19344074984

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Merge cf6786f59 into ab28ea36f

Pull Request Pull Request #771: gh-770: Default to numpy for redshift_grid and fixed_zbins if no xp is provided

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84.95

/glass/_array_api_utils.py

"""
Array API Utilities for glass.
============================

This module provides utility functions and classes for working with multiple array
backends in the glass project, including NumPy, JAX, and array-api-strict. It includes
functions for importing backends, determining array namespaces, dispatching random
number generators, and providing missing functionality for array-api-strict through the
XPAdditions class.

Classes and functions in this module help ensure consistent behavior and compatibility
across different array libraries, and provide wrappers for common operations such as
integration, interpolation, and linear algebra.

"""

from __future__ import annotations

import inspect
import warnings
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from collections.abc import Callable
    from types import ModuleType

    import numpy as np
    from numpy.typing import DTypeLike

    from array_api_strict._array_object import Array as AArray

    from glass._types import AnyArray, FloatArray, Size, UnifiedGenerator


class CompatibleBackendNotFoundError(Exception):
    """
    Exception raised when an array library backend that
    implements a requested function, is not found.
    """

    def __init__(self, missing_backend: str, users_backend: str | None) -> None:
        self.message = (
            f"{missing_backend} is required here as "
            "no alternative has been provided by the user."
            if users_backend is None
            else f"GLASS depends on functions not supported by {users_backend}"
        )
        super().__init__(self.message)


def import_numpy(backend: str | None = None) -> ModuleType:
    """
    Import the NumPy module, raising a helpful error if NumPy is not installed.

    Parameters
    ----------
    backend
        The name of the backend requested by the user.

    Returns
    -------
        The NumPy module.

    Raises
    ------
    ModuleNotFoundError
        If NumPy is not found in the user's environment.

    Notes
    -----
    This is useful for explaining to the user why NumPy is required when their chosen
    backend does not implement a needed function.
    """
    try:
        import numpy  # noqa: ICN001, PLC0415

    except ModuleNotFoundError as err:
        raise CompatibleBackendNotFoundError("numpy", backend) from err
    else:
        return numpy


def default_xp() -> ModuleType:
    """Returns the library backend we default to if none is specified by the user."""
    warnings.warn(
        f"No array library has been provided for call to {inspect.stack()[1].function}",
        stacklevel=2,
    )
    return import_numpy()


def rng_dispatcher(*, xp: ModuleType) -> UnifiedGenerator:
    """
    Dispatch a random number generator based on the provided array's backend.

    Parameters
    ----------
    xp
        The array library backend to use for array operations.

    Returns
    -------
        The appropriate random number generator for the array's backend.

    Raises
    ------
    NotImplementedError
        If the array backend is not supported.
    """
    if xp.__name__ == "jax.numpy":
        import glass.jax  # noqa: PLC0415

        return glass.jax.Generator(seed=42)

    if xp.__name__ == "numpy":
        return xp.random.default_rng()  # type: ignore[no-any-return]

    if xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":
        return Generator(seed=42)

    msg = "the array backend in not supported"
    raise NotImplementedError(msg)


class Generator:
    """
    NumPy random number generator returning array_api_strict Array.

    This class wraps NumPy's random number generator and returns arrays compatible
    with array_api_strict.
    """

    __slots__ = ("axp", "nxp", "rng")

    def __init__(
        self,
        seed: int | bool | AArray | None = None,  # noqa: FBT001
    ) -> None:
        """
        Initialize the Generator.

        Parameters
        ----------
        seed
            Seed for the random number generator.
        """
        import numpy  # noqa: ICN001, PLC0415

        import array_api_strict  # noqa: PLC0415

        self.axp = array_api_strict
        self.nxp = numpy
        self.rng = self.nxp.random.default_rng(seed=seed)

    def random(
        self,
        size: Size = None,
        dtype: DTypeLike | None = None,
        out: AArray | None = None,
    ) -> AArray:
        """
        Return random floats in the half-open interval [0.0, 1.0).

        Parameters
        ----------
        size
            Output shape.
        dtype
            Desired data type.
        out
            Optional output array.

        Returns
        -------
            Array of random floats.
        """
        dtype = dtype if dtype is not None else self.nxp.float64
        return self.axp.asarray(self.rng.random(size, dtype, out))  # type: ignore[arg-type]

    def normal(
        self,
        loc: float | FloatArray = 0.0,
        scale: float | FloatArray = 1.0,
        size: Size = None,
    ) -> AArray:
        """
        Draw samples from a Normal distribution (mean=loc, stdev=scale).

        Parameters
        ----------
        loc
            Mean of the distribution.
        scale
            Standard deviation of the distribution.
        size
            Output shape.

        Returns
        -------
            Array of samples from the normal distribution.
        """
        return self.axp.asarray(self.rng.normal(loc, scale, size))

    def poisson(self, lam: float | AArray, size: Size = None) -> AArray:
        """
        Draw samples from a Poisson distribution.

        Parameters
        ----------
        lam
            Expected number of events.
        size
            Output shape.

        Returns
        -------
            Array of samples from the Poisson distribution.
        """
        return self.axp.asarray(self.rng.poisson(lam, size))

    def standard_normal(
        self,
        size: Size = None,
        dtype: DTypeLike | None = None,
        out: AArray | None = None,
    ) -> AArray:
        """
        Draw samples from a standard Normal distribution (mean=0, stdev=1).

        Parameters
        ----------
        size
            Output shape.
        dtype
            Desired data type.
        out
            Optional output array.

        Returns
        -------
            Array of samples from the standard normal distribution.
        """
        dtype = dtype if dtype is not None else self.nxp.float64
        return self.axp.asarray(self.rng.standard_normal(size, dtype, out))  # type: ignore[arg-type]

    def uniform(
        self,
        low: float | AArray = 0.0,
        high: float | AArray = 1.0,
        size: Size = None,
    ) -> AArray:
        """
        Draw samples from a Uniform distribution.

        Parameters
        ----------
        low
            Lower bound of the distribution.
        high
            Upper bound of the distribution.
        size : Size, optional
            Output shape.

        Returns
        -------
            Array of samples from the uniform distribution.
        """
        return self.axp.asarray(self.rng.uniform(low, high, size))


class XPAdditions:
    """
    Additional functions missing from both array-api-strict and array-api-extra.

    This class provides wrappers for common array operations such as integration,
    interpolation, and linear algebra, ensuring compatibility across NumPy, JAX,
    and array-api-strict backends.

    This is intended as a temporary solution. See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/645
    for details.
    """

    xp: ModuleType
    backend: str

    def __init__(self, xp: ModuleType) -> None:
        """
        Initialize XPAdditions with the given array namespace.

        Parameters
        ----------
        xp
            The array library backend to use for array operations.
        """
        self.xp = xp

    def trapezoid(
        self,
        y: AnyArray,
        x: AnyArray = None,
        dx: float = 1.0,
        axis: int = -1,
    ) -> AnyArray:
        """
        Integrate along the given axis using the composite trapezoidal rule.

        Parameters
        ----------
        y
            Input array to integrate.
        x
            Sample points corresponding to y.
        dx
            Spacing between sample points.
        axis
            Axis along which to integrate.

        Returns
        -------
            Integrated result.

        Raises
        ------
        NotImplementedError
            If the array backend is not supported.

        Notes
        -----
        See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/646
        """
        if self.xp.__name__ == "jax.numpy":
            import glass.jax  # noqa: PLC0415

            return glass.jax.trapezoid(y, x=x, dx=dx, axis=axis)

        if self.xp.__name__ == "numpy":
            return self.xp.trapezoid(y, x=x, dx=dx, axis=axis)

        if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":
            np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)

            # Using design principle of scipy (i.e. copy, use np, copy back)
            y_np = np.asarray(y, copy=True)
            x_np = np.asarray(x, copy=True)
            result_np = np.trapezoid(y_np, x_np, dx=dx, axis=axis)
            return self.xp.asarray(result_np, copy=True)

        msg = "the array backend in not supported"
        raise NotImplementedError(msg)

    def union1d(self, ar1: AnyArray, ar2: AnyArray) -> AnyArray:
        """
        Compute the set union of two 1D arrays.

        Parameters
        ----------
        ar1
            First input array.
        ar2
            Second input array.

        Returns
        -------
            The union of the two arrays.

        Raises
        ------
        NotImplementedError
            If the array backend is not supported.

        Notes
        -----
        See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/647
        """
        if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:
            return self.xp.union1d(ar1, ar2)

        if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":
            np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)

            # Using design principle of scipy (i.e. copy, use np, copy back)
            ar1_np = np.asarray(ar1, copy=True)
            ar2_np = np.asarray(ar2, copy=True)
            result_np = np.union1d(ar1_np, ar2_np)
            return self.xp.asarray(result_np, copy=True)

        msg = "the array backend in not supported"
        raise NotImplementedError(msg)

    def interp(  # noqa: PLR0913
        self,
        x: AnyArray,
        x_points: AnyArray,
        y_points: AnyArray,
        left: float | None = None,
        right: float | None = None,
        period: float | None = None,
    ) -> AnyArray:
        """
        One-dimensional linear interpolation for monotonically increasing sample points.

        Parameters
        ----------
        x
            The x-coordinates at which to evaluate the interpolated values.
        x_points
            The x-coordinates of the data points.
        y_points
            The y-coordinates of the data points.
        left
            Value to return for x < x_points[0].
        right
            Value to return for x > x_points[-1].
        period
            Period for periodic interpolation.

        Returns
        -------
            Interpolated values.

        Raises
        ------
        NotImplementedError
            If the array backend is not supported.

        Notes
        -----
        See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/650
        """
        if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:
            return self.xp.interp(
                x,
                x_points,
                y_points,
                left=left,
                right=right,
                period=period,
            )

        if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":
            np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)

            # Using design principle of scipy (i.e. copy, use np, copy back)
            x_np = np.asarray(x, copy=True)
            x_points_np = np.asarray(x_points, copy=True)
            y_points_np = np.asarray(y_points, copy=True)
            result_np = np.interp(
                x_np,
                x_points_np,
                y_points_np,
                left=left,
                right=right,
                period=period,
            )
            return self.xp.asarray(result_np, copy=True)

        msg = "the array backend in not supported"
        raise NotImplementedError(msg)

    def gradient(self, f: AnyArray) -> AnyArray:
        """
        Return the gradient of an N-dimensional array.

        Parameters
        ----------
        f
            Input array.

        Returns
        -------
            Gradient of the input array.

        Raises
        ------
        NotImplementedError
            If the array backend is not supported.

        Notes
        -----
        See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/648
        """
        if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:
            return self.xp.gradient(f)

        if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":
            np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)

            # Using design principle of scipy (i.e. copy, use np, copy back)
            f_np = np.asarray(f, copy=True)
            result_np = np.gradient(f_np)
            return self.xp.asarray(result_np, copy=True)

        msg = "the array backend in not supported"
        raise NotImplementedError(msg)

    def linalg_lstsq(
        self,
        a: AnyArray,
        b: AnyArray,
        rcond: float | None = None,
    ) -> tuple[AnyArray, AnyArray, int, AnyArray]:
        """
        Solve a linear least squares problem.

        Parameters
        ----------
        a
            Coefficient matrix.
        b
            Ordinate or "dependent variable" values.
        rcond
            Cut-off ratio for small singular values.

        Returns
        -------
        x
            Least-squares solution. If b is two-dimensional, the solutions are in the K
            columns of x.

        residuals
            Sums of squared residuals: Squared Euclidean 2-norm for each column in b - a
            @ x. If the rank of a is < N or M <= N, this is an empty array. If b is
            1-dimensional, this is a (1,) shape array. Otherwise the shape is (K,).

        rank
            Rank of matrix a.

        s
            Singular values of a.

        Raises
        ------
        NotImplementedError
            If the array backend is not supported.

        Notes
        -----
        See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/649
        """
        if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:
            return self.xp.linalg.lstsq(a, b, rcond=rcond)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]

        if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":
            np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)

            # Using design principle of scipy (i.e. copy, use np, copy back)
            a_np = np.asarray(a, copy=True)
            b_np = np.asarray(b, copy=True)
            result_np = np.linalg.lstsq(a_np, b_np, rcond=rcond)
            return tuple(self.xp.asarray(res, copy=True) for res in result_np)

        msg = "the array backend in not supported"
        raise NotImplementedError(msg)

    def einsum(self, subscripts: str, *operands: AnyArray) -> AnyArray:
        """
        Evaluate the Einstein summation convention on the operands.

        Parameters
        ----------
        subscripts
            Specifies the subscripts for summation.
        *operands
            Arrays to be summed.

        Returns
        -------
            Result of the Einstein summation.

        Raises
        ------
        NotImplementedError
            If the array backend is not supported.

        Notes
        -----
        See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/657
        """
        if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:
            return self.xp.einsum(subscripts, *operands)

        if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":
            np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)

            # Using design principle of scipy (i.e. copy, use np, copy back)
            operands_np = (np.asarray(op, copy=True) for op in operands)
            result_np = np.einsum(subscripts, *operands_np)
            return self.xp.asarray(result_np, copy=True)

        msg = "the array backend in not supported"
        raise NotImplementedError(msg)

    def apply_along_axis(
        self,
        func1d: Callable[..., Any],
        axis: int,
        arr: AnyArray,
        *args: object,
        **kwargs: object,
    ) -> AnyArray:
        """
        Apply a function to 1-D slices along the given axis.

        Parameters
        ----------
        func1d
            Function to apply to 1-D slices.
        axis
            Axis along which to apply the function.
        arr
            Input array.
        *args
            Additional positional arguments to pass to func1d.
        **kwargs
            Additional keyword arguments to pass to func1d.

        Returns
        -------
            Result of applying the function along the axis.

        Raises
        ------
        NotImplementedError
            If the array backend is not supported.

        Notes
        -----
        See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/651

        """
        if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:
            return self.xp.apply_along_axis(func1d, axis, arr, *args, **kwargs)

        if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":
            # Import here to prevent users relying on numpy unless in this instance
            np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)

            return self.xp.asarray(
                np.apply_along_axis(func1d, axis, arr, *args, **kwargs),
                copy=True,
            )

        msg = "the array backend in not supported"
        raise NotImplementedError(msg)

    def vectorize(
        self,
        pyfunc: Callable[..., Any],
        otypes: tuple[type[float]],
    ) -> Callable[..., Any]:
        """
        Returns an object that acts like pyfunc, but takes arrays as input.

        Parameters
        ----------
        pyfunc
            Python function to vectorize.
        otypes
            Output types.

        Returns
        -------
            Vectorized function.

        Raises
        ------
        NotImplementedError
            If the array backend is not supported.

        Notes
        -----
        See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/671
        """
        if self.xp.__name__ == "numpy":
            return self.xp.vectorize(pyfunc, otypes=otypes)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]

        if self.xp.__name__ in {"array_api_strict", "jax.numpy"}:
            # Import here to prevent users relying on numpy unless in this instance
            np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)

            return np.vectorize(pyfunc, otypes=otypes)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]

        msg = "the array backend in not supported"
        raise NotImplementedError(msg)

    def radians(self, deg_arr: AnyArray) -> AnyArray:
        """
        Convert angles from degrees to radians.

        Parameters
        ----------
        deg_arr
            Array of angles in degrees.

        Returns
        -------
            Array of angles in radians.

        Raises
        ------
        NotImplementedError
            If the array backend is not supported.
        """
        if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:
            return self.xp.radians(deg_arr)

        if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":
            np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)

            return self.xp.asarray(np.radians(deg_arr))

        msg = "the array backend in not supported"
        raise NotImplementedError(msg)

    def degrees(self, deg_arr: AnyArray) -> AnyArray:
        """
        Convert angles from radians to degrees.

        Parameters
        ----------
        deg_arr
            Array of angles in radians.

        Returns
        -------
            Array of angles in degrees.

        Raises
        ------
        NotImplementedError
            If the array backend is not supported.
        """
        if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:
            return self.xp.degrees(deg_arr)

        if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":
            np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)

            return self.xp.asarray(np.degrees(deg_arr))

        msg = "the array backend in not supported"
        raise NotImplementedError(msg)

    def ndindex(self, shape: tuple[int, ...]) -> np.ndindex:
        """
        Wrapper for numpy.ndindex.

        See relevant docs for details:
        - NumPy, https://numpy.org/doc/2.2/reference/generated/numpy.ndindex.html

        Raises
        ------
        NotImplementedError
            If the array backend is not supported.

        """
        if self.xp.__name__ == "numpy":
            return self.xp.ndindex(shape)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]

        if self.xp.__name__ in {"array_api_strict", "jax.numpy"}:
            np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)

            return np.ndindex(shape)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]

        msg = "the array backend in not supported"
        raise NotImplementedError(msg)

1	"""
2	Array API Utilities for glass.
3	============================
4
5	This module provides utility functions and classes for working with multiple array
6	backends in the glass project, including NumPy, JAX, and array-api-strict. It includes
7	functions for importing backends, determining array namespaces, dispatching random
8	number generators, and providing missing functionality for array-api-strict through the
9	XPAdditions class.
10
11	Classes and functions in this module help ensure consistent behavior and compatibility
12	across different array libraries, and provide wrappers for common operations such as
13	integration, interpolation, and linear algebra.
14
15	"""
16
17	from __future__ import annotations	8✔
18
19	import inspect	8✔
20	import warnings	8✔
21	from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any	8✔
22
23	if TYPE_CHECKING:
24	from collections.abc import Callable
25	from types import ModuleType
26
27	import numpy as np
28	from numpy.typing import DTypeLike
29
30	from array_api_strict._array_object import Array as AArray
31
32	from glass._types import AnyArray, FloatArray, Size, UnifiedGenerator
33
34
35	class CompatibleBackendNotFoundError(Exception):	8✔
36	"""
37	Exception raised when an array library backend that
38	implements a requested function, is not found.
39	"""
40
41	def __init__(self, missing_backend: str, users_backend: str \| None) -> None:	8✔
NEW 42	self.message = (	×
43	f"{missing_backend} is required here as "
44	"no alternative has been provided by the user."
45	if users_backend is None
46	else f"GLASS depends on functions not supported by {users_backend}"
47	)
UNCOV 48	super().__init__(self.message)	×
49
50
51	def import_numpy(backend: str \| None = None) -> ModuleType:	8✔
52	"""
53	Import the NumPy module, raising a helpful error if NumPy is not installed.
54
55	Parameters
56	----------
57	backend
58	The name of the backend requested by the user.
59
60	Returns
61	-------
62	The NumPy module.
63
64	Raises
65	------
66	ModuleNotFoundError
67	If NumPy is not found in the user's environment.
68
69	Notes
70	-----
71	This is useful for explaining to the user why NumPy is required when their chosen
72	backend does not implement a needed function.
73	"""
74	try:	4✔
75	import numpy # noqa: ICN001, PLC0415	4✔
76
UNCOV 77	except ModuleNotFoundError as err:	×
UNCOV 78	raise CompatibleBackendNotFoundError("numpy", backend) from err	×
79	else:
80	return numpy	4✔
81
82
83	def default_xp() -> ModuleType:	8✔
84	"""Returns the library backend we default to if none is specified by the user."""
85	warnings.warn(	4✔
86	f"No array library has been provided for call to {inspect.stack()[1].function}",
87	stacklevel=2,
88	)
89	return import_numpy()	4✔
90
91
92	def rng_dispatcher(*, xp: ModuleType) -> UnifiedGenerator:	8✔
93	"""
94	Dispatch a random number generator based on the provided array's backend.
95
96	Parameters
97	----------
98	xp
99	The array library backend to use for array operations.
100
101	Returns
102	-------
103	The appropriate random number generator for the array's backend.
104
105	Raises
106	------
107	NotImplementedError
108	If the array backend is not supported.
109	"""
110	if xp.__name__ == "jax.numpy":	4✔
111	import glass.jax # noqa: PLC0415	4✔
112
113	return glass.jax.Generator(seed=42)	4✔
114
115	if xp.__name__ == "numpy":	4✔
116	return xp.random.default_rng() # type: ignore[no-any-return]	4✔
117
118	if xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":	4✔
119	return Generator(seed=42)	4✔
120
UNCOV 121	msg = "the array backend in not supported"	×
UNCOV 122	raise NotImplementedError(msg)	×
123
124
125	class Generator:	8✔
126	"""
127	NumPy random number generator returning array_api_strict Array.
128
129	This class wraps NumPy's random number generator and returns arrays compatible
130	with array_api_strict.
131	"""
132
133	__slots__ = ("axp", "nxp", "rng")	8✔
134
135	def __init__(	8✔
136	self,
137	seed: int \| bool \| AArray \| None = None, # noqa: FBT001
138	) -> None:
139	"""
140	Initialize the Generator.
141
142	Parameters
143	----------
144	seed
145	Seed for the random number generator.
146	"""
147	import numpy # noqa: ICN001, PLC0415	8✔
148
149	import array_api_strict # noqa: PLC0415	8✔
150
151	self.axp = array_api_strict	8✔
152	self.nxp = numpy	8✔
153	self.rng = self.nxp.random.default_rng(seed=seed)	8✔
154
155	def random(	8✔
156	self,
157	size: Size = None,
158	dtype: DTypeLike \| None = None,
159	out: AArray \| None = None,
160	) -> AArray:
161	"""
162	Return random floats in the half-open interval [0.0, 1.0).
163
164	Parameters
165	----------
166	size
167	Output shape.
168	dtype
169	Desired data type.
170	out
171	Optional output array.
172
173	Returns
174	-------
175	Array of random floats.
176	"""
177	dtype = dtype if dtype is not None else self.nxp.float64	8✔
178	return self.axp.asarray(self.rng.random(size, dtype, out)) # type: ignore[arg-type]	8✔
179
180	def normal(	8✔
181	self,
182	loc: float \| FloatArray = 0.0,
183	scale: float \| FloatArray = 1.0,
184	size: Size = None,
185	) -> AArray:
186	"""
187	Draw samples from a Normal distribution (mean=loc, stdev=scale).
188
189	Parameters
190	----------
191	loc
192	Mean of the distribution.
193	scale
194	Standard deviation of the distribution.
195	size
196	Output shape.
197
198	Returns
199	-------
200	Array of samples from the normal distribution.
201	"""
202	return self.axp.asarray(self.rng.normal(loc, scale, size))	4✔
203
204	def poisson(self, lam: float \| AArray, size: Size = None) -> AArray:	8✔
205	"""
206	Draw samples from a Poisson distribution.
207
208	Parameters
209	----------
210	lam
211	Expected number of events.
212	size
213	Output shape.
214
215	Returns
216	-------
217	Array of samples from the Poisson distribution.
218	"""
219	return self.axp.asarray(self.rng.poisson(lam, size))	4✔
220
221	def standard_normal(	8✔
222	self,
223	size: Size = None,
224	dtype: DTypeLike \| None = None,
225	out: AArray \| None = None,
226	) -> AArray:
227	"""
228	Draw samples from a standard Normal distribution (mean=0, stdev=1).
229
230	Parameters
231	----------
232	size
233	Output shape.
234	dtype
235	Desired data type.
236	out
237	Optional output array.
238
239	Returns
240	-------
241	Array of samples from the standard normal distribution.
242	"""
243	dtype = dtype if dtype is not None else self.nxp.float64	4✔
244	return self.axp.asarray(self.rng.standard_normal(size, dtype, out)) # type: ignore[arg-type]	4✔
245
246	def uniform(	8✔
247	self,
248	low: float \| AArray = 0.0,
249	high: float \| AArray = 1.0,
250	size: Size = None,
251	) -> AArray:
252	"""
253	Draw samples from a Uniform distribution.
254
255	Parameters
256	----------
257	low
258	Lower bound of the distribution.
259	high
260	Upper bound of the distribution.
261	size : Size, optional
262	Output shape.
263
264	Returns
265	-------
266	Array of samples from the uniform distribution.
267	"""
268	return self.axp.asarray(self.rng.uniform(low, high, size))	4✔
269
270
271	class XPAdditions:	8✔
272	"""
273	Additional functions missing from both array-api-strict and array-api-extra.
274
275	This class provides wrappers for common array operations such as integration,
276	interpolation, and linear algebra, ensuring compatibility across NumPy, JAX,
277	and array-api-strict backends.
278
279	This is intended as a temporary solution. See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/645
280	for details.
281	"""
282
283	xp: ModuleType	8✔
284	backend: str	8✔
285
286	def __init__(self, xp: ModuleType) -> None:	8✔
287	"""
288	Initialize XPAdditions with the given array namespace.
289
290	Parameters
291	----------
292	xp
293	The array library backend to use for array operations.
294	"""
295	self.xp = xp	4✔
296
297	def trapezoid(	8✔
298	self,
299	y: AnyArray,
300	x: AnyArray = None,
301	dx: float = 1.0,
302	axis: int = -1,
303	) -> AnyArray:
304	"""
305	Integrate along the given axis using the composite trapezoidal rule.
306
307	Parameters
308	----------
309	y
310	Input array to integrate.
311	x
312	Sample points corresponding to y.
313	dx
314	Spacing between sample points.
315	axis
316	Axis along which to integrate.
317
318	Returns
319	-------
320	Integrated result.
321
322	Raises
323	------
324	NotImplementedError
325	If the array backend is not supported.
326
327	Notes
328	-----
329	See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/646
330	"""
331	if self.xp.__name__ == "jax.numpy":	4✔
332	import glass.jax # noqa: PLC0415	4✔
333
334	return glass.jax.trapezoid(y, x=x, dx=dx, axis=axis)	4✔
335
336	if self.xp.__name__ == "numpy":	4✔
337	return self.xp.trapezoid(y, x=x, dx=dx, axis=axis)	4✔
338
339	if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":	4✔
340	np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)	4✔
341
342	# Using design principle of scipy (i.e. copy, use np, copy back)
343	y_np = np.asarray(y, copy=True)	4✔
344	x_np = np.asarray(x, copy=True)	4✔
345	result_np = np.trapezoid(y_np, x_np, dx=dx, axis=axis)	4✔
346	return self.xp.asarray(result_np, copy=True)	4✔
347
UNCOV 348	msg = "the array backend in not supported"	×
UNCOV 349	raise NotImplementedError(msg)	×
350
351	def union1d(self, ar1: AnyArray, ar2: AnyArray) -> AnyArray:	8✔
352	"""
353	Compute the set union of two 1D arrays.
354
355	Parameters
356	----------
357	ar1
358	First input array.
359	ar2
360	Second input array.
361
362	Returns
363	-------
364	The union of the two arrays.
365
366	Raises
367	------
368	NotImplementedError
369	If the array backend is not supported.
370
371	Notes
372	-----
373	See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/647
374	"""
375	if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:	4✔
376	return self.xp.union1d(ar1, ar2)	4✔
377
378	if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":	4✔
379	np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)	4✔
380
381	# Using design principle of scipy (i.e. copy, use np, copy back)
382	ar1_np = np.asarray(ar1, copy=True)	4✔
383	ar2_np = np.asarray(ar2, copy=True)	4✔
384	result_np = np.union1d(ar1_np, ar2_np)	4✔
385	return self.xp.asarray(result_np, copy=True)	4✔
386
UNCOV 387	msg = "the array backend in not supported"	×
UNCOV 388	raise NotImplementedError(msg)	×
389
390	def interp( # noqa: PLR0913	8✔
391	self,
392	x: AnyArray,
393	x_points: AnyArray,
394	y_points: AnyArray,
395	left: float \| None = None,
396	right: float \| None = None,
397	period: float \| None = None,
398	) -> AnyArray:
399	"""
400	One-dimensional linear interpolation for monotonically increasing sample points.
401
402	Parameters
403	----------
404	x
405	The x-coordinates at which to evaluate the interpolated values.
406	x_points
407	The x-coordinates of the data points.
408	y_points
409	The y-coordinates of the data points.
410	left
411	Value to return for x < x_points[0].
412	right
413	Value to return for x > x_points[-1].
414	period
415	Period for periodic interpolation.
416
417	Returns
418	-------
419	Interpolated values.
420
421	Raises
422	------
423	NotImplementedError
424	If the array backend is not supported.
425
426	Notes
427	-----
428	See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/650
429	"""
430	if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:	4✔
431	return self.xp.interp(	4✔
432	x,
433	x_points,
434	y_points,
435	left=left,
436	right=right,
437	period=period,
438	)
439
440	if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":	4✔
441	np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)	4✔
442
443	# Using design principle of scipy (i.e. copy, use np, copy back)
444	x_np = np.asarray(x, copy=True)	4✔
445	x_points_np = np.asarray(x_points, copy=True)	4✔
446	y_points_np = np.asarray(y_points, copy=True)	4✔
447	result_np = np.interp(	4✔
448	x_np,
449	x_points_np,
450	y_points_np,
451	left=left,
452	right=right,
453	period=period,
454	)
455	return self.xp.asarray(result_np, copy=True)	4✔
456
UNCOV 457	msg = "the array backend in not supported"	×
UNCOV 458	raise NotImplementedError(msg)	×
459
460	def gradient(self, f: AnyArray) -> AnyArray:	8✔
461	"""
462	Return the gradient of an N-dimensional array.
463
464	Parameters
465	----------
466	f
467	Input array.
468
469	Returns
470	-------
471	Gradient of the input array.
472
473	Raises
474	------
475	NotImplementedError
476	If the array backend is not supported.
477
478	Notes
479	-----
480	See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/648
481	"""
482	if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:	4✔
483	return self.xp.gradient(f)	4✔
484
485	if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":	4✔
486	np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)	4✔
487
488	# Using design principle of scipy (i.e. copy, use np, copy back)
489	f_np = np.asarray(f, copy=True)	4✔
490	result_np = np.gradient(f_np)	4✔
491	return self.xp.asarray(result_np, copy=True)	4✔
492
UNCOV 493	msg = "the array backend in not supported"	×
UNCOV 494	raise NotImplementedError(msg)	×
495
496	def linalg_lstsq(	8✔
497	self,
498	a: AnyArray,
499	b: AnyArray,
500	rcond: float \| None = None,
501	) -> tuple[AnyArray, AnyArray, int, AnyArray]:
502	"""
503	Solve a linear least squares problem.
504
505	Parameters
506	----------
507	a
508	Coefficient matrix.
509	b
510	Ordinate or "dependent variable" values.
511	rcond
512	Cut-off ratio for small singular values.
513
514	Returns
515	-------
516	x
517	Least-squares solution. If b is two-dimensional, the solutions are in the K
518	columns of x.
519
520	residuals
521	Sums of squared residuals: Squared Euclidean 2-norm for each column in b - a
522	@ x. If the rank of a is < N or M <= N, this is an empty array. If b is
523	1-dimensional, this is a (1,) shape array. Otherwise the shape is (K,).
524
525	rank
526	Rank of matrix a.
527
528	s
529	Singular values of a.
530
531	Raises
532	------
533	NotImplementedError
534	If the array backend is not supported.
535
536	Notes
537	-----
538	See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/649
539	"""
540	if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:	4✔
541	return self.xp.linalg.lstsq(a, b, rcond=rcond) # type: ignore[no-any-return]	4✔
542
543	if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":	4✔
544	np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)	4✔
545
546	# Using design principle of scipy (i.e. copy, use np, copy back)
547	a_np = np.asarray(a, copy=True)	4✔
548	b_np = np.asarray(b, copy=True)	4✔
549	result_np = np.linalg.lstsq(a_np, b_np, rcond=rcond)	4✔
550	return tuple(self.xp.asarray(res, copy=True) for res in result_np)	4✔
551
UNCOV 552	msg = "the array backend in not supported"	×
UNCOV 553	raise NotImplementedError(msg)	×
554
555	def einsum(self, subscripts: str, *operands: AnyArray) -> AnyArray:	8✔
556	"""
557	Evaluate the Einstein summation convention on the operands.
558
559	Parameters
560	----------
561	subscripts
562	Specifies the subscripts for summation.
563	*operands
564	Arrays to be summed.
565
566	Returns
567	-------
568	Result of the Einstein summation.
569
570	Raises
571	------
572	NotImplementedError
573	If the array backend is not supported.
574
575	Notes
576	-----
577	See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/657
578	"""
579	if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:	4✔
580	return self.xp.einsum(subscripts, *operands)	4✔
581
582	if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":	4✔
583	np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)	4✔
584
585	# Using design principle of scipy (i.e. copy, use np, copy back)
586	operands_np = (np.asarray(op, copy=True) for op in operands)	4✔
587	result_np = np.einsum(subscripts, *operands_np)	4✔
588	return self.xp.asarray(result_np, copy=True)	4✔
589
UNCOV 590	msg = "the array backend in not supported"	×
UNCOV 591	raise NotImplementedError(msg)	×
592
593	def apply_along_axis(	8✔
594	self,
595	func1d: Callable[..., Any],
596	axis: int,
597	arr: AnyArray,
598	*args: object,
599	**kwargs: object,
600	) -> AnyArray:
601	"""
602	Apply a function to 1-D slices along the given axis.
603
604	Parameters
605	----------
606	func1d
607	Function to apply to 1-D slices.
608	axis
609	Axis along which to apply the function.
610	arr
611	Input array.
612	*args
613	Additional positional arguments to pass to func1d.
614	**kwargs
615	Additional keyword arguments to pass to func1d.
616
617	Returns
618	-------
619	Result of applying the function along the axis.
620
621	Raises
622	------
623	NotImplementedError
624	If the array backend is not supported.
625
626	Notes
627	-----
628	See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/651
629
630	"""
631	if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:	4✔
632	return self.xp.apply_along_axis(func1d, axis, arr, args, *kwargs)	4✔
633
634	if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":	4✔
635	# Import here to prevent users relying on numpy unless in this instance
636	np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)	4✔
637
638	return self.xp.asarray(	4✔
639	np.apply_along_axis(func1d, axis, arr, args, *kwargs),
640	copy=True,
641	)
642
UNCOV 643	msg = "the array backend in not supported"	×
UNCOV 644	raise NotImplementedError(msg)	×
645
646	def vectorize(	8✔
647	self,
648	pyfunc: Callable[..., Any],
649	otypes: tuple[type[float]],
650	) -> Callable[..., Any]:
651	"""
652	Returns an object that acts like pyfunc, but takes arrays as input.
653
654	Parameters
655	----------
656	pyfunc
657	Python function to vectorize.
658	otypes
659	Output types.
660
661	Returns
662	-------
663	Vectorized function.
664
665	Raises
666	------
667	NotImplementedError
668	If the array backend is not supported.
669
670	Notes
671	-----
672	See https://github.com/glass-dev/glass/issues/671
673	"""
674	if self.xp.__name__ == "numpy":	4✔
675	return self.xp.vectorize(pyfunc, otypes=otypes) # type: ignore[no-any-return]	4✔
676
677	if self.xp.__name__ in {"array_api_strict", "jax.numpy"}:	4✔
678	# Import here to prevent users relying on numpy unless in this instance
679	np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)	4✔
680
681	return np.vectorize(pyfunc, otypes=otypes) # type: ignore[no-any-return]	4✔
682
UNCOV 683	msg = "the array backend in not supported"	×
UNCOV 684	raise NotImplementedError(msg)	×
685
686	def radians(self, deg_arr: AnyArray) -> AnyArray:	8✔
687	"""
688	Convert angles from degrees to radians.
689
690	Parameters
691	----------
692	deg_arr
693	Array of angles in degrees.
694
695	Returns
696	-------
697	Array of angles in radians.
698
699	Raises
700	------
701	NotImplementedError
702	If the array backend is not supported.
703	"""
704	if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:	4✔
705	return self.xp.radians(deg_arr)	4✔
706
707	if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":	4✔
708	np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)	4✔
709
710	return self.xp.asarray(np.radians(deg_arr))	4✔
711
UNCOV 712	msg = "the array backend in not supported"	×
UNCOV 713	raise NotImplementedError(msg)	×
714
715	def degrees(self, deg_arr: AnyArray) -> AnyArray:	8✔
716	"""
717	Convert angles from radians to degrees.
718
719	Parameters
720	----------
721	deg_arr
722	Array of angles in radians.
723
724	Returns
725	-------
726	Array of angles in degrees.
727
728	Raises
729	------
730	NotImplementedError
731	If the array backend is not supported.
732	"""
733	if self.xp.__name__ in {"numpy", "jax.numpy"}:	4✔
734	return self.xp.degrees(deg_arr)	4✔
735
736	if self.xp.__name__ == "array_api_strict":	4✔
737	np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)	4✔
738
739	return self.xp.asarray(np.degrees(deg_arr))	4✔
740
UNCOV 741	msg = "the array backend in not supported"	×
UNCOV 742	raise NotImplementedError(msg)	×
743
744	def ndindex(self, shape: tuple[int, ...]) -> np.ndindex:	8✔
745	"""
746	Wrapper for numpy.ndindex.
747
748	See relevant docs for details:
749	- NumPy, https://numpy.org/doc/2.2/reference/generated/numpy.ndindex.html
750
751	Raises
752	------
753	NotImplementedError
754	If the array backend is not supported.
755
756	"""
757	if self.xp.__name__ == "numpy":	4✔
758	return self.xp.ndindex(shape) # type: ignore[no-any-return]	4✔
759
760	if self.xp.__name__ in {"array_api_strict", "jax.numpy"}:	4✔
761	np = import_numpy(self.xp.__name__)	4✔
762
763	return np.ndindex(shape) # type: ignore[no-any-return]	4✔
764
UNCOV 765	msg = "the array backend in not supported"	×
UNCOV 766	raise NotImplementedError(msg)	×

glass-dev / glass / 19344074984

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