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Merge branch 'feature/v0.4.7' into develop

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79.11

/colour/plotting/models.py

"""
Colour Models Plotting
======================

Define the colour models plotting objects:

-   :func:`colour.plotting.lines_pointer_gamut`
-   :func:`colour.plotting.\
plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931`
-   :func:`colour.plotting.\
plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS`
-   :func:`colour.plotting.\
plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS`
-   :func:`colour.plotting.\
plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931`
-   :func:`colour.plotting.\
plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS`
-   :func:`colour.plotting.\
plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS`
-   :func:`colour.plotting.\
plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931`
-   :func:`colour.plotting.\
plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS`
-   :func:`colour.plotting.\
plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS`
-   :func:`colour.plotting.plot_single_cctf`
-   :func:`colour.plotting.plot_multi_cctfs`
-   :func:`colour.plotting.plot_constant_hue_loci`

References
----------
-   :cite:`Ebner1998` : Ebner, F., & Fairchild, M. D. (1998). Finding constant
    hue surfaces in color space. In G. B. Beretta & R. Eschbach (Eds.), Proc.
    SPIE 3300, Color Imaging: Device-Independent Color, Color Hardcopy, and
    Graphic Arts III, (2 January 1998) (pp. 107-117). doi:10.1117/12.298269
-   :cite:`Hung1995` : Hung, P.-C., & Berns, R. S. (1995). Determination of
    constant Hue Loci for a CRT gamut and their predictions using color
    appearance spaces. Color Research & Application, 20(5), 285-295.
    doi:10.1002/col.5080200506
-   :cite:`Mansencal2019` : Mansencal, T. (2019). Colour - Datasets.
    doi:10.5281/zenodo.3362520
"""

from __future__ import annotations

import typing

import numpy as np
import scipy.optimize
from matplotlib.collections import LineCollection
from matplotlib.patches import Ellipse
from matplotlib.path import Path

from colour.adaptation import chromatic_adaptation_VonKries
from colour.algebra import normalise_maximum
from colour.constants import DTYPE_FLOAT_DEFAULT, EPSILON
from colour.geometry import (
    ellipse_coefficients_canonical_form,
    ellipse_fitting,
    point_at_angle_on_ellipse,
)
from colour.graph import convert

if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
    from matplotlib.axes import Axes
    from matplotlib.figure import Figure
    from colour.colorimetry import MultiSpectralDistributions
    from colour.hints import (
        Any,
        ArrayLike,
        Callable,
        Dict,
        Literal,
        LiteralColourspaceModel,
        LiteralRGBColourspace,
        NDArray,
        NDArrayFloat,
        Sequence,
        Tuple,
    )

from colour.hints import List, cast
from colour.models import LCHab_to_Lab  # pyright: ignore
from colour.models import (
    CCS_ILLUMINANT_POINTER_GAMUT,
    CCS_POINTER_GAMUT_BOUNDARY,
    CCTF_DECODINGS,
    CCTF_ENCODINGS,
    COLOURSPACE_MODELS_AXIS_LABELS,
    COLOURSPACE_MODELS_DOMAIN_RANGE_SCALE_1_TO_REFERENCE,
    DATA_MACADAM_1942_ELLIPSES,
    DATA_POINTER_GAMUT_VOLUME,
    Lab_to_XYZ,
    RGB_Colourspace,
    RGB_to_RGB,
    RGB_to_XYZ,
    XYZ_to_RGB,
    XYZ_to_xy,
    xy_to_XYZ,
)
from colour.plotting import (
    CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE,
    METHODS_CHROMATICITY_DIAGRAM,
    XYZ_to_plotting_colourspace,
    artist,
    colour_cycle,
    colour_style,
    filter_cmfs,
    filter_passthrough,
    filter_RGB_colourspaces,
    override_style,
    plot_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931,
    plot_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS,
    plot_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS,
    plot_multi_functions,
    render,
    update_settings_collection,
)
from colour.plotting.diagrams import plot_chromaticity_diagram
from colour.utilities import (
    CanonicalMapping,
    as_array,
    as_float_array,
    as_int_array,
    domain_range_scale,
    first_item,
    optional,
    tsplit,
    validate_method,
    zeros,
)

__author__ = "Colour Developers"
__copyright__ = "Copyright 2013 Colour Developers"
__license__ = "BSD-3-Clause - https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause"
__maintainer__ = "Colour Developers"
__email__ = "colour-developers@colour-science.org"
__status__ = "Production"

__all__ = [
    "COLOURSPACE_MODELS_AXIS_ORDER",
    "colourspace_model_axis_reorder",
    "lines_pointer_gamut",
    "plot_pointer_gamut",
    "plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram",
    "plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931",
    "plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS",
    "plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS",
    "plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram",
    "plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931",
    "plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS",
    "plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS",
    "ellipses_MacAdam1942",
    "plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram",
    "plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931",
    "plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS",
    "plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS",
    "plot_single_cctf",
    "plot_multi_cctfs",
    "plot_constant_hue_loci",
]

COLOURSPACE_MODELS_AXIS_ORDER: CanonicalMapping = CanonicalMapping(
    {
        "CAM02LCD": (1, 2, 0),
        "CAM02SCD": (1, 2, 0),
        "CAM02UCS": (1, 2, 0),
        "CAM16LCD": (1, 2, 0),
        "CAM16SCD": (1, 2, 0),
        "CAM16UCS": (1, 2, 0),
        "CIE 1931": (0, 1, 2),
        "CIE 1960 UCS": (0, 1, 2),
        "CIE 1976 UCS": (0, 1, 2),
        "CIE LCHab": (1, 2, 0),
        "CIE LCHuv": (1, 2, 0),
        "CIE Lab": (1, 2, 0),
        "CIE Luv": (1, 2, 0),
        "CIE UCS": (0, 1, 2),
        "CIE UVW": (1, 2, 0),
        "CIE XYZ": (0, 1, 2),
        "CIE xyY": (0, 1, 2),
        "DIN99": (1, 2, 0),
        "HCL": (0, 1, 2),
        "HSL": (0, 1, 2),
        "HSV": (0, 1, 2),
        "Hunter Lab": (1, 2, 0),
        "Hunter Rdab": (1, 2, 0),
        "ICaCb": (1, 2, 0),
        "ICtCp": (1, 2, 0),
        "IHLS": (0, 2, 1),
        "IPT Ragoo 2021": (1, 2, 0),
        "IPT": (1, 2, 0),
        "IgPgTg": (1, 2, 0),
        "Jzazbz": (1, 2, 0),
        "OSA UCS": (1, 2, 0),
        "Oklab": (1, 2, 0),
        "RGB": (0, 1, 2),
        "YCbCr": (1, 2, 0),
        "YCoCg": (1, 2, 0),
        "Yrg": (1, 2, 0),
        "hdr-CIELAB": (1, 2, 0),
        "hdr-IPT": (1, 2, 0),
    }
)
"""Colourspace models axis order."""


def colourspace_model_axis_reorder(
    a: ArrayLike,
    model: LiteralColourspaceModel | str,
    direction: Literal["Forward", "Inverse"] | str = "Forward",
) -> NDArrayFloat:
    """
    Reorder the axes of the specified colourspace model array :math:`a` to
    match the standard axes order used for volume plotting.

    Parameters
    ----------
    a
        Colourspace model array :math:`a` to be reordered.
    model
        Colourspace model, see :attr:`colour.COLOURSPACE_MODELS` attribute
        for the list of supported colourspace models.
    direction
        Reordering direction.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`numpy.ndarray`
        Reordered colourspace model array :math:`a`.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> a = np.array([0, 1, 2])
    >>> colourspace_model_axis_reorder(a, "CIE Lab")
    array([ 1.,  2.,  0.])
    >>> colourspace_model_axis_reorder(a, "IPT")
    array([ 1.,  2.,  0.])
    >>> colourspace_model_axis_reorder(a, "OSA UCS")
    array([ 1.,  2.,  0.])
    >>> b = np.array([1, 2, 0])
    >>> colourspace_model_axis_reorder(b, "OSA UCS", "Inverse")
    array([ 0.,  1.,  2.])
    """

    a = as_float_array(a)

    model = validate_method(
        model,
        tuple(COLOURSPACE_MODELS_AXIS_ORDER),
        '"{0}" model is invalid, it must be one of {1}!',
    )

    direction = validate_method(
        direction,
        ("Forward", "Inverse"),
        '"{0}" direction is invalid, it must be one of {1}!',
    )

    order = COLOURSPACE_MODELS_AXIS_ORDER.get(model, (0, 1, 2))

    if direction == "forward":
        indexes = (order[0], order[1], order[2])
    else:
        indexes = (order.index(0), order.index(1), order.index(2))

    return a[..., indexes]


def lines_pointer_gamut(
    method: (Literal["CIE 1931", "CIE 1960 UCS", "CIE 1976 UCS"] | str) = "CIE 1931",
) -> tuple[NDArray, NDArray]:
    """
    Return the *Pointer's Gamut* line vertices, i.e., positions, normals,
    and colours, using the specified chromaticity diagram method.

    Parameters
    ----------
    method
        *Chromaticity Diagram* method.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Tuple of *Pointer's Gamut* boundary and volume vertices.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> lines = lines_pointer_gamut()
    >>> len(lines)
    2
    >>> lines[0].dtype
    dtype([('position', '<f8', (2,)), ('normal', '<f8', (2,)), \
('colour', '<f8', (3,))])
    >>> lines[1].dtype
    dtype([('position', '<f8', (2,)), ('normal', '<f8', (2,)), \
('colour', '<f8', (3,))])
    """

    method = validate_method(method, ("CIE 1931", "CIE 1960 UCS", "CIE 1976 UCS"))

    illuminant = CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.colour.colourspace.whitepoint

    XYZ_to_ij = METHODS_CHROMATICITY_DIAGRAM[method]["XYZ_to_ij"]
    ij_to_XYZ = METHODS_CHROMATICITY_DIAGRAM[method]["ij_to_XYZ"]

    XYZ = xy_to_XYZ(CCS_POINTER_GAMUT_BOUNDARY)
    XYZ = chromatic_adaptation_VonKries(
        XYZ, xy_to_XYZ(CCS_ILLUMINANT_POINTER_GAMUT), xy_to_XYZ(illuminant)
    )
    ij_b = XYZ_to_ij(XYZ)
    ij_b = np.vstack([ij_b, ij_b[0]])
    colours_b = normalise_maximum(
        XYZ_to_plotting_colourspace(ij_to_XYZ(ij_b, illuminant), illuminant),
        axis=-1,
    )

    lines_b = zeros(
        ij_b.shape[0],
        [
            ("position", DTYPE_FLOAT_DEFAULT, 2),
            ("normal", DTYPE_FLOAT_DEFAULT, 2),
            ("colour", DTYPE_FLOAT_DEFAULT, 3),
        ],  # pyright: ignore
    )

    lines_b["position"] = ij_b
    lines_b["colour"] = colours_b

    XYZ = Lab_to_XYZ(
        LCHab_to_Lab(DATA_POINTER_GAMUT_VOLUME), CCS_ILLUMINANT_POINTER_GAMUT
    )
    XYZ = chromatic_adaptation_VonKries(
        XYZ, xy_to_XYZ(CCS_ILLUMINANT_POINTER_GAMUT), xy_to_XYZ(illuminant)
    )
    ij_v = XYZ_to_ij(XYZ)

    colours_v = normalise_maximum(
        XYZ_to_plotting_colourspace(ij_to_XYZ(ij_v, illuminant), illuminant),
        axis=-1,
    )

    lines_v = zeros(
        ij_v.shape[0],
        [
            ("position", DTYPE_FLOAT_DEFAULT, 2),
            ("normal", DTYPE_FLOAT_DEFAULT, 2),
            ("colour", DTYPE_FLOAT_DEFAULT, 3),
        ],  # pyright: ignore
    )

    lines_v["position"] = ij_v
    lines_v["colour"] = colours_v

    return lines_b, lines_v


@override_style()
def plot_pointer_gamut(
    pointer_gamut_colours: ArrayLike | str | None = None,
    pointer_gamut_opacity: float = 1,
    method: (Literal["CIE 1931", "CIE 1960 UCS", "CIE 1976 UCS"] | str) = "CIE 1931",
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot *Pointer's Gamut* using the specified plotting method.

    Parameters
    ----------
    pointer_gamut_colours
        Colours of *Pointer's Gamut*.
    pointer_gamut_opacity
        Opacity of *Pointer's Gamut*.
    method
        Plotting method.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> plot_pointer_gamut(pointer_gamut_colours="RGB")  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/Plotting_Plot_Pointer_Gamut.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_pointer_gamut
    """

    method = validate_method(method, ("CIE 1931", "CIE 1960 UCS", "CIE 1976 UCS"))

    pointer_gamut_colours = optional(
        pointer_gamut_colours, CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.colour.dark
    )

    use_RGB_colours = str(pointer_gamut_colours).upper() == "RGB"

    pointer_gamut_opacity = optional(
        pointer_gamut_opacity, CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.opacity.high
    )

    settings: Dict[str, Any] = {"uniform": True}
    settings.update(kwargs)

    _figure, axes = artist(**settings)

    lines_b, lines_v = lines_pointer_gamut(method)

    axes.add_collection(
        LineCollection(
            np.reshape(
                np.concatenate(
                    [lines_b["position"][:-1], lines_b["position"][1:]],
                    axis=1,  # pyright: ignore
                ),
                (-1, 2, 2),
            ),
            colors=(lines_b["colour"] if use_RGB_colours else pointer_gamut_colours),
            alpha=pointer_gamut_opacity,
            zorder=CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.zorder.foreground_line,
        )
    )

    scatter_settings = {
        "alpha": pointer_gamut_opacity / 2,
        "c": lines_v["colour"] if use_RGB_colours else pointer_gamut_colours,
        "marker": "+",
        "zorder": CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.zorder.foreground_scatter,
    }
    axes.scatter(
        lines_v["position"][..., 0],
        lines_v["position"][..., 1],
        **scatter_settings,
    )

    settings.update({"axes": axes})
    settings.update(kwargs)

    return render(**settings)


@override_style()
def plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram(
    colourspaces: (
        RGB_Colourspace
        | LiteralRGBColourspace
        | str
        | Sequence[RGB_Colourspace | LiteralRGBColourspace | str]
    ),
    cmfs: (
        MultiSpectralDistributions | str | Sequence[MultiSpectralDistributions | str]
    ) = "CIE 1931 2 Degree Standard Observer",
    chromaticity_diagram_callable: Callable = plot_chromaticity_diagram,
    method: (Literal["CIE 1931", "CIE 1960 UCS", "CIE 1976 UCS"] | str) = "CIE 1931",
    show_whitepoints: bool = True,
    show_pointer_gamut: bool = False,
    chromatically_adapt: bool = False,
    plot_kwargs: dict | List[dict] | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot specified *RGB* colourspaces in the *Chromaticity Diagram* using
    the specified method.

    Parameters
    ----------
    colourspaces
        *RGB* colourspaces to plot. ``colourspaces`` elements can be of any
        type or form supported by the
        :func:`colour.plotting.common.filter_RGB_colourspaces` definition.
    cmfs
        Standard observer colour matching functions used for computing the
        spectral locus boundaries. ``cmfs`` can be of any type or form
        supported by the :func:`colour.plotting.common.filter_cmfs`
        definition.
    chromaticity_diagram_callable
        Callable responsible for drawing the *Chromaticity Diagram*.
    method
        *Chromaticity Diagram* method.
    show_whitepoints
        Whether to display the *RGB* colourspaces whitepoints.
    show_pointer_gamut
        Whether to display the *Pointer's Gamut*.
    chromatically_adapt
        Whether to chromatically adapt the *RGB* colourspaces specified in
        ``colourspaces`` to the whitepoint of the default plotting
        colourspace.
    plot_kwargs
        Keyword arguments for the :func:`matplotlib.pyplot.plot`
        definition, used to control the style of the plotted *RGB*
        colourspaces. ``plot_kwargs`` can be either a single dictionary
        applied to all the plotted *RGB* colourspaces with the same
        settings or a sequence of dictionaries with different settings for
        each plotted *RGB* colourspace.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.diagrams.plot_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.models.plot_pointer_gamut`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> plot_kwargs = [
    ...     {"color": "r"},
    ...     {"linestyle": "dashed"},
    ...     {"marker": None},
    ... ]
    >>> plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram(
    ...     ["ITU-R BT.709", "ACEScg", "S-Gamut"], plot_kwargs=plot_kwargs
    ... )
    ... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/Plotting_\
Plot_RGB_Colourspaces_In_Chromaticity_Diagram.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram
    """

    method = validate_method(method, ("CIE 1931", "CIE 1960 UCS", "CIE 1976 UCS"))

    colourspaces = cast(
        "List[RGB_Colourspace]",
        list(filter_RGB_colourspaces(colourspaces).values()),
    )  # pyright: ignore

    settings: Dict[str, Any] = {"uniform": True}
    settings.update(kwargs)

    _figure, axes = artist(**settings)

    cmfs = cast("MultiSpectralDistributions", first_item(filter_cmfs(cmfs).values()))

    title = (
        f"{', '.join([colourspace.name for colourspace in colourspaces])}\n"
        f"{cmfs.name} - {method.upper()} Chromaticity Diagram"
    )

    settings = {"axes": axes, "title": title, "method": method}
    settings.update(kwargs)
    settings["show"] = False

    chromaticity_diagram_callable(**settings)

    if show_pointer_gamut:
        settings = {"axes": axes, "method": method}
        settings.update(kwargs)
        settings["show"] = False

        plot_pointer_gamut(**settings)

    xy_to_ij = METHODS_CHROMATICITY_DIAGRAM[method]["xy_to_ij"]

    if method == "cie 1931":
        x_limit_min, x_limit_max = [-0.1], [0.9]
        y_limit_min, y_limit_max = [-0.1], [0.9]

    elif method == "cie 1960 ucs":
        x_limit_min, x_limit_max = [-0.1], [0.7]
        y_limit_min, y_limit_max = [-0.2], [0.6]

    elif method == "cie 1976 ucs":
        x_limit_min, x_limit_max = [-0.1], [0.7]
        y_limit_min, y_limit_max = [-0.1], [0.7]

    settings = {"colour_cycle_count": len(colourspaces)}
    settings.update(kwargs)

    cycle = colour_cycle(**settings)

    plotting_colourspace = CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.colour.colourspace

    plot_settings_collection = [
        {
            "label": f"{colourspace.name}",
            "marker": "o",
            "color": next(cycle)[:3],
            "zorder": CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.zorder.foreground_line,
        }
        for colourspace in colourspaces
    ]

    if plot_kwargs is not None:
        update_settings_collection(
            plot_settings_collection, plot_kwargs, len(colourspaces)
        )

    for i, colourspace in enumerate(colourspaces):
        plot_settings = plot_settings_collection[i]

        if chromatically_adapt and not np.array_equal(
            colourspace.whitepoint, plotting_colourspace.whitepoint
        ):
            colourspace = colourspace.chromatically_adapt(  # noqa: PLW2901
                plotting_colourspace.whitepoint,
                plotting_colourspace.whitepoint_name,
            )

        # RGB colourspaces such as *ACES2065-1* have primaries with
        # chromaticity coordinates set to 0 thus we prevent nan from being
        # yield by zero division in later colour transformations.
        P = np.where(
            colourspace.primaries == 0,
            EPSILON,
            colourspace.primaries,
        )
        P = xy_to_ij(P)
        W = xy_to_ij(colourspace.whitepoint)

        P_p = np.vstack([P, P[0]])
        axes.plot(P_p[..., 0], P_p[..., 1], **plot_settings)

        if show_whitepoints:
            plot_settings["marker"] = "o"
            plot_settings.pop("label")

            W_p = np.vstack([W, W])
            axes.plot(W_p[..., 0], W_p[..., 1], **plot_settings)

        x_limit_min.append(cast("float", np.amin(P[..., 0]) - 0.1))
        y_limit_min.append(cast("float", np.amin(P[..., 1]) - 0.1))
        x_limit_max.append(cast("float", np.amax(P[..., 0]) + 0.1))
        y_limit_max.append(cast("float", np.amax(P[..., 1]) + 0.1))

    bounding_box = (
        min(x_limit_min),
        max(x_limit_max),
        min(y_limit_min),
        max(y_limit_max),
    )

    settings.update(
        {
            "show": True,
            "legend": True,
            "bounding_box": bounding_box,
        }
    )
    settings.update(kwargs)

    return render(**settings)


@override_style()
def plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931(
    colourspaces: (
        RGB_Colourspace
        | LiteralRGBColourspace
        | str
        | Sequence[RGB_Colourspace | LiteralRGBColourspace | str]
    ),
    cmfs: (
        MultiSpectralDistributions | str | Sequence[MultiSpectralDistributions | str]
    ) = "CIE 1931 2 Degree Standard Observer",
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1931: Callable = (
        plot_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931
    ),
    show_whitepoints: bool = True,
    show_pointer_gamut: bool = False,
    chromatically_adapt: bool = False,
    plot_kwargs: dict | List[dict] | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot specified *RGB* colourspaces in the *CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram*.

    Parameters
    ----------
    colourspaces
        *RGB* colourspaces to plot. ``colourspaces`` elements can be of any
        type or form supported by the
        :func:`colour.plotting.common.filter_RGB_colourspaces` definition.
    cmfs
        Standard observer colour matching functions used for computing the
        spectral locus boundaries. ``cmfs`` can be of any type or form
        supported by the :func:`colour.plotting.common.filter_cmfs`
        definition.
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1931
        Callable responsible for drawing the *CIE 1931 Chromaticity
        Diagram*.
    show_whitepoints
        Whether to display the *RGB* colourspaces whitepoints.
    show_pointer_gamut
        Whether to display the *Pointer's Gamut*.
    chromatically_adapt
        Whether to chromatically adapt the *RGB* colourspaces specified in
        ``colourspaces`` to the whitepoint of the default plotting
        colourspace.
    plot_kwargs
        Keyword arguments for the :func:`matplotlib.pyplot.plot` definition,
        used to control the style of the plotted *RGB* colourspaces.
        ``plot_kwargs`` can be either a single dictionary applied to all the
        plotted *RGB* colourspaces with the same settings or a sequence of
        dictionaries with different settings for each plotted *RGB*
        colourspace.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.diagrams.plot_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.models.plot_pointer_gamut`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.models.\
plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931(
    ...     ["ITU-R BT.709", "ACEScg", "S-Gamut"]
    ... )
    ... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/Plotting_\
Plot_RGB_Colourspaces_In_Chromaticity_Diagram_CIE1931.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931
    """

    settings = dict(kwargs)
    settings.update({"method": "CIE 1931"})

    return plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram(
        colourspaces,
        cmfs,
        chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1931,
        show_whitepoints=show_whitepoints,
        show_pointer_gamut=show_pointer_gamut,
        chromatically_adapt=chromatically_adapt,
        plot_kwargs=plot_kwargs,
        **settings,
    )


@override_style()
def plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS(
    colourspaces: (
        RGB_Colourspace
        | LiteralRGBColourspace
        | str
        | Sequence[RGB_Colourspace | LiteralRGBColourspace | str]
    ),
    cmfs: (
        MultiSpectralDistributions | str | Sequence[MultiSpectralDistributions | str]
    ) = "CIE 1931 2 Degree Standard Observer",
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1960UCS: Callable = (
        plot_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS
    ),
    show_whitepoints: bool = True,
    show_pointer_gamut: bool = False,
    chromatically_adapt: bool = False,
    plot_kwargs: dict | List[dict] | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot specified *RGB* colourspaces in the
    *CIE 1960 UCS Chromaticity Diagram*.

    Parameters
    ----------
    colourspaces
        *RGB* colourspaces to plot. ``colourspaces`` elements can be of any
        type or form supported by the
        :func:`colour.plotting.common.filter_RGB_colourspaces` definition.
    cmfs
        Standard observer colour matching functions used for computing the
        spectral locus boundaries. ``cmfs`` can be of any type or form
        supported by the :func:`colour.plotting.common.filter_cmfs`
        definition.
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1960UCS
        Callable responsible for drawing the
        *CIE 1960 UCS Chromaticity Diagram*.
    show_whitepoints
        Whether to display the *RGB* colourspaces whitepoints.
    show_pointer_gamut
        Whether to display the *Pointer's Gamut*.
    chromatically_adapt
        Whether to chromatically adapt the *RGB* colourspaces specified in
        ``colourspaces`` to the whitepoint of the default plotting
        colourspace.
    plot_kwargs
        Keyword arguments for the :func:`matplotlib.pyplot.plot`
        definition, used to control the style of the plotted *RGB*
        colourspaces. ``plot_kwargs`` can be either a single dictionary
        applied to all the plotted *RGB* colourspaces with the same
        settings or a sequence of dictionaries with different settings for
        each plotted *RGB* colourspace.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.diagrams.plot_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.models.plot_pointer_gamut`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.models.\
plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS(
    ...     ["ITU-R BT.709", "ACEScg", "S-Gamut"]
    ... )
    ... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/Plotting_\
Plot_RGB_Colourspaces_In_Chromaticity_Diagram_CIE1960UCS.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS
    """

    settings = dict(kwargs)
    settings.update({"method": "CIE 1960 UCS"})

    return plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram(
        colourspaces,
        cmfs,
        chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1960UCS,
        show_whitepoints=show_whitepoints,
        show_pointer_gamut=show_pointer_gamut,
        chromatically_adapt=chromatically_adapt,
        plot_kwargs=plot_kwargs,
        **settings,
    )


@override_style()
def plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS(
    colourspaces: (
        RGB_Colourspace
        | LiteralRGBColourspace
        | str
        | Sequence[RGB_Colourspace | LiteralRGBColourspace | str]
    ),
    cmfs: (
        MultiSpectralDistributions | str | Sequence[MultiSpectralDistributions | str]
    ) = "CIE 1931 2 Degree Standard Observer",
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1976UCS: Callable = (
        plot_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS
    ),
    show_whitepoints: bool = True,
    show_pointer_gamut: bool = False,
    chromatically_adapt: bool = False,
    plot_kwargs: dict | List[dict] | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot the specified *RGB* colourspaces in the
    *CIE 1976 UCS Chromaticity Diagram*.

    Parameters
    ----------
    colourspaces
        *RGB* colourspaces to plot. ``colourspaces`` elements can be of any
        type or form supported by the
        :func:`colour.plotting.common.filter_RGB_colourspaces` definition.
    cmfs
        Standard observer colour matching functions used for computing the
        spectral locus boundaries. ``cmfs`` can be of any type or form
        supported by the :func:`colour.plotting.common.filter_cmfs`
        definition.
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1976UCS
        Callable responsible for drawing the
        *CIE 1976 UCS Chromaticity Diagram*.
    show_whitepoints
        Whether to display the *RGB* colourspaces whitepoints.
    show_pointer_gamut
        Whether to display the *Pointer's Gamut*.
    chromatically_adapt
        Whether to chromatically adapt the *RGB* colourspaces specified in
        ``colourspaces`` to the whitepoint of the default plotting
        colourspace.
    plot_kwargs
        Keyword arguments for the :func:`matplotlib.pyplot.plot` definition,
        used to control the style of the plotted *RGB* colourspaces.
        ``plot_kwargs`` can be either a single dictionary applied to all the
        plotted *RGB* colourspaces with the same settings or a sequence of
        dictionaries with different settings for each plotted *RGB*
        colourspace.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.diagrams.plot_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.models.plot_pointer_gamut`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.models.\
plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS(
    ...     ["ITU-R BT.709", "ACEScg", "S-Gamut"]
    ... )
    ... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/Plotting_\
Plot_RGB_Colourspaces_In_Chromaticity_Diagram_CIE1976UCS.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS
    """

    settings = dict(kwargs)
    settings.update({"method": "CIE 1976 UCS"})

    return plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram(
        colourspaces,
        cmfs,
        chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1976UCS,
        show_whitepoints=show_whitepoints,
        show_pointer_gamut=show_pointer_gamut,
        chromatically_adapt=chromatically_adapt,
        plot_kwargs=plot_kwargs,
        **settings,
    )


@override_style()
def plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram(
    RGB: ArrayLike,
    colourspace: (
        RGB_Colourspace | str | Sequence[RGB_Colourspace | LiteralRGBColourspace | str]
    ) = "sRGB",
    chromaticity_diagram_callable: Callable = (
        plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram
    ),
    method: (Literal["CIE 1931", "CIE 1960 UCS", "CIE 1976 UCS"] | str) = "CIE 1931",
    scatter_kwargs: dict | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot the specified *RGB* colourspace array in the *Chromaticity Diagram*
    using the specified method.

    Parameters
    ----------
    RGB
        *RGB* colourspace array.
    colourspace
        *RGB* colourspace of the *RGB* array. ``colourspace`` can be of any
        type or form supported by the
        :func:`colour.plotting.common.filter_RGB_colourspaces` definition.
    chromaticity_diagram_callable
        Callable responsible for drawing the *Chromaticity Diagram*.
    method
        *Chromaticity Diagram* method.
    scatter_kwargs
        Keyword arguments for the :func:`matplotlib.pyplot.scatter`
        definition. The following special keyword arguments can also be used:

        -   ``c`` : If ``c`` is set to *RGB*, the scatter will use the
            colours as specified by the ``RGB`` argument.
        -   ``apply_cctf_encoding`` : If ``apply_cctf_encoding`` is set to
            *False*, the encoding colour component transfer function /
            opto-electronic transfer function is not applied when encoding
            the samples to the plotting space.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.diagrams.plot_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.models.\
plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> RGB = np.random.random((128, 128, 3))
    >>> plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram(RGB, "ITU-R BT.709")
    ... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/Plotting_\
Plot_RGB_Chromaticities_In_Chromaticity_Diagram.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram
    """

    RGB = np.reshape(as_float_array(RGB)[..., :3], (-1, 3))
    method = validate_method(method, ("CIE 1931", "CIE 1960 UCS", "CIE 1976 UCS"))

    settings: Dict[str, Any] = {"uniform": True}
    settings.update(kwargs)

    _figure, axes = artist(**settings)

    scatter_settings = {
        "s": 40,
        "c": "RGB",
        "marker": "o",
        "alpha": 0.85,
        "zorder": CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.zorder.midground_scatter,
        "apply_cctf_encoding": True,
    }
    if scatter_kwargs is not None:
        scatter_settings.update(scatter_kwargs)

    settings = dict(kwargs)
    settings.update({"axes": axes, "show": False})

    colourspace = cast(
        "RGB_Colourspace",
        first_item(filter_RGB_colourspaces(colourspace).values()),
    )

    settings["colourspaces"] = [colourspace, *settings.get("colourspaces", [])]

    chromaticity_diagram_callable(**settings)

    use_RGB_colours = str(scatter_settings["c"]).upper() == "RGB"
    apply_cctf_encoding = scatter_settings.pop("apply_cctf_encoding")
    if use_RGB_colours:
        RGB = RGB[RGB[:, 1].argsort()]
        scatter_settings["c"] = np.clip(
            np.reshape(
                RGB_to_RGB(
                    RGB,
                    colourspace,
                    CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.colour.colourspace,
                    apply_cctf_encoding=apply_cctf_encoding,
                ),
                (-1, 3),
            ),
            0,
            1,
        )

    XYZ = RGB_to_XYZ(RGB, colourspace)

    XYZ_to_ij = METHODS_CHROMATICITY_DIAGRAM[method]["XYZ_to_ij"]

    ij = XYZ_to_ij(XYZ, colourspace.whitepoint)

    axes.scatter(ij[..., 0], ij[..., 1], **scatter_settings)

    settings.update({"show": True})
    settings.update(kwargs)

    return render(**settings)


@override_style()
def plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931(
    RGB: ArrayLike,
    colourspace: (
        RGB_Colourspace | str | Sequence[RGB_Colourspace | LiteralRGBColourspace | str]
    ) = "sRGB",
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1931: Callable = (
        plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931
    ),
    scatter_kwargs: dict | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot specified *RGB* colourspace array in the *CIE 1931 Chromaticity
    Diagram*.

    Parameters
    ----------
    RGB
        *RGB* colourspace array.
    colourspace
        *RGB* colourspace of the *RGB* array. ``colourspace`` can be of any
        type or form supported by the
        :func:`colour.plotting.common.filter_RGB_colourspaces` definition.
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1931
        Callable responsible for drawing the *CIE 1931 Chromaticity
        Diagram*.
    scatter_kwargs
        Keyword arguments for the :func:`matplotlib.pyplot.scatter`
        definition. The following special keyword arguments can also be
        used:

        -   ``c`` : If ``c`` is set to *RGB*, the scatter will use the
            colours as specified by the ``RGB`` argument.
        -   ``apply_cctf_encoding`` : If ``apply_cctf_encoding`` is set to
            *False*, the encoding colour component transfer function /
            opto-electronic transfer function is not applied when encoding
            the samples to the plotting space.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.diagrams.plot_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.models.\
plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> RGB = np.random.random((128, 128, 3))
    >>> plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931(
    ...     RGB, "ITU-R BT.709"
    ... )
    ... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/Plotting_\
Plot_RGB_Chromaticities_In_Chromaticity_Diagram_CIE1931.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931
    """

    settings = dict(kwargs)
    settings.update({"method": "CIE 1931"})

    return plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram(
        RGB,
        colourspace,
        chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1931,
        scatter_kwargs=scatter_kwargs,
        **settings,
    )


@override_style()
def plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS(
    RGB: ArrayLike,
    colourspace: (
        RGB_Colourspace | str | Sequence[RGB_Colourspace | LiteralRGBColourspace | str]
    ) = "sRGB",
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1960UCS: Callable = (
        plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS
    ),
    scatter_kwargs: dict | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot the specified *RGB* colourspace array in the
    *CIE 1960 UCS Chromaticity Diagram*.

    Parameters
    ----------
    RGB
        *RGB* colourspace array.
    colourspace
        *RGB* colourspace of the *RGB* array. ``colourspace`` can be of any
        type or form supported by the
        :func:`colour.plotting.common.filter_RGB_colourspaces` definition.
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1960UCS
        Callable responsible for drawing the
        *CIE 1960 UCS Chromaticity Diagram*.
    scatter_kwargs
        Keyword arguments for the :func:`matplotlib.pyplot.scatter`
        definition. The following special keyword arguments can also be
        used:

        -   ``c`` : If ``c`` is set to *RGB*, the scatter will use the
            colours as specified by the ``RGB`` argument.
        -   ``apply_cctf_encoding`` : If ``apply_cctf_encoding`` is set to
            *False*, the encoding colour component transfer function /
            opto-electronic transfer function is not applied when encoding
            the samples to the plotting space.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.diagrams.plot_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.models.\
plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> RGB = np.random.random((128, 128, 3))
    >>> plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS(
    ...     RGB, "ITU-R BT.709"
    ... )
    ... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/Plotting_\
Plot_RGB_Chromaticities_In_Chromaticity_Diagram_CIE1960UCS.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS
    """

    settings = dict(kwargs)
    settings.update({"method": "CIE 1960 UCS"})

    return plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram(
        RGB,
        colourspace,
        chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1960UCS,
        scatter_kwargs=scatter_kwargs,
        **settings,
    )


@override_style()
def plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS(
    RGB: ArrayLike,
    colourspace: (
        RGB_Colourspace | str | Sequence[RGB_Colourspace | LiteralRGBColourspace | str]
    ) = "sRGB",
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1976UCS: Callable = (
        plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS
    ),
    scatter_kwargs: dict | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot the specified *RGB* colourspace array in the
    *CIE 1976 UCS Chromaticity Diagram*.

    Parameters
    ----------
    RGB
        *RGB* colourspace array.
    colourspace
        *RGB* colourspace of the *RGB* array. ``colourspace`` can be of any
        type or form supported by the
        :func:`colour.plotting.common.filter_RGB_colourspaces` definition.
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1976UCS
        Callable responsible for drawing the
        *CIE 1976 UCS Chromaticity Diagram*.
    scatter_kwargs
        Keyword arguments for the :func:`matplotlib.pyplot.scatter`
        definition. The following special keyword arguments can also be
        used:

        -   ``c`` : If ``c`` is set to *RGB*, the scatter will use the
            colours as specified by the ``RGB`` argument.
        -   ``apply_cctf_encoding`` : If ``apply_cctf_encoding`` is set to
            *False*, the encoding colour component transfer function /
            opto-electronic transfer function is not applied when encoding
            the samples to the plotting space.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.diagrams.plot_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.models.\
plot_RGB_colourspaces_in_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> RGB = np.random.random((128, 128, 3))
    >>> plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS(
    ...     RGB, "ITU-R BT.709"
    ... )
    ... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/Plotting_\
Plot_RGB_Chromaticities_In_Chromaticity_Diagram_CIE1976UCS.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS
    """

    settings = dict(kwargs)
    settings.update({"method": "CIE 1976 UCS"})

    return plot_RGB_chromaticities_in_chromaticity_diagram(
        RGB,
        colourspace,
        chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1976UCS,
        scatter_kwargs=scatter_kwargs,
        **settings,
    )


def ellipses_MacAdam1942(
    method: (Literal["CIE 1931", "CIE 1960 UCS", "CIE 1976 UCS"] | str) = "CIE 1931",
) -> List[NDArrayFloat]:
    """
    Return *MacAdam (1942) Ellipses (Observer PGN)* coefficients using the
    specified method.

    Parameters
    ----------
    method
        Computation method.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`list`
        *MacAdam (1942) Ellipses (Observer PGN)* coefficients.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> ellipses_MacAdam1942()[0]  # doctest: +SKIP
    array([  1.60000000e-01,   5.70000000e-02,   5.00000023e-03,
             1.56666660e-02,  -2.77000015e+01])
    """

    method = validate_method(method, ("CIE 1931", "CIE 1960 UCS", "CIE 1976 UCS"))

    xy_to_ij = METHODS_CHROMATICITY_DIAGRAM[method]["xy_to_ij"]

    x, y, _a, _b, _theta, a, b, theta = tsplit(DATA_MACADAM_1942_ELLIPSES)

    ellipses_coefficients = []
    for i in range(len(theta)):
        xy = point_at_angle_on_ellipse(
            np.linspace(0, 360, 36),
            [x[i], y[i], a[i] / 60, b[i] / 60, theta[i]],
        )
        ij = xy_to_ij(xy)
        ellipses_coefficients.append(
            ellipse_coefficients_canonical_form(ellipse_fitting(ij))
        )

    return ellipses_coefficients


@override_style()
def plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram(
    chromaticity_diagram_callable: Callable = plot_chromaticity_diagram,
    method: (Literal["CIE 1931", "CIE 1960 UCS", "CIE 1976 UCS"] | str) = "CIE 1931",
    chromaticity_diagram_clipping: bool = False,
    ellipse_kwargs: dict | List[dict] | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot *MacAdam (1942) Ellipses (Observer PGN)* in the
    *Chromaticity Diagram* using the specified method.

    Parameters
    ----------
    chromaticity_diagram_callable
        Callable responsible for drawing the *Chromaticity Diagram*.
    method
        *Chromaticity Diagram* method.
    chromaticity_diagram_clipping
        Whether to clip the *Chromaticity Diagram* colours with the
        ellipses.
    ellipse_kwargs
        Parameters for the :class:`Ellipse` class. ``ellipse_kwargs``
        can be either a single dictionary applied to all the ellipses
        with the same settings or a sequence of dictionaries with
        different settings for each ellipse.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.diagrams.plot_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram()
    ... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/\
Plotting_Plot_Ellipses_MacAdam1942_In_Chromaticity_Diagram.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram
    """

    settings: Dict[str, Any] = {"uniform": True}
    settings.update(kwargs)

    _figure, axes = artist(**settings)

    settings = dict(kwargs)
    settings.update({"axes": axes, "show": False})

    ellipses_coefficients = ellipses_MacAdam1942(method=method)

    if chromaticity_diagram_clipping:
        diagram_clipping_path_x = []
        diagram_clipping_path_y = []
        for coefficients in ellipses_coefficients:
            coefficients = np.copy(coefficients)  # noqa: PLW2901

            coefficients[2:4] /= 2

            x, y = tsplit(
                point_at_angle_on_ellipse(
                    np.linspace(0, 360, 36),
                    coefficients,
                )
            )
            diagram_clipping_path_x.append(x)
            diagram_clipping_path_y.append(y)

        diagram_clipping_path = np.rollaxis(
            np.array([diagram_clipping_path_x, diagram_clipping_path_y]), 0, 3
        )
        diagram_clipping_path = Path.make_compound_path_from_polys(
            diagram_clipping_path
        ).vertices
        settings.update({"diagram_clipping_path": diagram_clipping_path})

    chromaticity_diagram_callable(**settings)

    ellipse_settings_collection = [
        {
            "color": CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.colour.cycle[4],
            "alpha": 0.4,
            "linewidth": colour_style()["lines.linewidth"],
            "zorder": CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.zorder.midground_polygon,
        }
        for _ellipses_coefficient in ellipses_coefficients
    ]

    if ellipse_kwargs is not None:
        update_settings_collection(
            ellipse_settings_collection,
            ellipse_kwargs,
            len(ellipses_coefficients),
        )

    for i, coefficients in enumerate(ellipses_coefficients):
        x_c, y_c, a_a, a_b, theta_e = coefficients
        ellipse = Ellipse(
            (x_c, y_c),
            a_a,
            a_b,
            angle=theta_e,
            **ellipse_settings_collection[i],
        )
        axes.add_artist(ellipse)

    settings.update({"show": True})
    settings.update(kwargs)

    return render(**settings)


@override_style()
def plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931(
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1931: Callable = (
        plot_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931
    ),
    chromaticity_diagram_clipping: bool = False,
    ellipse_kwargs: dict | List[dict] | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot *MacAdam (1942) Ellipses (Observer PGN)* in the
    *CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram*.

    Parameters
    ----------
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1931
        Callable responsible for drawing the *CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram*.
    chromaticity_diagram_clipping
        Whether to clip the *CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram* colours with the
        ellipses.
    ellipse_kwargs
        Parameters for the :class:`Ellipse` class. ``ellipse_kwargs``
        can be either a single dictionary applied to all the ellipses
        with the same settings or a sequence of dictionaries with
        different settings for each ellipse.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.diagrams.plot_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.models.\
plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram`},
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931()
    ... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/\
Plotting_Plot_Ellipses_MacAdam1942_In_Chromaticity_Diagram_CIE1931.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1931
    """

    settings = dict(kwargs)
    settings.update({"method": "CIE 1931"})

    return plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram(
        chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1931,
        chromaticity_diagram_clipping=chromaticity_diagram_clipping,
        ellipse_kwargs=ellipse_kwargs,
        **settings,
    )


@override_style()
def plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS(
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1960UCS: Callable = (
        plot_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS
    ),
    chromaticity_diagram_clipping: bool = False,
    ellipse_kwargs: dict | List[dict] | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot *MacAdam (1942) Ellipses (Observer PGN)* in the
    *CIE 1960 UCS Chromaticity Diagram*.

    Parameters
    ----------
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1960UCS
        Callable responsible for drawing the
        *CIE 1960 UCS Chromaticity Diagram*.
    chromaticity_diagram_clipping
        Whether to clip the *CIE 1960 UCS Chromaticity Diagram* colours
        with the ellipses.
    ellipse_kwargs
        Parameters for the :class:`Ellipse` class. ``ellipse_kwargs``
        can be either a single dictionary applied to all the ellipses
        with the same settings or a sequence of dictionaries with
        different settings for each ellipse.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.diagrams.plot_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.models.\
plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram`},
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS()
    ... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/\
Plotting_Plot_Ellipses_MacAdam1942_In_Chromaticity_Diagram_CIE1960UCS.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1960UCS
    """

    settings = dict(kwargs)
    settings.update({"method": "CIE 1960 UCS"})

    return plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram(
        chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1960UCS,
        chromaticity_diagram_clipping=chromaticity_diagram_clipping,
        ellipse_kwargs=ellipse_kwargs,
        **settings,
    )


@override_style()
def plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS(
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1976UCS: Callable = (
        plot_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS
    ),
    chromaticity_diagram_clipping: bool = False,
    ellipse_kwargs: dict | List[dict] | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot *MacAdam (1942) Ellipses (Observer PGN)* in the
    *CIE 1976 UCS Chromaticity Diagram*.

    Parameters
    ----------
    chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1976UCS
        Callable responsible for drawing the
        *CIE 1976 UCS Chromaticity Diagram*.
    chromaticity_diagram_clipping
        Whether to clip the *CIE 1976 UCS Chromaticity Diagram* colours
        with the ellipses.
    ellipse_kwargs
        Parameters for the :class:`Ellipse` class. ``ellipse_kwargs``
        can be either a single dictionary applied to all the ellipses
        with the same settings or a sequence of dictionaries with
        different settings for each ellipse.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.diagrams.plot_chromaticity_diagram`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.models.\
plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram`},
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS()
    ... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/\
Plotting_Plot_Ellipses_MacAdam1942_In_Chromaticity_Diagram_CIE1976UCS.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram_CIE1976UCS
    """

    settings = dict(kwargs)
    settings.update({"method": "CIE 1976 UCS"})

    return plot_ellipses_MacAdam1942_in_chromaticity_diagram(
        chromaticity_diagram_callable_CIE1976UCS,
        chromaticity_diagram_clipping=chromaticity_diagram_clipping,
        ellipse_kwargs=ellipse_kwargs,
        **settings,
    )


@override_style()
def plot_single_cctf(
    cctf: Callable | str, cctf_decoding: bool = False, **kwargs: Any
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot specified colourspace colour component transfer function.

    Parameters
    ----------
    cctf
        Colour component transfer function to plot. ``function`` can be of
        any type or form supported by the
        :func:`colour.plotting.common.filter_passthrough` definition.
    cctf_decoding
        Plot the decoding colour component transfer function instead.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.plot_multi_functions`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> plot_single_cctf("ITU-R BT.709")  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/Plotting_Plot_Single_CCTF.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_single_cctf
    """

    settings: Dict[str, Any] = {
        "title": f"{cctf} - {'Decoding' if cctf_decoding else 'Encoding'} CCTF"
    }
    settings.update(kwargs)

    return plot_multi_cctfs([cctf], cctf_decoding, **settings)


@override_style()
def plot_multi_cctfs(
    cctfs: Callable | str | Sequence[Callable | str],
    cctf_decoding: bool = False,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot the specified colour component transfer functions.

    Parameters
    ----------
    cctfs
        Colour component transfer function to plot. ``cctfs`` elements can be
        of any type or form supported by the
        :func:`colour.plotting.common.filter_passthrough` definition.
    cctf_decoding
        Plot the decoding colour component transfer function instead.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.plot_multi_functions`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> plot_multi_cctfs(["ITU-R BT.709", "sRGB"])  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/Plotting_Plot_Multi_CCTFs.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_multi_cctfs
    """

    cctfs_filtered = filter_passthrough(
        CCTF_DECODINGS if cctf_decoding else CCTF_ENCODINGS, cctfs
    )

    mode = "Decoding" if cctf_decoding else "Encoding"
    title = f"{', '.join(list(cctfs_filtered))} - {mode} CCTFs"

    settings: Dict[str, Any] = {
        "bounding_box": (0, 1, 0, 1),
        "legend": True,
        "title": title,
        "x_label": "Signal Value" if cctf_decoding else "Tristimulus Value",
        "y_label": "Tristimulus Value" if cctf_decoding else "Signal Value",
    }
    settings.update(kwargs)

    with domain_range_scale("1"):
        return plot_multi_functions(cctfs_filtered, **settings)


@override_style()
def plot_constant_hue_loci(
    data: ArrayLike,
    model: LiteralColourspaceModel | str = "CIE Lab",
    scatter_kwargs: dict | None = None,
    convert_kwargs: dict | None = None,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> Tuple[Figure, Axes]:
    """
    Plot specified constant hue loci colour matches data such as that from
    :cite:`Hung1995` or :cite:`Ebner1998` that are easily loaded with
    `Colour - Datasets <https://github.com/colour-science/colour-datasets>`__.

    Parameters
    ----------
    data
        Constant hue loci colour matches data expected to be an `ArrayLike` as
        follows::

            [
                ('name', XYZ_r, XYZ_cr, (XYZ_ct, XYZ_ct, XYZ_ct, ...), \
    {metadata}),
                ('name', XYZ_r, XYZ_cr, (XYZ_ct, XYZ_ct, XYZ_ct, ...), \
    {metadata}),
                ('name', XYZ_r, XYZ_cr, (XYZ_ct, XYZ_ct, XYZ_ct, ...), \
    {metadata}),
                ...
            ]

        where ``name`` is the hue angle or name, ``XYZ_r`` the *CIE XYZ*
        tristimulus values of the reference illuminant, ``XYZ_cr`` the
        *CIE XYZ* tristimulus values of the reference colour under the
        reference illuminant, ``XYZ_ct`` the *CIE XYZ* tristimulus values of
        the colour matches under the reference illuminant and ``metadata`` the
        dataset metadata.
    model
        Colourspace model, see :attr:`colour.COLOURSPACE_MODELS` attribute for
        the list of supported colourspace models.
    scatter_kwargs
        Keyword arguments for the :func:`matplotlib.pyplot.scatter` definition.
        The following special keyword arguments can also be used:

        -   ``c`` : If ``c`` is set to *RGB*, the scatter will use the
            colours as specified by the ``RGB`` argument.
    convert_kwargs
        Keyword arguments for the :func:`colour.convert` definition.

    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    kwargs
        {:func:`colour.plotting.artist`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.plot_multi_functions`,
        :func:`colour.plotting.render`},
        See the documentation of the previously listed definitions.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`tuple`
        Current figure and axes.

    References
    ----------
    :cite:`Ebner1998`, :cite:`Hung1995`, :cite:`Mansencal2019`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> data = [
    ...     [
    ...         None,
    ...         np.array([0.95010000, 1.00000000, 1.08810000]),
    ...         np.array([0.40920000, 0.28120000, 0.30600000]),
    ...         np.array(
    ...             [
    ...                 [0.02495100, 0.01908600, 0.02032900],
    ...                 [0.10944300, 0.06235900, 0.06788100],
    ...                 [0.27186500, 0.18418700, 0.19565300],
    ...                 [0.48898900, 0.40749400, 0.44854600],
    ...             ]
    ...         ),
    ...         None,
    ...     ],
    ...     [
    ...         None,
    ...         np.array([0.95010000, 1.00000000, 1.08810000]),
    ...         np.array([0.30760000, 0.48280000, 0.42770000]),
    ...         np.array(
    ...             [
    ...                 [0.02108000, 0.02989100, 0.02790400],
    ...                 [0.06194700, 0.11251000, 0.09334400],
    ...                 [0.15255800, 0.28123300, 0.23234900],
    ...                 [0.34157700, 0.56681300, 0.47035300],
    ...             ]
    ...         ),
    ...         None,
    ...     ],
    ...     [
    ...         None,
    ...         np.array([0.95010000, 1.00000000, 1.08810000]),
    ...         np.array([0.39530000, 0.28120000, 0.18450000]),
    ...         np.array(
    ...             [
    ...                 [0.02436400, 0.01908600, 0.01468800],
    ...                 [0.10331200, 0.06235900, 0.02854600],
    ...                 [0.26311900, 0.18418700, 0.12109700],
    ...                 [0.43158700, 0.40749400, 0.39008600],
    ...             ]
    ...         ),
    ...         None,
    ...     ],
    ...     [
    ...         None,
    ...         np.array([0.95010000, 1.00000000, 1.08810000]),
    ...         np.array([0.20510000, 0.18420000, 0.57130000]),
    ...         np.array(
    ...             [
    ...                 [0.03039800, 0.02989100, 0.06123300],
    ...                 [0.08870000, 0.08498400, 0.21843500],
    ...                 [0.18405800, 0.18418700, 0.40111400],
    ...                 [0.32550100, 0.34047200, 0.50296900],
    ...                 [0.53826100, 0.56681300, 0.80010400],
    ...             ]
    ...         ),
    ...         None,
    ...     ],
    ...     [
    ...         None,
    ...         np.array([0.95010000, 1.00000000, 1.08810000]),
    ...         np.array([0.35770000, 0.28120000, 0.11250000]),
    ...         np.array(
    ...             [
    ...                 [0.03678100, 0.02989100, 0.01481100],
    ...                 [0.17127700, 0.11251000, 0.01229900],
    ...                 [0.30080900, 0.28123300, 0.21229800],
    ...                 [0.52976000, 0.40749400, 0.11720000],
    ...             ]
    ...         ),
    ...         None,
    ...     ],
    ... ]
    >>> plot_constant_hue_loci(data, "CIE Lab")  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    (<Figure size ... with 1 Axes>, <...Axes...>)

    .. image:: ../_static/Plotting_Plot_Constant_Hue_Loci.png
        :align: center
        :alt: plot_constant_hue_loci
    """

    # TODO: Filter appropriate colour models.
    # NOTE: "dtype=object" is required for ragged array support
    # in "Numpy" 1.24.0.
    data = as_array(data, dtype=object)  # pyright: ignore

    settings: Dict[str, Any] = {"uniform": True}
    settings.update(kwargs)

    _figure, axes = artist(**settings)

    scatter_settings = {
        "s": 40,
        "c": "RGB",
        "marker": "o",
        "alpha": 0.85,
        "zorder": CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.zorder.foreground_scatter,
    }
    if scatter_kwargs is not None:
        scatter_settings.update(scatter_kwargs)

    convert_kwargs = optional(convert_kwargs, {})

    use_RGB_colours = str(scatter_settings["c"]).upper() == "RGB"

    colourspace = CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.colour.colourspace
    for hue_data in data:
        _name, XYZ_r, XYZ_cr, XYZ_ct, _metadata = hue_data

        xy_r = XYZ_to_xy(XYZ_r)

        convert_settings = {"illuminant": xy_r}
        convert_settings.update(convert_kwargs)

        ijk_ct = colourspace_model_axis_reorder(
            convert(XYZ_ct, "CIE XYZ", model, **convert_settings), model
        )
        ijk_cr = colourspace_model_axis_reorder(
            convert(XYZ_cr, "CIE XYZ", model, **convert_settings), model
        )

        ijk_ct *= COLOURSPACE_MODELS_DOMAIN_RANGE_SCALE_1_TO_REFERENCE[model]
        ijk_cr *= COLOURSPACE_MODELS_DOMAIN_RANGE_SCALE_1_TO_REFERENCE[model]

        def _linear_equation(
            x: NDArrayFloat, a: NDArrayFloat, b: NDArrayFloat
        ) -> NDArrayFloat:
            """Define the canonical linear equation for a line."""

            return a * x + b

        popt, _pcov = scipy.optimize.curve_fit(
            _linear_equation, ijk_ct[..., 0], ijk_ct[..., 1]
        )

        axes.plot(
            ijk_ct[..., 0],
            _linear_equation(ijk_ct[..., 0], *popt),
            c=CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.colour.average,
            zorder=CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.zorder.midground_line,
        )

        if use_RGB_colours:
            RGB_ct = XYZ_to_RGB(XYZ_ct, colourspace, xy_r, apply_cctf_encoding=True)
            scatter_settings["c"] = np.clip(RGB_ct, 0, 1)
            RGB_cr = XYZ_to_RGB(XYZ_cr, colourspace, xy_r, apply_cctf_encoding=True)
            RGB_cr = np.clip(np.ravel(RGB_cr), 0, 1)
        else:
            RGB_cr = scatter_settings["c"]

        axes.scatter(ijk_ct[..., 0], ijk_ct[..., 1], **scatter_settings)

        axes.plot(
            ijk_cr[..., 0],
            ijk_cr[..., 1],
            "s",
            c=RGB_cr,
            markersize=CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.geometry.short * 8,
            zorder=CONSTANTS_COLOUR_STYLE.zorder.midground_line,
        )

    labels = np.array(COLOURSPACE_MODELS_AXIS_LABELS[model])[
        as_int_array(colourspace_model_axis_reorder([0, 1, 2], model))
    ]

    settings = {
        "axes": axes,
        "title": f"Constant Hue Loci - {model}",
        "x_label": labels[0],
        "y_label": labels[1],
    }
    settings.update(kwargs)

    return render(**settings)

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