOD | REMOVE_CHMOD_RESTORE);
        if (r < 0) {
                (void) fd_get_path(parent_fd, &parent_name);
                return log_full_errno(r == -ENOENT ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR, r,
                                      "Failed to stat \"%s/%s\": %m", parent_name ?: "...", name);
        }

        /* Fail before removing anything if this is an unsafe transition. */
        if (follow_links && unsafe_transition(parent_st, &st)) {
                (void) fd_get_path(parent_fd, &parent_name);
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ENOLINK),
                                       "Unsafe transition from \"%s\" to \"%s\".", parent_name ?: "...", name);
        }

        if ((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) == mode)
                return 0;

        (void) fd_get_path(parent_fd, &parent_name);
        log_notice("Wrong file type 0o%o; rm -rf \"%s/%s\"", st.st_mode & S_IFMT, parent_name ?: "...", name);

        /* If the target of the symlink was the wrong type, the link needs to be removed instead of the
         * target, so make sure it is identified as a link and not a directory. */
        if (follow_links) {
                r = fstatat_harder(parent_fd, name, &st, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW, REMOVE_CHMOD | REMOVE_CHMOD_RESTORE);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to stat \"%s/%s\": %m", parent_name ?: "...", name);
        }

        /* Do not remove mount points. */
        r = is_mount_point_at(parent_fd, name, follow_links ? AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW : 0);
        if (r < 0)
                (void) log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to check if  \"%s/%s\" is a mount point: %m; continuing.",
                                         parent_name ?: "...", name);
        else if (r > 0)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBUSY),
                                "Not removing  \"%s/%s\" because it is a mount point.", parent_name ?: "...", name);

        log_action("Would remove", "Removing", "%s %s/%s", parent_name ?: "...", name);
        if (!arg_dry_run) {
                if ((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR) {
                        _cleanup_close_ int child_fd = -EBADF;

                        child_fd = openat(parent_fd, name, O_NOCTTY | O_CLOEXEC | O_DIRECTORY);
                        if (child_fd < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open \"%s/%s\": %m", parent_name ?: "...", name);

                        r = rm_rf_children(TAKE_FD(child_fd), REMOVE_ROOT|REMOVE_SUBVOLUME|REMOVE_PHYSICAL, &st);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to remove contents of \"%s/%s\": %m", parent_name ?: "...", name);

                        r = unlinkat_harder(parent_fd, name, AT_REMOVEDIR, REMOVE_CHMOD | REMOVE_CHMOD_RESTORE);
                } else
                        r = unlinkat_harder(parent_fd, name, 0, REMOVE_CHMOD | REMOVE_CHMOD_RESTORE);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to remove \"%s/%s\": %m", parent_name ?: "...", name);
        }

        /* This is covered by the log_notice "Wrong file type...".
         * It is logged earlier because it gives context to other error messages that might follow. */
        return -ENOENT;
}

/* If child_mode is non-zero, rm_if_wrong_type_safe will be executed for the last path component. */
static int mkdir_parents_rm_if_wrong_type(mode_t child_mode, const char *path) {
        _cleanup_close_ int parent_fd = -EBADF;
        struct stat parent_st;
        size_t path_len;
        int r;

        assert(path);
        assert((child_mode & ~S_IFMT) == 0);

        path_len = strlen(path);

        if (!is_path(path))
                /* rm_if_wrong_type_safe already logs errors. */
                return rm_if_wrong_type_safe(child_mode, AT_FDCWD, NULL, path, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);

        if (child_mode != 0 && endswith(path, "/"))
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                "Trailing path separators are only allowed if child_mode is not set; got \"%s\"", path);

        /* Get the parent_fd and stat. */
        parent_fd = openat(AT_FDCWD, path_is_absolute(path) ? "/" : ".", O_NOCTTY | O_CLOEXEC | O_DIRECTORY);
        if (parent_fd < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open root: %m");

        if (fstat(parent_fd, &parent_st) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to stat root: %m");

        /* Check every parent directory in the path, except the last component */
        for (const char *e = path;;) {
                _cleanup_close_ int next_fd = -EBADF;
                char t[path_len + 1];
                const char *s;

                /* Find the start of the next path component. */
                s = e + strspn(e, "/");
                /* Find the end of the next path component. */
                e = s + strcspn(s, "/");

                /* Copy the path component to t so it can be a null terminated string. */
                *mempcpy_typesafe(t, s, e - s) = 0;

                /* Is this the last component? If so, then check the type */
                if (*e == 0)
                        return rm_if_wrong_type_safe(child_mode, parent_fd, &parent_st, t, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);

                r = rm_if_wrong_type_safe(S_IFDIR, parent_fd, &parent_st, t, 0);
                /* Remove dangling symlinks. */
                if (r == -ENOENT)
                        r = rm_if_wrong_type_safe(S_IFDIR, parent_fd, &parent_st, t, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
                if (r == -ENOENT) {
                        if (!arg_dry_run) {
                                WITH_UMASK(0000)
                                        r = mkdirat_label(parent_fd, t, 0755);
                                if (r < 0) {
                                        _cleanup_free_ char *parent_name = NULL;

                                        (void) fd_get_path(parent_fd, &parent_name);
                                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to mkdir \"%s\" at \"%s\": %m", t, strnull(parent_name));
                                }
                        }
                } else if (r < 0)
                        /* rm_if_wrong_type_safe already logs errors. */
                        return r;

                next_fd = RET_NERRNO(openat(parent_fd, t, O_NOCTTY | O_CLOEXEC | O_DIRECTORY));
                if (next_fd < 0) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *parent_name = NULL;

                        (void) fd_get_path(parent_fd, &parent_name);
                        return log_error_errno(next_fd, "Failed to open \"%s\" at \"%s\": %m", t, strnull(parent_name));
                }
                r = RET_NERRNO(fstat(next_fd, &parent_st));
                if (r < 0) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *parent_name = NULL;

                        (void) fd_get_path(parent_fd, &parent_name);
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to stat \"%s\" at \"%s\": %m", t, strnull(parent_name));
                }

                close_and_replace(parent_fd, next_fd);
        }
}

static int mkdir_parents_item(Item *i, mode_t child_mode) {
        int r;

        if (i->try_replace) {
                r = mkdir_parents_rm_if_wrong_type(child_mode, i->path);
                if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
                        return r;
        } else
                WITH_UMASK(0000)
                        if (!arg_dry_run)
                                (void) mkdir_parents_label(i->path, 0755);

        return 0;
}

static int create_item(Context *c, Item *i) {
        int r;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);

        log_debug("Running create action for entry %c %s", (char) i->type, i->path);

        switch (i->type) {

        case IGNORE_PATH:
        case IGNORE_DIRECTORY_PATH:
        case REMOVE_PATH:
        case RECURSIVE_REMOVE_PATH:
                return 0;

        case TRUNCATE_FILE:
        case CREATE_FILE:
                r = mkdir_parents_item(i, S_IFREG);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if ((i->type == CREATE_FILE && i->append_or_force) || i->type == TRUNCATE_FILE)
                        r = truncate_file(c, i, i->path);
                else
                        r = create_file(c, i, i->path);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        case COPY_FILES:
                r = mkdir_parents_item(i, 0);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = copy_files(c, i);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        case WRITE_FILE:
                r = glob_item(c, i, write_one_file);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                break;

        case CREATE_DIRECTORY:
        case TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY:
                r = mkdir_parents_item(i, S_IFDIR);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = create_directory(c, i, i->path);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME:
        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA:
        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA:
                r = mkdir_parents_item(i, S_IFDIR);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = create_subvolume(c, i, i->path);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        case EMPTY_DIRECTORY:
                r = glob_item(c, i, empty_directory);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        case CREATE_FIFO:
                r = mkdir_parents_item(i, S_IFIFO);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = create_fifo(c, i);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        case CREATE_SYMLINK:
                r = mkdir_parents_item(i, S_IFLNK);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = create_symlink(c, i);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                break;

        case CREATE_BLOCK_DEVICE:
        case CREATE_CHAR_DEVICE:
                if (have_effective_cap(CAP_MKNOD) <= 0) {
                        /* In a container we lack CAP_MKNOD. We shouldn't attempt to create the device node in that
                         * case to avoid noise, and we don't support virtualized devices in containers anyway. */

                        log_debug("We lack CAP_MKNOD, skipping creation of device node %s.", i->path);
                        return 0;
                }

                r = mkdir_parents_item(i, i->type == CREATE_BLOCK_DEVICE ? S_IFBLK : S_IFCHR);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = create_device(c, i, i->type == CREATE_BLOCK_DEVICE ? S_IFBLK : S_IFCHR);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                break;

        case ADJUST_MODE:
        case RELABEL_PATH:
                r = glob_item(c, i, path_set_perms);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        case RECURSIVE_RELABEL_PATH:
                r = glob_item_recursively(c, i, fd_set_perms);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        case SET_XATTR:
                r = glob_item(c, i, path_set_xattrs);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        case RECURSIVE_SET_XATTR:
                r = glob_item_recursively(c, i, fd_set_xattrs);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        case SET_ACL:
                r = glob_item(c, i, path_set_acls);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        case RECURSIVE_SET_ACL:
                r = glob_item_recursively(c, i, fd_set_acls);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        case SET_ATTRIBUTE:
                r = glob_item(c, i, path_set_attribute);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        case RECURSIVE_SET_ATTRIBUTE:
                r = glob_item_recursively(c, i, fd_set_attribute);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int remove_recursive(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                const char *instance,
                bool remove_instance) {

        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
        struct statx sx;
        bool mountpoint;
        int r;

        r = opendir_and_stat(instance, &d, &sx, &mountpoint);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r == 0) {
                if (remove_instance) {
                        log_action("Would remove", "Removing", "%s file \"%s\".", instance);
                        if (!arg_dry_run &&
                            remove(instance) < 0 &&
                            errno != ENOENT)
                                return log_error_errno(errno, "rm %s: %m", instance);
                }
                return 0;
        }

        r = dir_cleanup(c, i, instance, d,
                        /* self_atime_nsec= */ NSEC_INFINITY,
                        /* self_mtime_nsec= */ NSEC_INFINITY,
                        /* cutoff_nsec= */ NSEC_INFINITY,
                        sx.stx_dev_major, sx.stx_dev_minor,
                        mountpoint,
                        MAX_DEPTH,
                        /* keep_this_level= */ false,
                        /* age_by_file= */ 0,
                        /* age_by_dir= */ 0);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (remove_instance) {
                log_action("Would remove", "Removing", "%s directory \"%s\".", instance);
                if (!arg_dry_run) {
                        r = RET_NERRNO(rmdir(instance));
                        if (r < 0) {
                                bool fatal = !IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -ENOTEMPTY);
                                log_full_errno(fatal ? LOG_ERR : LOG_DEBUG, r, "Failed to remove %s: %m", instance);
                                if (fatal)
                                        return r;
                        }
                }
        }
        return 0;
}

static int purge_item_instance(Context *c, Item *i, const char *instance, CreationMode creation) {
        return remove_recursive(c, i, instance, /* remove_instance= */ true);
}

static int purge_item(Context *c, Item *i) {
        assert(i);

        if (!needs_purge(i->type))
                return 0;

        if (!i->purge)
                return 0;

        log_debug("Running purge action for entry %c %s", (char) i->type, i->path);

        if (needs_glob(i->type))
                return glob_item(c, i, purge_item_instance);

        return purge_item_instance(c, i, i->path, CREATION_EXISTING);
}

static int remove_item_instance(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                const char *instance,
                CreationMode creation) {

        assert(c);
        assert(i);

        switch (i->type) {

        case REMOVE_PATH:
                log_action("Would remove", "Removing", "%s \"%s\".", instance);
                if (!arg_dry_run &&
                    remove(instance) < 0 &&
                    errno != ENOENT)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "rm %s: %m", instance);

                return 0;

        case RECURSIVE_REMOVE_PATH:
                return remove_recursive(c, i, instance, /* remove_instance= */ true);

        default:
                assert_not_reached();
        }
}

static int remove_item(Context *c, Item *i) {
        assert(c);
        assert(i);

        log_debug("Running remove action for entry %c %s", (char) i->type, i->path);

        switch (i->type) {

        case TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY:
                return remove_recursive(c, i, i->path, /* remove_instance= */ false);

        case REMOVE_PATH:
        case RECURSIVE_REMOVE_PATH:
                return glob_item(c, i, remove_item_instance);

        default:
                return 0;
        }
}

static char *age_by_to_string(AgeBy ab, bool is_dir) {
        static const char ab_map[] = { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'm' };
        size_t j = 0;
        char *ret;

        ret = new(char, ELEMENTSOF(ab_map) + 1);
        if (!ret)
                return NULL;

        for (size_t i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(ab_map); i++)
                if (BIT_SET(ab, i))
                        ret[j++] = is_dir ? ascii_toupper(ab_map[i]) : ab_map[i];

        ret[j] = 0;
        return ret;
}

static int clean_item_instance(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                const char* instance,
                CreationMode creation) {

        assert(i);

        if (!i->age_set)
                return 0;

        usec_t n = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
        if (n < i->age)
                return 0;

        usec_t cutoff = n - i->age;

        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
        struct statx sx;
        bool mountpoint;
        int r;

        r = opendir_and_stat(instance, &d, &sx, &mountpoint);
        if (r <= 0)
                return r;

        if (DEBUG_LOGGING) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *ab_f = NULL, *ab_d = NULL;

                ab_f = age_by_to_string(i->age_by_file, false);
                if (!ab_f)
                        return log_oom();

                ab_d = age_by_to_string(i->age_by_dir, true);
                if (!ab_d)
                        return log_oom();

                log_debug("Cleanup threshold for %s \"%s\" is %s; age-by: %s%s",
                          mountpoint ? "mount point" : "directory",
                          instance,
                          FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_STYLE(cutoff, TIMESTAMP_US),
                          ab_f, ab_d);
        }

        return dir_cleanup(c, i, instance, d,
                           statx_timestamp_load_nsec(&sx.stx_atime),
                           statx_timestamp_load_nsec(&sx.stx_mtime),
                           cutoff * NSEC_PER_USEC,
                           sx.stx_dev_major, sx.stx_dev_minor,
                           mountpoint,
                           MAX_DEPTH, i->keep_first_level,
                           i->age_by_file, i->age_by_dir);
}

static int clean_item(Context *c, Item *i) {
        assert(c);
        assert(i);

        log_debug("Running clean action for entry %c %s", (char) i->type, i->path);

        switch (i->type) {

        case CREATE_DIRECTORY:
        case TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY:
        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME:
        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA:
        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA:
        case COPY_FILES:
                clean_item_instance(c, i, i->path, CREATION_EXISTING);
                return 0;

        case EMPTY_DIRECTORY:
        case IGNORE_PATH:
        case IGNORE_DIRECTORY_PATH:
                return glob_item(c, i, clean_item_instance);

        default:
                return 0;
        }
}

static int process_item(
                Context *c,
                Item *i,
                OperationMask operation) {

        OperationMask todo;
        _cleanup_free_ char *_path = NULL;
        const char *path;
        int r;

        assert(c);
        assert(i);

        todo = operation & ~i->done;
        if (todo == 0) /* Everything already done? */
                return 0;

        i->done |= operation;

        path = i->path;
        if (string_is_glob(path)) {
                /* We can't easily check whether a glob matches any autofs path, so let's do the check only
                 * for the non-glob part. */

                r = glob_non_glob_prefix(path, &_path);
                if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
                        return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to deglob path: %m");
                if (r >= 0)
                        path = _path;
        }

        r = chase(path, arg_root, CHASE_NO_AUTOFS|CHASE_NONEXISTENT|CHASE_WARN, NULL, NULL);
        if (r == -EREMOTE) {
                log_notice_errno(r, "Skipping %s", i->path); /* We log the configured path, to not confuse the user. */
                return 0;
        }
        if (r < 0)
                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to determine whether '%s' is below autofs, ignoring: %m", i->path);

        r = FLAGS_SET(operation, OPERATION_CREATE) ? create_item(c, i) : 0;
        /* Failure can only be tolerated for create */
        if (i->allow_failure)
                r = 0;

        RET_GATHER(r, FLAGS_SET(operation, OPERATION_REMOVE) ? remove_item(c, i) : 0);
        RET_GATHER(r, FLAGS_SET(operation, OPERATION_CLEAN) ? clean_item(c, i) : 0);
        RET_GATHER(r, FLAGS_SET(operation, OPERATION_PURGE) ? purge_item(c, i) : 0);

        return r;
}

static int process_item_array(
                Context *c,
                ItemArray *array,
                OperationMask operation) {

        int r = 0;

        assert(c);
        assert(array);

        /* Create any parent first. */
        if (FLAGS_SET(operation, OPERATION_CREATE) && array->parent)
                r = process_item_array(c, array->parent, operation & OPERATION_CREATE);

        /* Clean up all children first */
        if ((operation & (OPERATION_REMOVE|OPERATION_CLEAN|OPERATION_PURGE)) && !set_isempty(array->children)) {
                ItemArray *cc;

                SET_FOREACH(cc, array->children)
                        RET_GATHER(r, process_item_array(c, cc, operation & (OPERATION_REMOVE|OPERATION_CLEAN|OPERATION_PURGE)));
        }

        FOREACH_ARRAY(item, array->items, array->n_items)
                RET_GATHER(r, process_item(c, item, operation));

        return r;
}

static void item_free_contents(Item *i) {
        assert(i);
        free(i->path);
        free(i->argument);
        free(i->binary_argument);
        strv_free(i->xattrs);

#if HAVE_ACL
        if (i->acl_access)
                sym_acl_free(i->acl_access);

        if (i->acl_access_exec)
                sym_acl_free(i->acl_access_exec);

        if (i->acl_default)
                sym_acl_free(i->acl_default);
#endif
}

static ItemArray* item_array_free(ItemArray *a) {
        if (!a)
                return NULL;

        FOREACH_ARRAY(item, a->items, a->n_items)
                item_free_contents(item);

        set_free(a->children);
        free(a->items);
        return mfree(a);
}

static int item_compare(const Item *a, const Item *b) {
        /* Make sure that the ownership taking item is put first, so
         * that we first create the node, and then can adjust it */

        if (takes_ownership(a->type) && !takes_ownership(b->type))
                return -1;
        if (!takes_ownership(a->type) && takes_ownership(b->type))
                return 1;

        return CMP(a->type, b->type);
}

static bool item_compatible(const Item *a, const Item *b) {
        assert(a);
        assert(b);
        assert(streq(a->path, b->path));

        if (takes_ownership(a->type) && takes_ownership(b->type))
                /* check if the items are the same */
                return memcmp_nn(item_binary_argument(a), item_binary_argument_size(a),
                                 item_binary_argument(b), item_binary_argument_size(b)) == 0 &&

                        a->uid_set == b->uid_set &&
                        a->uid == b->uid &&
                        a->uid_only_create == b->uid_only_create &&

                        a->gid_set == b->gid_set &&
                        a->gid == b->gid &&
                        a->gid_only_create == b->gid_only_create &&

                        a->mode_set == b->mode_set &&
                        a->mode == b->mode &&
                        a->mode_only_create == b->mode_only_create &&

                        a->age_set == b->age_set &&
                        a->age == b->age &&

                        a->age_by_file == b->age_by_file &&
                        a->age_by_dir == b->age_by_dir &&

                        a->mask_perms == b->mask_perms &&

                        a->keep_first_level == b->keep_first_level &&

                        a->major_minor == b->major_minor;

        return true;
}

static bool should_include_path(const char *path) {
        STRV_FOREACH(prefix, arg_exclude_prefixes)
                if (path_startswith(path, *prefix)) {
                        log_debug("Entry \"%s\" matches exclude prefix \"%s\", skipping.",
                                  path, *prefix);
                        return false;
                }

        STRV_FOREACH(prefix, arg_include_prefixes)
                if (path_startswith(path, *prefix)) {
                        log_debug("Entry \"%s\" matches include prefix \"%s\".", path, *prefix);
                        return true;
                }

        /* no matches, so we should include this path only if we have no allow list at all */
        if (strv_isempty(arg_include_prefixes))
                return true;

        log_debug("Entry \"%s\" does not match any include prefix, skipping.", path);
        return false;
}

static int specifier_expansion_from_arg(const Specifier *specifier_table, Item *i) {
        int r;

        assert(i);

        if (!i->argument)
                return 0;

        switch (i->type) {
        case COPY_FILES:
        case CREATE_SYMLINK:
        case CREATE_FILE:
        case TRUNCATE_FILE:
        case WRITE_FILE: {
                _cleanup_free_ char *unescaped = NULL, *resolved = NULL;
                ssize_t l;

                l = cunescape(i->argument, 0, &unescaped);
                if (l < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(l, "Failed to unescape parameter to write: %s", i->argument);

                r = specifier_printf(unescaped, PATH_MAX-1, specifier_table, arg_root, NULL, &resolved);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                return free_and_replace(i->argument, resolved);
        }
        case SET_XATTR:
        case RECURSIVE_SET_XATTR:
                STRV_FOREACH(xattr, i->xattrs) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *resolved = NULL;

                        r = specifier_printf(*xattr, SIZE_MAX, specifier_table, arg_root, NULL, &resolved);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        free_and_replace(*xattr, resolved);
                }
                return 0;

        default:
                return 0;
        }
}

static int patch_var_run(const char *fname, unsigned line, char **path) {
        const char *k;
        char *n;

        assert(path);
        assert(*path);

        /* Optionally rewrites lines referencing /var/run/, to use /run/ instead. Why bother? tmpfiles merges
         * lines in some cases and detects conflicts in others. If files/directories are specified through
         * two equivalent lines this is problematic as neither case will be detected. Ideally we'd detect
         * these cases by resolving symlinks early, but that's precisely not what we can do here as this code
         * very likely is running very early on, at a time where the paths in question are not available yet,
         * or even more importantly, our own tmpfiles rules might create the paths that are intermediary to
         * the listed paths. We can't really cover the generic case, but the least we can do is cover the
         * specific case of /var/run vs. /run, as /var/run is a legacy name for /run only, and we explicitly
         * document that and require that on systemd systems the former is a symlink to the latter. Moreover
         * files below this path are by far the primary use case for tmpfiles.d/. */

        k = path_startswith(*path, "/var/run/");
        if (isempty(k)) /* Don't complain about paths other than under /var/run,
                         * and not about /var/run itself either. */
                return 0;

        n = path_join("/run", k);
        if (!n)
                return log_oom();

        /* Also log about this briefly. We do so at LOG_NOTICE level, as we fixed up the situation
         * automatically, hence there's no immediate need for action by the user. However, in the interest of
         * making things less confusing to the user, let's still inform the user that these snippets should
         * really be updated. */
        log_syntax(NULL, LOG_NOTICE, fname, line, 0,
                   "Line references path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating %s → %s; please update the tmpfiles.d/ drop-in file accordingly.",
                   *path, n);

        free_and_replace(*path, n);

        return 0;
}

static int find_uid(const char *user, uid_t *ret_uid, Hashmap **cache) {
        int r;

        assert(user);
        assert(ret_uid);

        /* First: parse as numeric UID string */
        r = parse_uid(user, ret_uid);
        if (r >= 0)
                return r;

        /* Second: pass to NSS if we are running "online" */
        if (!arg_root)
                return get_user_creds(&user, ret_uid, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0);

        /* Third, synthesize "root" unconditionally */
        if (streq(user, "root")) {
                *ret_uid = 0;
                return 0;
        }

        /* Fourth: use fgetpwent() to read /etc/passwd directly, if we are "offline" */
        return name_to_uid_offline(arg_root, user, ret_uid, cache);
}

static int find_gid(const char *group, gid_t *ret_gid, Hashmap **cache) {
        int r;

        assert(group);
        assert(ret_gid);

        /* First: parse as numeric GID string */
        r = parse_gid(group, ret_gid);
        if (r >= 0)
                return r;

        /* Second: pass to NSS if we are running "online" */
        if (!arg_root)
                return get_group_creds(&group, ret_gid, 0);

        /* Third, synthesize "root" unconditionally */
        if (streq(group, "root")) {
                *ret_gid = 0;
                return 0;
        }

        /* Fourth: use fgetgrent() to read /etc/group directly, if we are "offline" */
        return name_to_gid_offline(arg_root, group, ret_gid, cache);
}

static int parse_age_by_from_arg(const char *age_by_str, Item *item) {
        AgeBy ab_f = 0, ab_d = 0;

        static const struct {
                char age_by_chr;
                AgeBy age_by_flag;
        } age_by_types[] = {
                { 'a', AGE_BY_ATIME },
                { 'b', AGE_BY_BTIME },
                { 'c', AGE_BY_CTIME },
                { 'm', AGE_BY_MTIME },
        };

        assert(age_by_str);
        assert(item);

        if (isempty(age_by_str))
                return -EINVAL;

        for (const char *s = age_by_str; *s != 0; s++) {
                size_t i;

                /* Ignore whitespace. */
                if (strchr(WHITESPACE, *s))
                        continue;

                for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(age_by_types); i++) {
                        /* Check lower-case for files, upper-case for directories. */
                        if (*s == age_by_types[i].age_by_chr) {
                                ab_f |= age_by_types[i].age_by_flag;
                                break;
                        } else if (*s == ascii_toupper(age_by_types[i].age_by_chr)) {
                                ab_d |= age_by_types[i].age_by_flag;
                                break;
                        }
                }

                /* Invalid character. */
                if (i >= ELEMENTSOF(age_by_types))
                        return -EINVAL;
        }

        /* No match. */
        if (ab_f == 0 && ab_d == 0)
                return -EINVAL;

        item->age_by_file = ab_f > 0 ? ab_f : AGE_BY_DEFAULT_FILE;
        item->age_by_dir = ab_d > 0 ? ab_d : AGE_BY_DEFAULT_DIR;

        return 0;
}

static bool is_duplicated_item(ItemArray *existing, const Item *i) {
        assert(existing);
        assert(i);

        FOREACH_ARRAY(e, existing->items, existing->n_items) {
                if (item_compatible(e, i))
                        continue;

                /* Only multiple 'w+' lines for the same path are allowed. */
                if (e->type != WRITE_FILE || !e->append_or_force ||
                    i->type != WRITE_FILE || !i->append_or_force)
                        return true;
        }

        return false;
}

static int parse_line(
                const char *fname,
                unsigned line,
                const char *buffer,
                bool *invalid_config,
                void *context) {

        Context *c = ASSERT_PTR(context);
        _cleanup_free_ char *action = NULL, *mode = NULL, *user = NULL, *group = NULL, *age = NULL, *path = NULL;
        _cleanup_(item_free_contents) Item i = {
                /* The "age-by" argument considers all file timestamp types by default. */
                .age_by_file = AGE_BY_DEFAULT_FILE,
                .age_by_dir = AGE_BY_DEFAULT_DIR,
        };
        ItemArray *existing;
        OrderedHashmap *h;
        bool append_or_force = false, boot = false, allow_failure = false, try_replace = false,
                unbase64 = false, from_cred = false, missing_user_or_group = false, purge = false,
                ignore_if_target_missing = false;
        int r;

        assert(fname);
        assert(line >= 1);
        assert(buffer);

        const Specifier specifier_table[] = {
                { 'h', specifier_user_home,       NULL },

                { 'C', specifier_directory,       UINT_TO_PTR(DIRECTORY_CACHE)   },
                { 'L', specifier_directory,       UINT_TO_PTR(DIRECTORY_LOGS)    },
                { 'S', specifier_directory,       UINT_TO_PTR(DIRECTORY_STATE)   },
                { 't', specifier_directory,       UINT_TO_PTR(DIRECTORY_RUNTIME) },

                COMMON_SYSTEM_SPECIFIERS,
                COMMON_CREDS_SPECIFIERS(arg_runtime_scope),
                COMMON_TMP_SPECIFIERS,
                {}
        };

        r = extract_many_words(
                        &buffer,
                        NULL,
                        EXTRACT_UNQUOTE | EXTRACT_CUNESCAPE,
                        &action,
                        &path,
                        &mode,
                        &user,
                        &group,
                        &age);
        if (r < 0) {
                if (IN_SET(r, -EINVAL, -EBADSLT))
                        /* invalid quoting and such or an unknown specifier */
                        *invalid_config = true;
                return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, r, "Failed to parse line: %m");
        } else if (r < 2) {
                *invalid_config = true;
                return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG), "Syntax error.");
        }

        if (!empty_or_dash(buffer)) {
                i.argument = strdup(buffer);
                if (!i.argument)
                        return log_oom();
        }

        if (isempty(action)) {
                *invalid_config = true;
                return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                  "Command too short '%s'.", action);
        }

        for (int pos = 1; action[pos]; pos++)
                if (action[pos] == '!' && !boot)
                        boot = true;
                else if (action[pos] == '+' && !append_or_force)
                        append_or_force = true;
                else if (action[pos] == '-' && !allow_failure)
                        allow_failure = true;
                else if (action[pos] == '=' && !try_replace)
                        try_replace = true;
                else if (action[pos] == '~' && !unbase64)
                        unbase64 = true;
                else if (action[pos] == '^' && !from_cred)
                        from_cred = true;
                else if (action[pos] == '$' && !purge)
                        purge = true;
                else if (action[pos] == '?' && !ignore_if_target_missing)
                        ignore_if_target_missing = true;
                else {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                          "Unknown modifiers in command: %s", action);
                }

        if (boot && !arg_boot) {
                log_syntax(NULL, LOG_DEBUG, fname, line, 0,
                           "Ignoring entry %s \"%s\" because --boot is not specified.", action, path);
                return 0;
        }

        i.type = action[0];
        i.append_or_force = append_or_force;
        i.allow_failure = allow_failure;
        i.try_replace = try_replace;
        i.purge = purge;
        i.ignore_if_target_missing = ignore_if_target_missing;

        r = specifier_printf(path, PATH_MAX-1, specifier_table, arg_root, NULL, &i.path);
        if (ERRNO_IS_NEG_NOINFO(r))
                return log_unresolvable_specifier(fname, line);
        if (r < 0) {
                if (IN_SET(r, -EINVAL, -EBADSLT))
                        *invalid_config = true;
                return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, r,
                                  "Failed to replace specifiers in '%s': %m", path);
        }

        r = patch_var_run(fname, line, &i.path);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (!path_is_absolute(i.path)) {
                *invalid_config = true;
                return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                  "Path '%s' not absolute.", i.path);
        }

        path_simplify(i.path);

        switch (i.type) {

        case CREATE_DIRECTORY:
        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME:
        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA:
        case CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA:
        case EMPTY_DIRECTORY:
        case TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY:
        case CREATE_FIFO:
        case IGNORE_PATH:
        case IGNORE_DIRECTORY_PATH:
        case REMOVE_PATH:
        case RECURSIVE_REMOVE_PATH:
        case ADJUST_MODE:
        case RELABEL_PATH:
        case RECURSIVE_RELABEL_PATH:
                if (i.argument)
                        log_syntax(NULL, LOG_WARNING, fname, line, 0,
                                   "%c lines don't take argument fields, ignoring.", (char) i.type);
                break;

        case CREATE_FILE:
        case TRUNCATE_FILE:
                break;

        case CREATE_SYMLINK:
                if (unbase64) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                          "base64 decoding not supported for symlink targets.");
                }
                break;

        case WRITE_FILE:
                if (!i.argument) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                          "Write file requires argument.");
                }
                break;

        case COPY_FILES:
                if (unbase64) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                          "base64 decoding not supported for copy sources.");
                }
                break;

        case CREATE_CHAR_DEVICE:
        case CREATE_BLOCK_DEVICE:
                if (unbase64) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                          "base64 decoding not supported for device node creation.");
                }

                if (!i.argument) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                          "Device file requires argument.");
                }

                r = parse_devnum(i.argument, &i.major_minor);
                if (r < 0) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, r,
                                          "Can't parse device file major/minor '%s'.", i.argument);
                }

                break;

        case SET_XATTR:
        case RECURSIVE_SET_XATTR:
                if (unbase64) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                          "base64 decoding not supported for extended attributes.");
                }
                if (!i.argument) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                          "Set extended attribute requires argument.");
                }
                r = parse_xattrs_from_arg(&i);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        case SET_ACL:
        case RECURSIVE_SET_ACL:
                if (unbase64) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                          "base64 decoding not supported for ACLs.");
                }
                if (!i.argument) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                          "Set ACLs requires argument.");
                }
                r = parse_acls_from_arg(&i);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        case SET_ATTRIBUTE:
        case RECURSIVE_SET_ATTRIBUTE:
                if (unbase64) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                          "base64 decoding not supported for file attributes.");
                }
                if (!i.argument) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                          "Set file attribute requires argument.");
                }
                r = parse_attribute_from_arg(&i);
                if (IN_SET(r, -EINVAL, -EBADSLT))
                        *invalid_config = true;
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                break;

        default:
                *invalid_config = true;
                return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                  "Unknown command type '%c'.", (char) i.type);
        }

        if (i.purge && !needs_purge(i.type)) {
                *invalid_config = true;
                return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                  "Purge flag '$' combined with line type '%c' which does not support purging.", (char) i.type);
        }

        if (i.ignore_if_target_missing && !supports_ignore_if_target_missing(i.type)) {
                *invalid_config = true;
                return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                  "Modifier '?' combined with line type '%c' which does not support this modifier.", (char) i.type);
        }

        if (!should_include_path(i.path))
                return 0;

        if (!unbase64) {
                /* Do specifier expansion except if base64 mode is enabled */
                r = specifier_expansion_from_arg(specifier_table, &i);
                if (ERRNO_IS_NEG_NOINFO(r))
                        return log_unresolvable_specifier(fname, line);
                if (r < 0) {
                        if (IN_SET(r, -EINVAL, -EBADSLT))
                                *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, r,
                                          "Failed to substitute specifiers in argument: %m");
                }
        }

        switch (i.type) {
        case CREATE_SYMLINK:
                if (!i.argument) {
                        i.argument = path_join("/usr/share/factory", i.path);
                        if (!i.argument)
                                return log_oom();
                }

                break;

        case COPY_FILES:
                if (!i.argument) {
                        i.argument = path_join("/usr/share/factory", i.path);
                        if (!i.argument)
                                return log_oom();
                } else if (!path_is_absolute(i.argument)) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBADMSG),
                                          "Source path '%s' is not absolute.", i.argument);

                }

                if (!empty_or_root(arg_root)) {
                        char *p;

                        p = path_join(arg_root, i.argument);
                        if (!p)
                                return log_oom();
                        free_and_replace(i.argument, p);
                }

                path_simplify(i.argument);

                if (access_nofollow(i.argument, F_OK) == -ENOENT) {
                        /* Silently skip over lines where the source file is missing. */
                        log_syntax(NULL, LOG_DEBUG, fname, line, 0,
                                   "Copy source path '%s' does not exist, skipping line.", i.argument);
                        return 0;
                }

                break;

        default:
                ;
        }

        if (from_cred) {
                if (!i.argument)
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                          "Reading from credential requested, but no credential name specified.");
                if (!credential_name_valid(i.argument))
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                          "Credential name not valid: %s", i.argument);

                r = read_credential(i.argument, &i.binary_argument, &i.binary_argument_size);
                if (IN_SET(r, -ENXIO, -ENOENT)) {
                        /* Silently skip over lines that have no credentials passed */
                        log_syntax(NULL, LOG_DEBUG, fname, line, 0,
                                   "Credential '%s' not specified, skipping line.", i.argument);
                        return 0;
                }
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to read credential '%s': %m", i.argument);
        }

        /* If base64 decoding is requested, do so now */
        if (unbase64 && item_binary_argument(&i)) {
                _cleanup_free_ void *data = NULL;
                size_t data_size = 0;

                r = unbase64mem_full(item_binary_argument(&i), item_binary_argument_size(&i), /* secure= */ false,
                                     &data, &data_size);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, r, "Failed to base64 decode specified argument '%s': %m", i.argument);

                free_and_replace(i.binary_argument, data);
                i.binary_argument_size = data_size;
        }

        if (!empty_or_root(arg_root)) {
                char *p;

                p = path_join(arg_root, i.path);
                if (!p)
                        return log_oom();
                free_and_replace(i.path, p);
        }

        if (!empty_or_dash(user)) {
                const char *u;

                u = startswith(user, ":");
                if (u)
                        i.uid_only_create = true;
                else
                        u = user;

                r = find_uid(u, &i.uid, &c->uid_cache);
                if (r == -ESRCH && arg_graceful) {
                        log_syntax(NULL, LOG_DEBUG, fname, line, r,
                                   "%s: user '%s' not found, not adjusting ownership.", i.path, u);
                        missing_user_or_group = true;
                } else if (r < 0) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, r,
                                          "Failed to resolve user '%s': %s", u, STRERROR_USER(r));
                } else
                        i.uid_set = true;
        }

        if (!empty_or_dash(group)) {
                const char *g;

                g = startswith(group, ":");
                if (g)
                        i.gid_only_create = true;
                else
                        g = group;

                r = find_gid(g, &i.gid, &c->gid_cache);
                if (r == -ESRCH && arg_graceful) {
                        log_syntax(NULL, LOG_DEBUG, fname, line, r,
                                   "%s: group '%s' not found, not adjusting ownership.", i.path, g);
                        missing_user_or_group = true;
                } else if (r < 0) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, r,
                                          "Failed to resolve group '%s': %s", g, STRERROR_GROUP(r));
                } else
                        i.gid_set = true;
        }

        if (!empty_or_dash(mode)) {
                const char *mm;
                unsigned m;

                for (mm = mode;; mm++)
                        if (*mm == '~')
                                i.mask_perms = true;
                        else if (*mm == ':')
                                i.mode_only_create = true;
                        else
                                break;

                r = parse_mode(mm, &m);
                if (r < 0) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, r, "Invalid mode '%s'.", mode);
                }

                i.mode = m;
                i.mode_set = true;
        } else
                i.mode = IN_SET(i.type,
                                CREATE_DIRECTORY,
                                TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY,
                                CREATE_SUBVOLUME,
                                CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA,
                                CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA) ? 0755 : 0644;

        if (missing_user_or_group && (i.mode & ~0777) != 0) {
                /* Refuse any special bits for nodes where we couldn't resolve the ownership properly. */
                mode_t adjusted = i.mode & 0777;
                log_syntax(NULL, LOG_INFO, fname, line, 0,
                           "Changing mode 0%o to 0%o because of changed ownership.", i.mode, adjusted);
                i.mode = adjusted;
        }

        if (!empty_or_dash(age)) {
                const char *a = age;
                _cleanup_free_ char *seconds = NULL, *age_by = NULL;

                if (*a == '~') {
                        i.keep_first_level = true;
                        a++;
                }

                /* Format: "age-by:age"; where age-by is "[abcmABCM]+". */
                r = split_pair(a, ":", &age_by, &seconds);
                if (r == -ENOMEM)
                        return log_oom();
                if (r < 0 && r != -EINVAL)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse age-by for '%s': %m", age);
                if (r >= 0) {
                        /* We found a ":", parse the "age-by" part. */
                        r = parse_age_by_from_arg(age_by, &i);
                        if (r == -ENOMEM)
                                return log_oom();
                        if (r < 0) {
                                *invalid_config = true;
                                return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, r, "Invalid age-by '%s'.", age_by);
                        }

                        /* For parsing the "age" part, after the ":". */
                        a = seconds;
                }

                r = parse_sec(a, &i.age);
                if (r < 0) {
                        *invalid_config = true;
                        return log_syntax(NULL, LOG_ERR, fname, line, r, "Invalid age '%s'.", a);
                }

                i.age_set = true;
        }

        h = needs_glob(i.type) ? c->globs : c->items;

        existing = ordered_hashmap_get(h, i.path);
        if (existing) {
                if (is_duplicated_item(existing, &i)) {
                        log_syntax(NULL, LOG_NOTICE, fname, line, 0,
                                   "Duplicate line for path \"%s\", ignoring.", i.path);
                        return 0;
                }
        } else {
                existing = new0(ItemArray, 1);
                if (!existing)
                        return log_oom();

                r = ordered_hashmap_put(h, i.path, existing);
                if (r < 0) {
                        free(existing);
                        return log_oom();
                }
        }

        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(existing->items, existing->n_items + 1))
                return log_oom();

        existing->items[existing->n_items++] = TAKE_STRUCT(i);

        /* Sort item array, to enforce stable ordering of application */
        typesafe_qsort(existing->items, existing->n_items, item_compare);

        return 0;
}

static int cat_config(char **config_dirs, char **args) {
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **files = NULL;
        int r;

        r = conf_files_list_with_replacement(arg_root, config_dirs, arg_replace, &files, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        pager_open(arg_pager_flags);

        return cat_files(NULL, files, arg_cat_flags);
}

static int exclude_default_prefixes(void) {
        int r;

        /* Provide an easy way to exclude virtual/memory file systems from what we do here. Useful in
         * combination with --root= where we probably don't want to apply stuff to these dirs as they are
         * likely over-mounted if the root directory is actually used, and it wouldbe less than ideal to have
         * all kinds of files created/adjusted underneath these mount points. */

        r = strv_extend_many(
                        &arg_exclude_prefixes,
                        "/dev",
                        "/proc",
                        "/run",
                        "/sys");
        if (r < 0)
                return log_oom();

        strv_uniq(arg_exclude_prefixes);
        return 0;
}

static int help(void) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *link = NULL;
        int r;

        r = terminal_urlify_man("systemd-tmpfiles", "8", &link);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_oom();

        printf("%1$s COMMAND [OPTIONS...] [CONFIGURATION FILE...]\n"
               "\n%2$sCreate, delete, and clean up files and directories.%4$s\n"
               "\n%3$sCommands:%4$s\n"
               "     --create               Create and adjust files and directories\n"
               "     --clean                Clean up files and directories\n"
               "     --remove               Remove files and directories marked for removal\n"
               "     --purge                Delete files and directories marked for creation in\n"
               "                            specified configuration files (careful!)\n"
               "     --cat-config           Show configuration files\n"
               "     --tldr                 Show non-comment parts of configuration files\n"
               "  -h --help                 Show this help\n"
               "     --version              Show package version\n"
               "\n%3$sOptions:%4$s\n"
               "     --user                 Execute user configuration\n"
               "     --boot                 Execute actions only safe at boot\n"
               "     --graceful             Quietly ignore unknown users or groups\n"
               "     --prefix=PATH          Only apply rules with the specified prefix\n"
               "     --exclude-prefix=PATH  Ignore rules with the specified prefix\n"
               "  -E                        Ignore rules prefixed with /dev, /proc, /run, /sys\n"
               "     --root=PATH            Operate on an alternate filesystem root\n"
               "     --image=PATH           Operate on disk image as filesystem root\n"
               "     --image-policy=POLICY  Specify disk image dissection policy\n"
               "     --replace=PATH         Treat arguments as replacement for PATH\n"
               "     --dry-run              Just print what would be done\n"
               "     --no-pager             Do not pipe output into a pager\n"
               "\nSee the %5$s for details.\n",
               program_invocation_short_name,
               ansi_highlight(),
               ansi_underline(),
               ansi_normal(),
               link);

        return 0;
}

static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
        enum {
                ARG_VERSION = 0x100,
                ARG_CAT_CONFIG,
                ARG_TLDR,
                ARG_USER,
                ARG_CREATE,
                ARG_CLEAN,
                ARG_REMOVE,
                ARG_PURGE,
                ARG_BOOT,
                ARG_GRACEFUL,
                ARG_PREFIX,
                ARG_EXCLUDE_PREFIX,
                ARG_ROOT,
                ARG_IMAGE,
                ARG_IMAGE_POLICY,
                ARG_REPLACE,
                ARG_DRY_RUN,
                ARG_NO_PAGER,
        };

        static const struct option options[] = {
                { "help",           no_argument,         NULL, 'h'                },
                { "user",           no_argument,         NULL, ARG_USER           },
                { "version",        no_argument,         NULL, ARG_VERSION        },
                { "cat-config",     no_argument,         NULL, ARG_CAT_CONFIG     },
                { "tldr",           no_argument,         NULL, ARG_TLDR           },
                { "create",         no_argument,         NULL, ARG_CREATE         },
                { "clean",          no_argument,         NULL, ARG_CLEAN          },
                { "remove",         no_argument,         NULL, ARG_REMOVE         },
                { "purge",          no_argument,         NULL, ARG_PURGE          },
                { "boot",           no_argument,         NULL, ARG_BOOT           },
                { "graceful",       no_argument,         NULL, ARG_GRACEFUL       },
                { "prefix",         required_argument,   NULL, ARG_PREFIX         },
                { "exclude-prefix", required_argument,   NULL, ARG_EXCLUDE_PREFIX },
                { "root",           required_argument,   NULL, ARG_ROOT           },
                { "image",          required_argument,   NULL, ARG_IMAGE          },
                { "image-policy",   required_argument,   NULL, ARG_IMAGE_POLICY   },
                { "replace",        required_argument,   NULL, ARG_REPLACE        },
                { "dry-run",        no_argument,         NULL, ARG_DRY_RUN        },
                { "no-pager",       no_argument,         NULL, ARG_NO_PAGER       },
                {}
        };

        int c, r;

        assert(argc >= 0);
        assert(argv);

        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hE", options, NULL)) >= 0)

                switch (c) {

                case 'h':
                        return help();

                case ARG_VERSION:
                        return version();

                case ARG_CAT_CONFIG:
                        arg_cat_flags = CAT_CONFIG_ON;
                        break;

                case ARG_TLDR:
                        arg_cat_flags = CAT_TLDR;
                        break;

                case ARG_USER:
                        arg_runtime_scope = RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER;
                        break;

                case ARG_CREATE:
                        arg_operation |= OPERATION_CREATE;
                        break;

                case ARG_CLEAN:
                        arg_operation |= OPERATION_CLEAN;
                        break;

                case ARG_REMOVE:
                        arg_operation |= OPERATION_REMOVE;
                        break;

                case ARG_BOOT:
                        arg_boot = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_PURGE:
                        arg_operation |= OPERATION_PURGE;
                        break;

                case ARG_GRACEFUL:
                        arg_graceful = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_PREFIX:
                        if (strv_extend(&arg_include_prefixes, optarg) < 0)
                                return log_oom();
                        break;

                case ARG_EXCLUDE_PREFIX:
                        if (strv_extend(&arg_exclude_prefixes, optarg) < 0)
                                return log_oom();
                        break;

                case ARG_ROOT:
                        r = parse_path_argument(optarg, /* suppress_root= */ false, &arg_root);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        break;

                case ARG_IMAGE:
                        r = parse_path_argument(optarg, /* suppress_root= */ false, &arg_image);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        /* Imply -E here since it makes little sense to create files persistently in the /run mountpoint of a disk image */
                        _fallthrough_;

                case 'E':
                        r = exclude_default_prefixes();
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        break;

                case ARG_IMAGE_POLICY:
                        r = parse_image_policy_argument(optarg, &arg_image_policy);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                        break;

                case ARG_REPLACE:
                        if (!path_is_absolute(optarg))
                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                                       "The argument to --replace= must be an absolute path.");
                        if (!endswith(optarg, ".conf"))
                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                                       "The argument to --replace= must have the extension '.conf'.");

                        arg_replace = optarg;
                        break;

                case ARG_DRY_RUN:
                        arg_dry_run = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_NO_PAGER:
                        arg_pager_flags |= PAGER_DISABLE;
                        break;

                case '?':
                        return -EINVAL;

                default:
                        assert_not_reached();
                }

        if (arg_operation == 0 && arg_cat_flags == CAT_CONFIG_OFF)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                       "You need to specify at least one of --clean, --create, --remove, or --purge.");

        if (FLAGS_SET(arg_operation, OPERATION_PURGE) && optind >= argc)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                       "Refusing --purge without specification of a configuration file.");

        if (arg_replace && arg_cat_flags != CAT_CONFIG_OFF)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                       "Option --replace= is not supported with --cat-config/--tldr.");

        if (arg_replace && optind >= argc)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                       "When --replace= is given, some configuration items must be specified.");

        if (arg_root && arg_runtime_scope == RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                       "Combination of --user and --root= is not supported.");

        if (arg_image && arg_root)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                       "Please specify either --root= or --image=, the combination of both is not supported.");

        return 1;
}

static int read_config_file(
                Context *c,
                char **config_dirs,
                const char *fn,
                bool ignore_enoent,
                bool *invalid_config) {

        ItemArray *ia;
        int r = 0;

        assert(c);
        assert(fn);

        r = conf_file_read(arg_root, (const char**) config_dirs, fn,
                           parse_line, c, ignore_enoent, invalid_config);
        if (r <= 0)
                return r;

        /* we have to determine age parameter for each entry of type X */
        ORDERED_HASHMAP_FOREACH(ia, c->globs)
                FOREACH_ARRAY(i, ia->items, ia->n_items) {
                        ItemArray *ja;
                        Item *candidate_item = NULL;

                        if (i->type != IGNORE_DIRECTORY_PATH)
                                continue;

                        ORDERED_HASHMAP_FOREACH(ja, c->items)
                                FOREACH_ARRAY(j, ja->items, ja->n_items) {
                                        if (!IN_SET(j->type, CREATE_DIRECTORY,
                                                             TRUNCATE_DIRECTORY,
                                                             CREATE_SUBVOLUME,
                                                             CREATE_SUBVOLUME_INHERIT_QUOTA,
                                                             CREATE_SUBVOLUME_NEW_QUOTA))
                                                continue;

                                        if (path_equal(j->path, i->path)) {
                                                candidate_item = j;
                                                break;
                                        }

                                        if (candidate_item
                                            ? (path_startswith(j->path, candidate_item->path) && fnmatch(i->path, j->path, FNM_PATHNAME | FNM_PERIOD) == 0)
                                            : path_startswith(i->path, j->path) != NULL)
                                                candidate_item = j;
                                }

                        if (candidate_item && candidate_item->age_set) {
                                i->age = candidate_item->age;
                                i->age_set = true;
                        }
                }

        return r;
}

static int parse_arguments(
                Context *c,
                char **config_dirs,
                char **args,
                bool *invalid_config) {
        int r;

        assert(c);

        STRV_FOREACH(arg, args) {
                r = read_config_file(c, config_dirs, *arg, false, invalid_config);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int read_config_files(
                Context *c,
                char **config_dirs,
                char **args,
                bool *invalid_config) {

        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **files = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(c);

        r = conf_files_list_with_replacement(arg_root, config_dirs, arg_replace, &files, &p);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        STRV_FOREACH(f, files)
                if (p && path_equal(*f, p)) {
                        log_debug("Parsing arguments at position \"%s\"%s", *f, glyph(GLYPH_ELLIPSIS));

                        r = parse_arguments(c, config_dirs, args, invalid_config);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                } else
                        /* Just warn, ignore result otherwise.
                         * read_config_file() has some debug output, so no need to print anything. */
                        (void) read_config_file(c, config_dirs, *f, true, invalid_config);

        return 0;
}

static int read_credential_lines(Context *c, bool *invalid_config) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *j = NULL;
        const char *d;
        int r;

        assert(c);

        r = get_credentials_dir(&d);
        if (r == -ENXIO)
                return 0;
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get credentials directory: %m");

        j = path_join(d, "tmpfiles.extra");
        if (!j)
                return log_oom();

        (void) read_config_file(c, /* config_dirs= */ NULL, j, /* ignore_enoent= */ true, invalid_config);
        return 0;
}

static int link_parent(Context *c, ItemArray *a) {
        const char *path;
        char *prefix;
        int r;

        assert(c);
        assert(a);

        /* Finds the closest "parent" item array for the specified item array. Then registers the specified
         * item array as child of it, and fills the parent in, linking them both ways. This allows us to
         * later create parents before their children, and clean up/remove children before their parents.
         */

        if (a->n_items <= 0)
                return 0;

        path = a->items[0].path;
        prefix = newa(char, strlen(path) + 1);
        PATH_FOREACH_PREFIX(prefix, path) {
                ItemArray *j;

                j = ordered_hashmap_get(c->items, prefix);
                if (!j)
                        j = ordered_hashmap_get(c->globs, prefix);
                if (j) {
                        r = set_ensure_put(&j->children, NULL, a);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_oom();

                        a->parent = j;
                        return 1;
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

DEFINE_PRIVATE_HASH_OPS_WITH_VALUE_DESTRUCTOR(item_array_hash_ops, char, string_hash_func, string_compare_func,
                                              ItemArray, item_array_free);

static int run(int argc, char *argv[]) {
        _cleanup_(loop_device_unrefp) LoopDevice *loop_device = NULL;
        _cleanup_(umount_and_freep) char *mounted_dir = NULL;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **config_dirs = NULL;
        _cleanup_(context_done) Context c = {};
        bool invalid_config = false;
        ItemArray *a;
        enum {
                PHASE_PURGE,
                PHASE_REMOVE_AND_CLEAN,
                PHASE_CREATE,
                _PHASE_MAX
        } phase;
        int r;

        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
        if (r <= 0)
                return r;

        log_setup();

        /* We require /proc/ for a lot of our operations, i.e. for adjusting access modes, for anything
         * SELinux related, for recursive operation, for xattr, acl and chattr handling, for btrfs stuff and
         * a lot more. It's probably the majority of invocations where /proc/ is required. Since people
         * apparently invoke it without anyway and are surprised about the failures, let's catch this early
         * and output a nice and friendly warning. */
        if (proc_mounted() == 0)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ENOSYS),
                                       "/proc/ is not mounted, but required for successful operation of systemd-tmpfiles. "
                                       "Please mount /proc/. Alternatively, consider using the --root= or --image= switches.");

        /* Descending down file system trees might take a lot of fds */
        (void) rlimit_nofile_bump(HIGH_RLIMIT_NOFILE);

        switch (arg_runtime_scope) {

        case RUNTIME_SCOPE_USER:
                r = user_config_paths(&config_dirs);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to initialize configuration directory list: %m");
                break;

        case RUNTIME_SCOPE_SYSTEM:
                config_dirs = strv_new(CONF_PATHS("tmpfiles.d"));
                if (!config_dirs)
                        return log_oom();
                break;

        default:
                assert_not_reached();
        }

        if (DEBUG_LOGGING) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;

                STRV_FOREACH(i, config_dirs) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *j = NULL;

                        j = path_join(arg_root, *i);
                        if (!j)
                                return log_oom();

                        if (!strextend(&t, "\n\t", j))
                                return log_oom();
                }

                log_debug("Looking for configuration files in (higher priority first):%s", t);
        }

        if (arg_cat_flags != CAT_CONFIG_OFF)
                return cat_config(config_dirs, argv + optind);

        if (should_bypass("SYSTEMD_TMPFILES"))
                return 0;

        umask(0022);

        r = mac_init();
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (arg_image) {
                assert(!arg_root);

                r = mount_image_privately_interactively(
                                arg_image,
                                arg_image_policy,
                                DISSECT_IMAGE_GENERIC_ROOT |
                                DISSECT_IMAGE_REQUIRE_ROOT |
                                DISSECT_IMAGE_VALIDATE_OS |
                                DISSECT_IMAGE_RELAX_VAR_CHECK |
                                DISSECT_IMAGE_FSCK |
                                DISSECT_IMAGE_GROWFS |
                                DISSECT_IMAGE_ALLOW_USERSPACE_VERITY,
                                &mounted_dir,
                                /* ret_dir_fd= */ NULL,
                                &loop_device);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                arg_root = strdup(mounted_dir);
                if (!arg_root)
                        return log_oom();
        }

        c.items = ordered_hashmap_new(&item_array_hash_ops);
        c.globs = ordered_hashmap_new(&item_array_hash_ops);
        if (!c.items || !c.globs)
                return log_oom();

        /* If command line arguments are specified along with --replace=, read all configuration files and
         * insert the positional arguments at the specified place. Otherwise, if command line arguments are
         * specified, execute just them, and finally, without --replace= or any positional arguments, just
         * read configuration and execute it. */
        if (arg_replace || optind >= argc)
                r = read_config_files(&c, config_dirs, argv + optind, &invalid_config);
        else
                r = parse_arguments(&c, config_dirs, argv + optind, &invalid_config);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = read_credential_lines(&c, &invalid_config);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        /* Let's now link up all child/parent relationships */
        ORDERED_HASHMAP_FOREACH(a, c.items) {
                r = link_parent(&c, a);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }
        ORDERED_HASHMAP_FOREACH(a, c.globs) {
                r = link_parent(&c, a);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        /* If multiple operations are requested, let's first run the remove/clean operations, and only then
         * the create operations. i.e. that we first clean out the platform we then build on. */
        for (phase = 0; phase < _PHASE_MAX; phase++) {
                OperationMask op;

                if (phase == PHASE_PURGE)
                        op = arg_operation & OPERATION_PURGE;
                else if (phase == PHASE_REMOVE_AND_CLEAN)
                        op = arg_operation & (OPERATION_REMOVE|OPERATION_CLEAN);
                else if (phase == PHASE_CREATE)
                        op = arg_operation & OPERATION_CREATE;
                else
                        assert_not_reached();

                if (op == 0) /* Nothing requested in this phase */
                        continue;

                /* The non-globbing ones usually create things, hence we apply them first */
                ORDERED_HASHMAP_FOREACH(a, c.items)
                        RET_GATHER(r, process_item_array(&c, a, op));

                /* The globbing ones usually alter things, hence we apply them second. */
                ORDERED_HASHMAP_FOREACH(a, c.globs)
                        RET_GATHER(r, process_item_array(&c, a, op));
        }

        if (ERRNO_IS_NEG_RESOURCE(r))
                return r;
        if (invalid_config)
                return EX_DATAERR;
        if (r < 0)
                return EX_CANTCREAT;
        return 0;
}

DEFINE_MAIN_FUNCTION_WITH_POSITIVE_FAILURE(run);

systemd / systemd / 20447389715

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