20417900562

Committed 21 Dec 2025 07:31PM UTC coverage: 72.5% (-0.2%) from 72.701%

Build # 20417900562

Build Type

push

github

Committed by

DaanDeMeyer

Commit Message

mkosi: Use initrd as exitrd

Let's speed up image builds by avoiding building
an exitrd and instead reusing the initrd image for
the same purpose.

Run Details

309142 of 426400 relevant lines covered (72.5%)

1141502.27 hits per line

Source File
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63.52

/src/shared/loop-util.c

/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */

#if HAVE_VALGRIND_MEMCHECK_H
#include <valgrind/memcheck.h>
#endif

#include <fcntl.h>
#include <linux/loop.h>
#include <sys/file.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "sd-device.h"

#include "alloc-util.h"
#include "blockdev-util.h"
#include "data-fd-util.h"
#include "device-util.h"
#include "devnum-util.h"
#include "dissect-image.h"
#include "env-util.h"
#include "errno-util.h"
#include "fd-util.h"
#include "fileio.h"
#include "fs-util.h"
#include "loop-util.h"
#include "parse-util.h"
#include "path-util.h"
#include "random-util.h"
#include "stat-util.h"
#include "stdio-util.h"
#include "string-util.h"
#include "time-util.h"

static void cleanup_clear_loop_close(int *fd) {
        if (*fd < 0)
                return;

        (void) ioctl(*fd, LOOP_CLR_FD);
        (void) safe_close(*fd);
}

static int loop_is_bound(int fd) {
        struct loop_info64 info;

        if (ioctl(ASSERT_FD(fd), LOOP_GET_STATUS64, &info) < 0) {
                if (errno == ENXIO)
                        return false; /* not bound! */

                return -errno;
        }

        return true; /* bound! */
}

static int open_lock_fd(int primary_fd, int operation) {
        _cleanup_close_ int lock_fd = -EBADF;

        assert(IN_SET(operation & ~LOCK_NB, LOCK_SH, LOCK_EX));

        lock_fd = fd_reopen(ASSERT_FD(primary_fd), O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOCTTY);
        if (lock_fd < 0)
                return lock_fd;

        if (flock(lock_fd, operation) < 0)
                return -errno;

        return TAKE_FD(lock_fd);
}

static int loop_configure_verify_direct_io(int fd, const struct loop_config *c) {
        assert(fd >= 0);
        assert(c);

        if (FLAGS_SET(c->info.lo_flags, LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO)) {
                struct loop_info64 info;

                if (ioctl(fd, LOOP_GET_STATUS64, &info) < 0)
                        return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to issue LOOP_GET_STATUS64: %m");

#if HAVE_VALGRIND_MEMCHECK_H
                VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED(&info, sizeof(info));
#endif

                /* On older kernels (<= 5.3) it was necessary to set the block size of the loopback block
                 * device to the logical block size of the underlying file system. Since there was no nice
                 * way to query the value, we are not bothering to do this however. On newer kernels the
                 * block size is propagated automatically and does not require intervention from us. We'll
                 * check here if enabling direct IO worked, to make this easily debuggable however.
                 *
                 * (Should anyone really care and actually wants direct IO on old kernels: it might be worth
                 * enabling direct IO with iteratively larger block sizes until it eventually works.)
                 *
                 * On older kernels (e.g.: 5.10) when this is attempted on a file stored on a dm-crypt
                 * backed partition the kernel will start returning I/O errors when accessing the mounted
                 * loop device, so return a recognizable error that causes the operation to be started
                 * from scratch without the LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO flag. */
                if (!FLAGS_SET(info.lo_flags, LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO))
                        return log_debug_errno(
                                        SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ENOANO),
                                        "Could not enable direct IO mode, retrying in buffered IO mode.");
        }

        return 0;
}

static int loop_configure_verify(int fd, const struct loop_config *c) {
        bool broken = false;
        int r;

        assert(fd >= 0);
        assert(c);

        if (c->block_size != 0) {
                uint32_t ssz;

                r = blockdev_get_sector_size(fd, &ssz);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (ssz != c->block_size) {
                        log_debug("LOOP_CONFIGURE didn't honour requested block size %" PRIu32 ", got %" PRIu32 " instead. Ignoring.", c->block_size, ssz);
                        broken = true;
                }
        }

        if (c->info.lo_sizelimit != 0) {
                /* Kernel 5.8 vanilla doesn't properly propagate the size limit into the
                 * block device. If it's used, let's immediately check if it had the desired
                 * effect hence. And if not use classic LOOP_SET_STATUS64. */
                uint64_t z;

                r = blockdev_get_device_size(fd, &z);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (z != c->info.lo_sizelimit) {
                        log_debug("LOOP_CONFIGURE is broken, doesn't honour .info.lo_sizelimit. Falling back to LOOP_SET_STATUS64.");
                        broken = true;
                }
        }

        if (FLAGS_SET(c->info.lo_flags, LO_FLAGS_PARTSCAN)) {
                /* Kernel 5.8 vanilla doesn't properly propagate the partition scanning flag
                 * into the block device. Let's hence verify if things work correctly here
                 * before returning. */

                r = blockdev_partscan_enabled_fd(fd);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r == 0) {
                        log_debug("LOOP_CONFIGURE is broken, doesn't honour LO_FLAGS_PARTSCAN. Falling back to LOOP_SET_STATUS64.");
                        broken = true;
                }
        }

        r = loop_configure_verify_direct_io(fd, c);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return !broken;
}

static int loop_configure_fallback(int fd, const struct loop_config *c) {
        struct loop_info64 info_copy;
        int r;

        assert(fd >= 0);
        assert(c);

        /* Only some of the flags LOOP_CONFIGURE can set are also settable via LOOP_SET_STATUS64, hence mask
         * them out. */
        info_copy = c->info;
        info_copy.lo_flags &= LOOP_SET_STATUS_SETTABLE_FLAGS;

        /* Since kernel commit 5db470e229e22b7eda6e23b5566e532c96fb5bc3 (kernel v5.0) the LOOP_SET_STATUS64
         * ioctl can return EAGAIN in case we change the info.lo_offset field, if someone else is accessing the
         * block device while we try to reconfigure it. This is a pretty common case, since udev might
         * instantly start probing the device as soon as we attach an fd to it. Hence handle it in two ways:
         * first, let's take the BSD lock to ensure that udev will not step in between the point in
         * time where we attach the fd and where we reconfigure the device. Secondly, let's wait 50ms on
         * EAGAIN and retry. The former should be an efficient mechanism to avoid we have to wait 50ms
         * needlessly if we are just racing against udev. The latter is protection against all other cases,
         * i.e. peers that do not take the BSD lock. */

        for (unsigned n_attempts = 0;;) {
                if (ioctl(fd, LOOP_SET_STATUS64, &info_copy) >= 0)
                        break;

                if (errno != EAGAIN || ++n_attempts >= 64)
                        return log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to configure loopback block device: %m");

                /* Sleep some random time, but at least 10ms, at most 250ms. Increase the delay the more
                 * failed attempts we see */
                (void) usleep_safe(UINT64_C(10) * USEC_PER_MSEC +
                              random_u64_range(UINT64_C(240) * USEC_PER_MSEC * n_attempts/64));
        }

        /* If a block size is requested then try to configure it. If that doesn't work, ignore errors, but
         * afterwards, let's validate what is in effect, and if it doesn't match what we want, fail */
        if (c->block_size != 0) {
                uint32_t ssz;

                if (ioctl(fd, LOOP_SET_BLOCK_SIZE, (unsigned long) c->block_size) < 0)
                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to set sector size, ignoring: %m");

                r = blockdev_get_sector_size(fd, &ssz);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to read sector size: %m");
                if (ssz != c->block_size)
                        return log_debug_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EIO), "Sector size of loopback device doesn't match what we requested, refusing.");
        }

        /* LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO is a flags we need to configure via explicit ioctls. */
        if (FLAGS_SET(c->info.lo_flags, LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO))
                if (ioctl(fd, LOOP_SET_DIRECT_IO, 1UL) < 0)
                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to enable direct IO mode, ignoring: %m");

        return loop_configure_verify_direct_io(fd, c);
}

static int loop_configure(
                int nr,
                int open_flags,
                int lock_op,
                const struct loop_config *c,
                LoopDevice **ret) {

        static bool loop_configure_broken = false;

        _cleanup_(sd_device_unrefp) sd_device *dev = NULL;
        _cleanup_(cleanup_clear_loop_close) int loop_with_fd = -EBADF; /* This must be declared before lock_fd. */
        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF, lock_fd = -EBADF;
        _cleanup_free_ char *node = NULL;
        uint64_t diskseq = 0;
        dev_t devno;
        int r;

        assert(nr >= 0);
        assert(c);
        assert(ret);

        if (asprintf(&node, "/dev/loop%i", nr) < 0)
                return log_oom_debug();

        r = sd_device_new_from_devname(&dev, node);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to create sd_device object for \"%s\": %m", node);

        r = sd_device_get_devnum(dev, &devno);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_device_debug_errno(dev, r, "Failed to get devnum: %m");

        fd = sd_device_open(dev, O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOCTTY|open_flags);
        if (fd < 0)
                return log_device_debug_errno(dev, fd, "Failed to open device: %m");

        /* Let's lock the device before we do anything. We take the BSD lock on a second, separately opened
         * fd for the device. udev after all watches for close() events (specifically IN_CLOSE_WRITE) on
         * block devices to reprobe them, hence by having a separate fd we will later close() we can ensure
         * we trigger udev after everything is done. If we'd lock our own fd instead and keep it open for a
         * long time udev would possibly never run on it again, even though the fd is unlocked, simply
         * because we never close() it. It also has the nice benefit we can use the _cleanup_close_ logic to
         * automatically release the lock, after we are done. */
        lock_fd = open_lock_fd(fd, LOCK_EX);
        if (lock_fd < 0)
                return log_device_debug_errno(dev, lock_fd, "Failed to acquire lock: %m");

        log_device_debug(dev, "Acquired exclusive lock.");

        /* Let's see if backing file is really unattached. Someone may already attach a backing file without
         * taking BSD lock. */
        r = loop_is_bound(fd);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_device_debug_errno(dev, r, "Failed to check if the loopback block device is bound: %m");
        if (r > 0)
                return log_device_debug_errno(dev, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EBUSY),
                                              "The loopback block device is already bound, ignoring.");

        /* Let's see if the device is really detached, i.e. currently has no associated partition block
         * devices. On various kernels (such as 5.8) it is possible to have a loopback block device that
         * superficially is detached but still has partition block devices associated for it. Let's then
         * manually remove the partitions via BLKPG, and tell the caller we did that via EUCLEAN, so they try
         * again. */
        r = block_device_remove_all_partitions(dev, fd);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_device_debug_errno(dev, r, "Failed to remove partitions on the loopback block device: %m");
        if (r > 0)
                /* Removed all partitions. Let's report this to the caller, to try again, and count this as
                 * an attempt. */
                return log_device_debug_errno(dev, SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EUCLEAN),
                                              "Removed partitions on the loopback block device.");

        if (!loop_configure_broken) {
                if (ioctl(fd, LOOP_CONFIGURE, c) < 0) {
                        /* Do fallback only if LOOP_CONFIGURE is not supported, propagate all other errors. */
                        if (!ERRNO_IS_IOCTL_NOT_SUPPORTED(errno))
                                return log_device_debug_errno(dev, errno, "ioctl(LOOP_CONFIGURE) failed: %m");

                        loop_configure_broken = true;
                } else {
                        loop_with_fd = TAKE_FD(fd);

                        r = loop_configure_verify(loop_with_fd, c);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_device_debug_errno(dev, r, "Failed to verify if loopback block device is correctly configured: %m");
                        if (r == 0) {
                                /* LOOP_CONFIGURE doesn't work. Remember that. */
                                loop_configure_broken = true;

                                /* We return EBUSY here instead of retrying immediately with LOOP_SET_FD,
                                 * because LOOP_CLR_FD is async: if the operation cannot be executed right
                                 * away it just sets the autoclear flag on the device. This means there's a
                                 * good chance we cannot actually reuse the loopback device right-away. Hence
                                 * let's assume it's busy, avoid the trouble and let the calling loop call us
                                 * again with a new, likely unused device. */
                                return -EBUSY;
                        }
                }
        }

        if (loop_configure_broken) {
                if (ioctl(fd, LOOP_SET_FD, c->fd) < 0)
                        return log_device_debug_errno(dev, errno, "ioctl(LOOP_SET_FD) failed: %m");

                loop_with_fd = TAKE_FD(fd);

                r = loop_configure_fallback(loop_with_fd, c);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        r = fd_get_diskseq(loop_with_fd, &diskseq);
        if (r < 0 && r != -EOPNOTSUPP)
                return log_device_debug_errno(dev, r, "Failed to get diskseq: %m");

        switch (lock_op & ~LOCK_NB) {
        case LOCK_EX: /* Already in effect */
                break;
        case LOCK_SH: /* Downgrade */
                if (flock(lock_fd, lock_op) < 0)
                        return log_device_debug_errno(dev, errno, "Failed to downgrade lock level: %m");
                break;
        case LOCK_UN: /* Release */
                lock_fd = safe_close(lock_fd);
                break;
        default:
                assert_not_reached();
        }

        uint64_t device_size;
        r = blockdev_get_device_size(loop_with_fd, &device_size);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_device_debug_errno(dev, r, "Failed to get loopback device size: %m");

        LoopDevice *d = new(LoopDevice, 1);
        if (!d)
                return log_oom_debug();

        *d = (LoopDevice) {
                .n_ref = 1,
                .fd = TAKE_FD(loop_with_fd),
                .lock_fd = TAKE_FD(lock_fd),
                .node = TAKE_PTR(node),
                .nr = nr,
                .devno = devno,
                .dev = TAKE_PTR(dev),
                .diskseq = diskseq,
                .sector_size = c->block_size,
                .device_size = device_size,
                .created = true,
        };

        *ret = TAKE_PTR(d);
        return 0;
}

static int fd_get_max_discard(int fd, uint64_t *ret) {
        struct stat st;
        char sysfs_path[STRLEN("/sys/dev/block/" ":" "/queue/discard_max_bytes") + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(dev_t) * 2 + 1];
        _cleanup_free_ char *buffer = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(ret);

        if (fstat(ASSERT_FD(fd), &st) < 0)
                return -errno;

        if (!S_ISBLK(st.st_mode))
                return -ENOTBLK;

        xsprintf(sysfs_path, "/sys/dev/block/" DEVNUM_FORMAT_STR "/queue/discard_max_bytes", DEVNUM_FORMAT_VAL(st.st_rdev));

        r = read_one_line_file(sysfs_path, &buffer);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return safe_atou64(buffer, ret);
}

static int fd_set_max_discard(int fd, uint64_t max_discard) {
        struct stat st;
        char sysfs_path[STRLEN("/sys/dev/block/" ":" "/queue/discard_max_bytes") + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(dev_t) * 2 + 1];

        if (fstat(ASSERT_FD(fd), &st) < 0)
                return -errno;

        if (!S_ISBLK(st.st_mode))
                return -ENOTBLK;

        xsprintf(sysfs_path, "/sys/dev/block/" DEVNUM_FORMAT_STR "/queue/discard_max_bytes", DEVNUM_FORMAT_VAL(st.st_rdev));

        return write_string_filef(sysfs_path, WRITE_STRING_FILE_DISABLE_BUFFER, "%" PRIu64, max_discard);
}

static int loop_device_make_internal(
                const char *path,
                int fd,
                int open_flags,
                uint64_t offset,
                uint64_t size,
                uint32_t sector_size,
                uint32_t loop_flags,
                int lock_op,
                LoopDevice **ret) {

        _cleanup_(loop_device_unrefp) LoopDevice *d = NULL;
        _cleanup_close_ int reopened_fd = -EBADF, control = -EBADF;
        _cleanup_free_ char *backing_file = NULL;
        struct loop_config config;
        int r, f_flags;
        struct stat st;

        assert(ret);
        assert(IN_SET(open_flags, O_RDWR, O_RDONLY));

        if (fstat(ASSERT_FD(fd), &st) < 0)
                return -errno;

        if (S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
                if (offset == 0 && IN_SET(size, 0, UINT64_MAX))
                        /* If this is already a block device and we are supposed to cover the whole of it
                         * then store an fd to the original open device node — and do not actually create an
                         * unnecessary loopback device for it. */
                        return loop_device_open_from_fd(fd, open_flags, lock_op, ret);
        } else {
                r = stat_verify_regular(&st);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        if (path) {
                r = path_make_absolute_cwd(path, &backing_file);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                path_simplify(backing_file);
        } else {
                r = fd_get_path(fd, &backing_file);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        f_flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
        if (f_flags < 0)
                return -errno;

        if (FLAGS_SET(loop_flags, LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO) != FLAGS_SET(f_flags, O_DIRECT)) {
                /* If LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO is requested, then make sure we have the fd open with O_DIRECT, as
                 * that's required. Conversely, if it's off require that O_DIRECT is off too (that's because
                 * new kernels will implicitly enable LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO if O_DIRECT is set).
                 *
                 * Our intention here is that LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO is the primary knob, and O_DIRECT derived
                 * from that automatically. */

                reopened_fd = fd_reopen(fd, (FLAGS_SET(loop_flags, LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO) ? O_DIRECT : 0)|O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|open_flags);
                if (reopened_fd < 0) {
                        if (!FLAGS_SET(loop_flags, LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO))
                                return log_debug_errno(reopened_fd, "Failed to reopen file descriptor without O_DIRECT: %m");

                        /* Some file systems might not support O_DIRECT, let's gracefully continue without it then. */
                        log_debug_errno(reopened_fd, "Failed to enable O_DIRECT for backing file descriptor for loopback device. Continuing without.");
                        loop_flags &= ~LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO;
                } else
                        fd = reopened_fd; /* From now on, operate on our new O_DIRECT fd */
        }

        control = open("/dev/loop-control", O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK);
        if (control < 0)
                return -errno;

        if (sector_size == 0)
                /* If no sector size is specified, default to the classic default */
                sector_size = 512;
        else if (sector_size == UINT32_MAX) {

                if (S_ISBLK(st.st_mode))
                        /* If the sector size is specified as UINT32_MAX we'll propagate the sector size of
                         * the underlying block device. */
                        r = blockdev_get_sector_size(fd, &sector_size);
                else {
                        _cleanup_close_ int non_direct_io_fd = -EBADF;
                        int probe_fd;

                        assert(S_ISREG(st.st_mode));

                        /* If sector size is specified as UINT32_MAX, we'll try to probe the right sector
                         * size of the image in question by looking for the GPT partition header at various
                         * offsets. This of course only works if the image already has a disk label.
                         *
                         * So here we actually want to read the file contents ourselves. This is quite likely
                         * not going to work if we managed to enable O_DIRECT, because in such a case there
                         * are some pretty strict alignment requirements to offset, size and target, but
                         * there's no way to query what alignment specifically is actually required. Hence,
                         * let's avoid the mess, and temporarily open an fd without O_DIRECT for the probing
                         * logic. */

                        if (FLAGS_SET(loop_flags, LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO)) {
                                non_direct_io_fd = fd_reopen(fd, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK);
                                if (non_direct_io_fd < 0)
                                        return non_direct_io_fd;

                                probe_fd = non_direct_io_fd;
                        } else
                                probe_fd = fd;

                        r = probe_sector_size(probe_fd, &sector_size);
                }
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        config = (struct loop_config) {
                .fd = fd,
                .block_size = sector_size,
                .info = {
                        /* Use the specified flags, but configure the read-only flag from the open flags, and force autoclear */
                        .lo_flags = (loop_flags & ~LO_FLAGS_READ_ONLY) | ((open_flags & O_ACCMODE_STRICT) == O_RDONLY ? LO_FLAGS_READ_ONLY : 0) | LO_FLAGS_AUTOCLEAR,
                        .lo_offset = offset,
                        .lo_sizelimit = size == UINT64_MAX ? 0 : size,
                },
        };

        /* Loop around LOOP_CTL_GET_FREE, since at the moment we attempt to open the returned device it might
         * be gone already, taken by somebody else racing against us. */
        for (unsigned n_attempts = 0;;) {
                usec_t usec;
                int nr;

                /* Let's take a lock on the control device first. On a busy system, where many programs
                 * attempt to allocate a loopback device at the same time, we might otherwise keep looping
                 * around relatively heavy operations: asking for a free loopback device, then opening it,
                 * validating it, attaching something to it. Let's serialize this whole operation, to make
                 * unnecessary busywork less likely. Note that this is just something we do to optimize our
                 * own code (and whoever else decides to use LOCK_EX locks for this), taking this lock is not
                 * necessary, it just means it's less likely we have to iterate through this loop again and
                 * again if our own code races against our own code.
                 *
                 * Note: our lock protocol is to take the /dev/loop-control lock first, and the block device
                 * lock second, if both are taken, and always in this order, to avoid ABBA locking issues. */
                if (flock(control, LOCK_EX) < 0)
                        return -errno;

                nr = ioctl(control, LOOP_CTL_GET_FREE);
                if (nr < 0)
                        return -errno;

                r = loop_configure(nr, open_flags, lock_op, &config, &d);
                if (r >= 0)
                        break;

                /* -ENODEV or friends: Somebody might've gotten the same number from the kernel, used the
                 * device, and called LOOP_CTL_REMOVE on it. Let's retry with a new number.
                 * -EBUSY: a file descriptor is already bound to the loopback block device.
                 * -EUCLEAN: some left-over partition devices that were cleaned up.
                 * -ENOANO: we tried to use LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO but the kernel rejected it. */
                if (!ERRNO_IS_DEVICE_ABSENT(r) && !IN_SET(r, -EBUSY, -EUCLEAN, -ENOANO))
                        return r;

                /* OK, this didn't work, let's try again a bit later, but first release the lock on the
                 * control device */
                if (flock(control, LOCK_UN) < 0)
                        return -errno;

                if (++n_attempts >= 64) /* Give up eventually */
                        return -EBUSY;

                /* If we failed to enable direct IO mode, let's retry without it. We restart the process as
                 * on some combination of kernel version and storage filesystem, the kernel is very unhappy
                 * about a failed DIRECT_IO enablement and throws I/O errors. */
                if (r == -ENOANO && FLAGS_SET(config.info.lo_flags, LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO)) {
                        config.info.lo_flags &= ~LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO;
                        open_flags &= ~O_DIRECT;

                        int non_direct_io_fd = fd_reopen(config.fd, O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|open_flags);
                        if (non_direct_io_fd < 0)
                                return log_debug_errno(
                                                non_direct_io_fd,
                                                "Failed to reopen file descriptor without O_DIRECT: %m");

                        safe_close(reopened_fd);
                        fd = config.fd = /* For cleanups */ reopened_fd = non_direct_io_fd;
                }

                /* Wait some random time, to make collision less likely. Let's pick a random time in the
                 * range 0ms…250ms, linearly scaled by the number of failed attempts. */
                usec = random_u64_range(UINT64_C(10) * USEC_PER_MSEC +
                                        UINT64_C(240) * USEC_PER_MSEC * n_attempts/64);
                log_debug("Trying again after %s.", FORMAT_TIMESPAN(usec, USEC_PER_MSEC));
                (void) usleep_safe(usec);
        }

        if (S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
                /* Propagate backing device's discard byte limit to our loopback block device. We do this in
                 * order to avoid that (supposedly quick) discard requests on the loopback device get turned
                 * into (likely slow) zero-out requests on backing devices that do not support discarding
                 * natively, but do support zero-out. */
                uint64_t discard_max_bytes;

                r = fd_get_max_discard(fd, &discard_max_bytes);
                if (r < 0)
                        log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to read 'discard_max_bytes' of backing device, ignoring: %m");
                else {
                        r = fd_set_max_discard(d->fd, discard_max_bytes);
                        if (r < 0)
                                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to write 'discard_max_bytes' of loop device, ignoring: %m");
                }
        }

        d->backing_file = TAKE_PTR(backing_file);
        d->backing_inode = st.st_ino;
        d->backing_devno = st.st_dev;

        log_debug("Successfully acquired %s, devno=%u:%u, nr=%i, diskseq=%" PRIu64,
                  d->node,
                  major(d->devno), minor(d->devno),
                  d->nr,
                  d->diskseq);

        *ret = TAKE_PTR(d);
        return 0;
}

static uint32_t loop_flags_mangle(uint32_t loop_flags) {
        int r;

        r = getenv_bool("SYSTEMD_LOOP_DIRECT_IO");
        if (r < 0 && r != -ENXIO)
                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to parse $SYSTEMD_LOOP_DIRECT_IO, ignoring: %m");

        return UPDATE_FLAG(loop_flags, LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO, r != 0); /* Turn on LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO by default, unless explicitly configured to off. */
}

int loop_device_make(
                int fd,
                int open_flags,
                uint64_t offset,
                uint64_t size,
                uint32_t sector_size,
                uint32_t loop_flags,
                int lock_op,
                LoopDevice **ret) {

        assert(fd >= 0);
        assert(ret);

        return loop_device_make_internal(
                        NULL,
                        fd,
                        open_flags,
                        offset,
                        size,
                        sector_size,
                        loop_flags_mangle(loop_flags),
                        lock_op,
                        ret);
}

int loop_device_make_by_path_at(
                int dir_fd,
                const char *path,
                int open_flags,
                uint32_t sector_size,
                uint32_t loop_flags,
                int lock_op,
                LoopDevice **ret) {

        int r, basic_flags, direct_flags, rdwr_flags;
        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF;
        bool direct = false;

        assert(dir_fd >= 0 || dir_fd == AT_FDCWD);
        assert(path);
        assert(ret);
        assert(open_flags < 0 || IN_SET(open_flags, O_RDWR, O_RDONLY));

        /* Passing < 0 as open_flags here means we'll try to open the device writable if we can, retrying
         * read-only if we cannot. */

        loop_flags = loop_flags_mangle(loop_flags);

        /* Let's open with O_DIRECT if we can. But not all file systems support that, hence fall back to
         * non-O_DIRECT mode automatically, if it fails. */

        basic_flags = O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOCTTY;
        direct_flags = FLAGS_SET(loop_flags, LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO) ? O_DIRECT : 0;
        rdwr_flags = open_flags >= 0 ? open_flags : O_RDWR;

        fd = xopenat(dir_fd, path, basic_flags|direct_flags|rdwr_flags);
        if (fd < 0 && direct_flags != 0) /* If we had O_DIRECT on, and things failed with that, let's immediately try again without */
                fd = xopenat(dir_fd, path, basic_flags|rdwr_flags);
        else
                direct = direct_flags != 0;
        if (fd < 0) {
                r = fd;

                /* Retry read-only? */
                if (open_flags >= 0 || !ERRNO_IS_NEG_FS_WRITE_REFUSED(r))
                        return r;

                fd = xopenat(dir_fd, path, basic_flags|direct_flags|O_RDONLY);
                if (fd < 0 && direct_flags != 0) /* as above */
                        fd = xopenat(dir_fd, path, basic_flags|O_RDONLY);
                else
                        direct = direct_flags != 0;
                if (fd < 0)
                        return r; /* Propagate original error */

                open_flags = O_RDONLY;
        } else if (open_flags < 0)
                open_flags = O_RDWR;

        log_debug("Opened '%s' in %s access mode%s, with O_DIRECT %s%s.",
                  path,
                  open_flags == O_RDWR ? "O_RDWR" : "O_RDONLY",
                  open_flags != rdwr_flags ? " (O_RDWR was requested but not allowed)" : "",
                  direct ? "enabled" : "disabled",
                  direct != (direct_flags != 0) ? " (O_DIRECT was requested but not supported)" : "");

        return loop_device_make_internal(
                        dir_fd == AT_FDCWD ? path : NULL,
                        fd,
                        open_flags,
                        /* offset= */ 0,
                        /* size= */ 0,
                        sector_size,
                        loop_flags,
                        lock_op,
                        ret);
}

int loop_device_make_by_path_memory(
                const char *path,
                int open_flags,
                uint32_t sector_size,
                uint32_t loop_flags,
                int lock_op,
                LoopDevice **ret) {

        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF, mfd = -EBADF;
        _cleanup_free_ char *fn = NULL;
        struct stat st;
        int r;

        assert(path);
        assert(IN_SET(open_flags, O_RDWR, O_RDONLY));
        assert(ret);

        loop_flags &= ~LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO; /* memfds don't support O_DIRECT, hence LO_FLAGS_DIRECT_IO can't be used either */

        fd = open(path, O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOCTTY|O_RDONLY);
        if (fd < 0)
                return -errno;

        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
                return -errno;

        if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode) && !S_ISBLK(st.st_mode))
                return -EBADF;

        r = path_extract_filename(path, &fn);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        mfd = memfd_clone_fd(fd, fn, open_flags|O_CLOEXEC);
        if (mfd < 0)
                return mfd;

        fd = safe_close(fd); /* Let's close the original early */

        return loop_device_make_internal(NULL, mfd, open_flags, 0, 0, sector_size, loop_flags, lock_op, ret);
}

static LoopDevice* loop_device_free(LoopDevice *d) {
        _cleanup_close_ int control = -EBADF;
        int r;

        if (!d)
                return NULL;

        /* Release any lock we might have on the device first. We want to open+lock the /dev/loop-control
         * device below, but our lock protocol says that if both control and block device locks are taken,
         * the control lock needs to be taken first, the block device lock second — in order to avoid ABBA
         * locking issues. Moreover, we want to issue LOOP_CLR_FD on the block device further down, and that
         * would fail if we had another fd open to the device. */
        d->lock_fd = safe_close(d->lock_fd);

        /* Let's open the control device early, and lock it, so that we can release our block device and
         * delete it in a synchronized fashion, and allocators won't needlessly see the block device as free
         * while we are about to delete it. */
        if (!LOOP_DEVICE_IS_FOREIGN(d) && !d->relinquished) {
                control = open("/dev/loop-control", O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK);
                if (control < 0)
                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to open loop control device, cannot remove loop device '%s', ignoring: %m", strna(d->node));
                else if (flock(control, LOCK_EX) < 0)
                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to lock loop control device, ignoring: %m");
        }

        /* Then let's release the loopback block device */
        if (d->fd >= 0) {
                /* Implicitly sync the device, since otherwise in-flight blocks might not get written */
                if (fsync(d->fd) < 0)
                        log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to sync loop block device, ignoring: %m");

                if (!LOOP_DEVICE_IS_FOREIGN(d) && !d->relinquished) {
                        /* We are supposed to clear the loopback device. Let's do this synchronously: lock
                         * the device, manually remove all partitions and then clear it. This should ensure
                         * udev doesn't concurrently access the devices, and we can be reasonably sure that
                         * once we are done here the device is cleared and all its partition children
                         * removed. Note that we lock our primary device fd here (and not a separate locking
                         * fd, as we do during allocation, since we want to keep the lock all the way through
                         * the LOOP_CLR_FD, but that call would fail if we had more than one fd open.) */

                        if (flock(d->fd, LOCK_EX) < 0)
                                log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to lock loop block device, ignoring: %m");

                        r = block_device_remove_all_partitions(d->dev, d->fd);
                        if (r < 0)
                                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to remove partitions of loopback block device, ignoring: %m");

                        if (ioctl(d->fd, LOOP_CLR_FD) < 0)
                                log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to clear loop device, ignoring: %m");
                }

                safe_close(d->fd);
        }

        /* Now that the block device is released, let's also try to remove it */
        if (control >= 0) {
                useconds_t delay = 5 * USEC_PER_MSEC;  /* A total delay of 5090 ms between 39 attempts,
                                                        * (4*5 + 5*10 + 5*20 + … + 3*640) = 5090. */

                for (unsigned attempt = 1;; attempt++) {
                        if (ioctl(control, LOOP_CTL_REMOVE, d->nr) >= 0)
                                break;
                        if (errno != EBUSY || attempt > 38) {
                                log_debug_errno(errno, "Failed to remove device %s: %m", strna(d->node));
                                break;
                        }
                        if (attempt % 5 == 0) {
                                log_debug("Device is still busy after %u attempts…", attempt);
                                delay *= 2;
                        }

                        (void) usleep_safe(delay);
                }
        }

        free(d->node);
        sd_device_unref(d->dev);
        free(d->backing_file);
        return mfree(d);
}

DEFINE_TRIVIAL_REF_UNREF_FUNC(LoopDevice, loop_device, loop_device_free);

void loop_device_relinquish(LoopDevice *d) {
        assert(d);

        /* Don't attempt to clean up the loop device anymore from this point on. Leave the clean-ing up to the kernel
         * itself, using the loop device "auto-clear" logic we already turned on when creating the device. */

        d->relinquished = true;
}

void loop_device_unrelinquish(LoopDevice *d) {
        assert(d);
        d->relinquished = false;
}

int loop_device_open(
                sd_device *dev,
                int open_flags,
                int lock_op,
                LoopDevice **ret) {

        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -EBADF, lock_fd = -EBADF;
        _cleanup_free_ char *node = NULL, *backing_file = NULL;
        dev_t devnum, backing_devno = 0;
        struct loop_info64 info;
        ino_t backing_inode = 0;
        uint64_t diskseq = 0;
        LoopDevice *d;
        const char *s;
        int r, nr = -1;

        assert(dev);
        assert(IN_SET(open_flags, O_RDWR, O_RDONLY));
        assert(ret);

        /* Even if fd is provided through the argument in loop_device_open_from_fd(), we reopen the inode
         * here, instead of keeping just a dup() clone of it around, since we want to ensure that the
         * O_DIRECT flag of the handle we keep is off, we have our own file index, and have the right
         * read/write mode in effect. */
        fd = sd_device_open(dev, O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOCTTY|open_flags);
        if (fd < 0)
                return fd;

        if ((lock_op & ~LOCK_NB) != LOCK_UN) {
                lock_fd = open_lock_fd(fd, lock_op);
                if (lock_fd < 0)
                        return lock_fd;
        }

        if (ioctl(fd, LOOP_GET_STATUS64, &info) >= 0) {
#if HAVE_VALGRIND_MEMCHECK_H
                /* Valgrind currently doesn't know LOOP_GET_STATUS64. Remove this once it does */
                VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED(&info, sizeof(info));
#endif
                nr = info.lo_number;

                if (sd_device_get_sysattr_value(dev, "loop/backing_file", &s) >= 0) {
                        backing_file = strdup(s);
                        if (!backing_file)
                                return -ENOMEM;
                }

                backing_devno = info.lo_device;
                backing_inode = info.lo_inode;
        }

        r = fd_get_diskseq(fd, &diskseq);
        if (r < 0 && r != -EOPNOTSUPP)
                return r;

        uint32_t sector_size;
        r = blockdev_get_sector_size(fd, &sector_size);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        uint64_t device_size;
        r = blockdev_get_device_size(fd, &device_size);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = sd_device_get_devnum(dev, &devnum);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = sd_device_get_devname(dev, &s);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        node = strdup(s);
        if (!node)
                return -ENOMEM;

        d = new(LoopDevice, 1);
        if (!d)
                return -ENOMEM;

        *d = (LoopDevice) {
                .n_ref = 1,
                .fd = TAKE_FD(fd),
                .lock_fd = TAKE_FD(lock_fd),
                .nr = nr,
                .node = TAKE_PTR(node),
                .dev = sd_device_ref(dev),
                .backing_file = TAKE_PTR(backing_file),
                .backing_inode = backing_inode,
                .backing_devno = backing_devno,
                .relinquished = true, /* It's not ours, don't try to destroy it when this object is freed */
                .devno = devnum,
                .diskseq = diskseq,
                .sector_size = sector_size,
                .device_size = device_size,
                .created = false,
        };

        *ret = d;
        return 0;
}

int loop_device_open_from_fd(
                int fd,
                int open_flags,
                int lock_op,
                LoopDevice **ret) {

        _cleanup_(sd_device_unrefp) sd_device *dev = NULL;
        int r;

        r = block_device_new_from_fd(ASSERT_FD(fd), 0, &dev);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return loop_device_open(dev, open_flags, lock_op, ret);
}

int loop_device_open_from_path(
                const char *path,
                int open_flags,
                int lock_op,
                LoopDevice **ret) {

        _cleanup_(sd_device_unrefp) sd_device *dev = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(path);

        r = block_device_new_from_path(path, 0, &dev);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return loop_device_open(dev, open_flags, lock_op, ret);
}

static int resize_partition(int partition_fd, uint64_t offset, uint64_t size) {
        char sysfs[STRLEN("/sys/dev/block/:/partition") + 2*DECIMAL_STR_MAX(dev_t) + 1];
        _cleanup_free_ char *buffer = NULL;
        uint64_t current_offset, current_size, partno;
        _cleanup_close_ int whole_fd = -EBADF;
        struct stat st;
        dev_t devno;
        int r;

        /* Resizes the partition the loopback device refer to (assuming it refers to one instead of an actual
         * loopback device), and changes the offset, if needed. This is a fancy wrapper around
         * BLKPG_RESIZE_PARTITION. */

        if (fstat(ASSERT_FD(partition_fd), &st) < 0)
                return -errno;

        assert(S_ISBLK(st.st_mode));

        xsprintf(sysfs, "/sys/dev/block/" DEVNUM_FORMAT_STR "/partition", DEVNUM_FORMAT_VAL(st.st_rdev));
        r = read_one_line_file(sysfs, &buffer);
        if (r == -ENOENT) /* not a partition, cannot resize */
                return -ENOTTY;
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        r = safe_atou64(buffer, &partno);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        xsprintf(sysfs, "/sys/dev/block/" DEVNUM_FORMAT_STR "/start", DEVNUM_FORMAT_VAL(st.st_rdev));

        buffer = mfree(buffer);
        r = read_one_line_file(sysfs, &buffer);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        r = safe_atou64(buffer, &current_offset);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (current_offset > UINT64_MAX/512U)
                return -EINVAL;
        current_offset *= 512U;

        r = blockdev_get_device_size(partition_fd, &current_size);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (size == UINT64_MAX && offset == UINT64_MAX)
                return 0;
        if (current_size == size && current_offset == offset)
                return 0;

        xsprintf(sysfs, "/sys/dev/block/" DEVNUM_FORMAT_STR "/../dev", DEVNUM_FORMAT_VAL(st.st_rdev));

        buffer = mfree(buffer);
        r = read_one_line_file(sysfs, &buffer);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        r = parse_devnum(buffer, &devno);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        whole_fd = r = device_open_from_devnum(S_IFBLK, devno, O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOCTTY, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return block_device_resize_partition(
                        whole_fd,
                        partno,
                        offset == UINT64_MAX ? current_offset : offset,
                        size == UINT64_MAX ? current_size : size);
}

int loop_device_refresh_size(LoopDevice *d, uint64_t offset, uint64_t size) {
        struct loop_info64 info;

        assert(d);
        assert(d->fd >= 0);

        /* Changes the offset/start of the loop device relative to the beginning of the underlying file or
         * block device. If this loop device actually refers to a partition and not a loopback device, we'll
         * try to adjust the partition offsets instead.
         *
         * If either offset or size is UINT64_MAX we won't change that parameter. */

        if (d->nr < 0) /* not a loopback device */
                return resize_partition(d->fd, offset, size);

        if (ioctl(d->fd, LOOP_GET_STATUS64, &info) < 0)
                return -errno;

#if HAVE_VALGRIND_MEMCHECK_H
        /* Valgrind currently doesn't know LOOP_GET_STATUS64. Remove this once it does */
        VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED(&info, sizeof(info));
#endif

        if ((size == UINT64_MAX || info.lo_sizelimit == size) &&
            (offset == UINT64_MAX || info.lo_offset == offset))
                return 0;

        if (size != UINT64_MAX)
                info.lo_sizelimit = size;
        if (offset != UINT64_MAX)
                info.lo_offset = offset;

        return RET_NERRNO(ioctl(d->fd, LOOP_SET_STATUS64, &info));
}

int loop_device_flock(LoopDevice *d, int operation) {
        assert(IN_SET(operation & ~LOCK_NB, LOCK_UN, LOCK_SH, LOCK_EX));
        assert(d);

        /* When unlocking just close the lock fd */
        if ((operation & ~LOCK_NB) == LOCK_UN) {
                d->lock_fd = safe_close(d->lock_fd);
                return 0;
        }

        /* If we had no lock fd so far, create one and lock it right-away */
        if (d->lock_fd < 0) {
                d->lock_fd = open_lock_fd(ASSERT_FD(d->fd), operation);
                if (d->lock_fd < 0)
                        return d->lock_fd;

                return 0;
        }

        /* Otherwise change the current lock mode on the existing fd */
        return RET_NERRNO(flock(d->lock_fd, operation));
}

int loop_device_sync(LoopDevice *d) {
        assert(d);

        /* We also do this implicitly in loop_device_unref(). Doing this explicitly here has the benefit that
         * we can check the return value though. */

        return RET_NERRNO(fsync(ASSERT_FD(d->fd)));
}

int loop_device_set_autoclear(LoopDevice *d, bool autoclear) {
        struct loop_info64 info;

        assert(d);

        if (ioctl(ASSERT_FD(d->fd), LOOP_GET_STATUS64, &info) < 0)
                return -errno;

        if (autoclear == FLAGS_SET(info.lo_flags, LO_FLAGS_AUTOCLEAR))
                return 0;

        SET_FLAG(info.lo_flags, LO_FLAGS_AUTOCLEAR, autoclear);

        if (ioctl(d->fd, LOOP_SET_STATUS64, &info) < 0)
                return -errno;

        return 1;
}

int loop_device_set_filename(LoopDevice *d, const char *name) {
        struct loop_info64 info;

        assert(d);

        /* Sets the .lo_file_name of the loopback device. This is supposed to contain the path to the file
         * backing the block device, but is actually just a free-form string you can pass to the kernel. Most
         * tools that actually care for the backing file path use the sysfs attribute file loop/backing_file
         * which is a kernel generated string, subject to file system namespaces and such.
         *
         * .lo_file_name is useful since userspace can select it freely when creating a loopback block
         * device, and we can use it for /dev/disk/by-loop-ref/ symlinks, and similar, so that apps can
         * recognize their own loopback files. */

        if (name && strlen(name) >= sizeof(info.lo_file_name))
                return -ENOBUFS;

        if (ioctl(ASSERT_FD(d->fd), LOOP_GET_STATUS64, &info) < 0)
                return -errno;

        if (strneq((char*) info.lo_file_name, strempty(name), sizeof(info.lo_file_name)))
                return 0;

        if (name) {
                strncpy((char*) info.lo_file_name, name, sizeof(info.lo_file_name)-1);
                info.lo_file_name[sizeof(info.lo_file_name)-1] = 0;
        } else
                memzero(info.lo_file_name, sizeof(info.lo_file_name));

        if (ioctl(d->fd, LOOP_SET_STATUS64, &info) < 0)
                return -errno;

        return 1;
}

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