16791678039

Committed 06 Aug 2025 11:10PM UTC coverage: 72.181% (-0.04%) from 72.223%

Build # 16791678039

Build Type

push

github

Committed by

yuwata

Commit Message

logging: Improve logging messages related to NFTSet.

The 'NFTSet' directive in various units adds and removes entries in nftables
sets, it does not add or remove entire sets. The logging messages should
indicate that an entry was added or removed, not that a set was added or
removed.

Run Details

2 of 6 new or added lines in 3 files covered. (33.33%)

496 existing lines in 52 files now uncovered.

302228 of 418708 relevant lines covered (72.18%)

647735.83 hits per line

Source File
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85.91

/src/basic/user-util.c

/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */

#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/file.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <utmpx.h>

#include "sd-messages.h"

#include "alloc-util.h"
#include "chase.h"
#include "errno-util.h"
#include "extract-word.h"
#include "fd-util.h"
#include "fileio.h"
#include "format-util.h"
#include "lock-util.h"
#include "log.h"
#include "mkdir.h"
#include "parse-util.h"
#include "path-util.h"
#include "string-util.h"
#include "strv.h"
#include "terminal-util.h"
#include "user-util.h"
#include "utf8.h"

bool uid_is_valid(uid_t uid) {

        /* Also see POSIX IEEE Std 1003.1-2008, 2016 Edition, 3.436. */

        /* Some libc APIs use UID_INVALID as special placeholder */
        if (uid == (uid_t) UINT32_C(0xFFFFFFFF))
                return false;

        /* A long time ago UIDs where 16 bit, hence explicitly avoid the 16-bit -1 too */
        if (uid == (uid_t) UINT32_C(0xFFFF))
                return false;

        return true;
}

int parse_uid(const char *s, uid_t *ret) {
        uint32_t uid = 0;
        int r;

        assert(s);

        assert_cc(sizeof(uid_t) == sizeof(uint32_t));

        /* We are very strict when parsing UIDs, and prohibit +/- as prefix, leading zero as prefix, and
         * whitespace. We do this, since this call is often used in a context where we parse things as UID
         * first, and if that doesn't work we fall back to NSS. Thus we really want to make sure that UIDs
         * are parsed as UIDs only if they really really look like UIDs. */
        r = safe_atou32_full(s, 10
                             | SAFE_ATO_REFUSE_PLUS_MINUS
                             | SAFE_ATO_REFUSE_LEADING_ZERO
                             | SAFE_ATO_REFUSE_LEADING_WHITESPACE, &uid);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (!uid_is_valid(uid))
                return -ENXIO; /* we return ENXIO instead of EINVAL
                                * here, to make it easy to distinguish
                                * invalid numeric uids from invalid
                                * strings. */

        if (ret)
                *ret = uid;

        return 0;
}

int parse_uid_range(const char *s, uid_t *ret_lower, uid_t *ret_upper) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *word = NULL;
        uid_t l, u;
        int r;

        assert(s);
        assert(ret_lower);
        assert(ret_upper);

        r = extract_first_word(&s, &word, "-", EXTRACT_DONT_COALESCE_SEPARATORS);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r == 0)
                return -EINVAL;

        r = parse_uid(word, &l);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        /* Check for the upper bound and extract it if needed */
        if (!s)
                /* Single number with no dash. */
                u = l;
        else if (!*s)
                /* Trailing dash is an error. */
                return -EINVAL;
        else {
                r = parse_uid(s, &u);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (l > u)
                        return -EINVAL;
        }

        *ret_lower = l;
        *ret_upper = u;
        return 0;
}

char* getlogname_malloc(void) {
        uid_t uid;
        struct stat st;

        if (isatty_safe(STDIN_FILENO) && fstat(STDIN_FILENO, &st) >= 0)
                uid = st.st_uid;
        else
                uid = getuid();

        return uid_to_name(uid);
}

char* getusername_malloc(void) {
        const char *e;

        e = secure_getenv("USER");
        if (e)
                return strdup(e);

        return uid_to_name(getuid());
}

bool is_nologin_shell(const char *shell) {
        return PATH_IN_SET(shell,
                           /* 'nologin' is the friendliest way to disable logins for a user account. It prints a nice
                            * message and exits. Different distributions place the binary at different places though,
                            * hence let's list them all. */
                           "/bin/nologin",
                           "/sbin/nologin",
                           "/usr/bin/nologin",
                           "/usr/sbin/nologin",
                           /* 'true' and 'false' work too for the same purpose, but are less friendly as they don't do
                            * any message printing. Different distributions place the binary at various places but at
                            * least not in the 'sbin' directory. */
                           "/bin/false",
                           "/usr/bin/false",
                           "/bin/true",
                           "/usr/bin/true");
}

bool shell_is_placeholder(const char *shell) {
        return isempty(shell) || is_nologin_shell(shell);
}

const char* default_root_shell_at(int rfd) {
        /* We want to use the preferred shell, i.e. DEFAULT_USER_SHELL, which usually
         * will be /bin/bash. Fall back to /bin/sh if DEFAULT_USER_SHELL is not found,
         * or any access errors. */

        assert(rfd >= 0 || rfd == AT_FDCWD);

        int r = chaseat(rfd, DEFAULT_USER_SHELL, CHASE_AT_RESOLVE_IN_ROOT, NULL, NULL);
        if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to look up shell '%s': %m", DEFAULT_USER_SHELL);
        if (r > 0)
                return DEFAULT_USER_SHELL;

        return "/bin/sh";
}

const char* default_root_shell(const char *root) {
        _cleanup_close_ int rfd = -EBADF;

        rfd = open(empty_to_root(root), O_CLOEXEC | O_DIRECTORY | O_PATH);
        if (rfd < 0)
                return "/bin/sh";

        return default_root_shell_at(rfd);
}

static int synthesize_user_creds(
                const char **username,
                uid_t *ret_uid, gid_t *ret_gid,
                const char **ret_home,
                const char **ret_shell,
                UserCredsFlags flags) {

        assert(username);
        assert(*username);

        /* We enforce some special rules for uid=0 and uid=65534: in order to avoid NSS lookups for root we hardcode
         * their user record data. */

        if (STR_IN_SET(*username, "root", "0")) {
                *username = "root";

                if (ret_uid)
                        *ret_uid = 0;
                if (ret_gid)
                        *ret_gid = 0;
                if (ret_home)
                        *ret_home = "/root";
                if (ret_shell)
                        *ret_shell = default_root_shell(NULL);

                return 0;
        }

        if (STR_IN_SET(*username, NOBODY_USER_NAME, "65534") &&
            synthesize_nobody()) {
                *username = NOBODY_USER_NAME;

                if (ret_uid)
                        *ret_uid = UID_NOBODY;
                if (ret_gid)
                        *ret_gid = GID_NOBODY;
                if (ret_home)
                        *ret_home = FLAGS_SET(flags, USER_CREDS_SUPPRESS_PLACEHOLDER) ? NULL : "/";
                if (ret_shell)
                        *ret_shell = FLAGS_SET(flags, USER_CREDS_SUPPRESS_PLACEHOLDER) ? NULL : NOLOGIN;

                return 0;
        }

        return -ENOMEDIUM;
}

int get_user_creds(
                const char **username,
                uid_t *ret_uid, gid_t *ret_gid,
                const char **ret_home,
                const char **ret_shell,
                UserCredsFlags flags) {

        bool patch_username = false;
        uid_t u = UID_INVALID;
        struct passwd *p;
        int r;

        assert(username);
        assert(*username);
        assert((ret_home || ret_shell) || !(flags & (USER_CREDS_SUPPRESS_PLACEHOLDER|USER_CREDS_CLEAN)));

        if (!FLAGS_SET(flags, USER_CREDS_PREFER_NSS) ||
            (!ret_home && !ret_shell)) {

                /* So here's the deal: normally, we'll try to synthesize all records we can synthesize, and override
                 * the user database with that. However, if the user specifies USER_CREDS_PREFER_NSS then the
                 * user database will override the synthetic records instead — except if the user is only interested in
                 * the UID and/or GID (but not the home directory, or the shell), in which case we'll always override
                 * the user database (i.e. the USER_CREDS_PREFER_NSS flag has no effect in this case). Why?
                 * Simply because there are valid usecase where the user might change the home directory or the shell
                 * of the relevant users, but changing the UID/GID mappings for them is something we explicitly don't
                 * support. */

                r = synthesize_user_creds(username, ret_uid, ret_gid, ret_home, ret_shell, flags);
                if (r >= 0)
                        return 0;
                if (r != -ENOMEDIUM) /* not a username we can synthesize */
                        return r;
        }

        if (parse_uid(*username, &u) >= 0) {
                errno = 0;
                p = getpwuid(u);

                /* If there are multiple users with the same id, make sure to leave $USER to the configured value
                 * instead of the first occurrence in the database. However if the uid was configured by a numeric uid,
                 * then let's pick the real username from /etc/passwd. */
                if (p)
                        patch_username = true;
                else if (FLAGS_SET(flags, USER_CREDS_ALLOW_MISSING) && !ret_gid && !ret_home && !ret_shell) {

                        /* If the specified user is a numeric UID and it isn't in the user database, and the caller
                         * passed USER_CREDS_ALLOW_MISSING and was only interested in the UID, then just return that
                         * and don't complain. */

                        if (ret_uid)
                                *ret_uid = u;

                        return 0;
                }
        } else {
                errno = 0;
                p = getpwnam(*username);
        }
        if (!p) {
                /* getpwnam() may fail with ENOENT if /etc/passwd is missing.
                 * For us that is equivalent to the name not being defined. */
                r = IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT) ? -ESRCH : -errno;

                /* If the user requested that we only synthesize as fallback, do so now */
                if (FLAGS_SET(flags, USER_CREDS_PREFER_NSS))
                        if (synthesize_user_creds(username, ret_uid, ret_gid, ret_home, ret_shell, flags) >= 0)
                                return 0;

                return r;
        }

        if (ret_uid && !uid_is_valid(p->pw_uid))
                return -EBADMSG;

        if (ret_gid && !gid_is_valid(p->pw_gid))
                return -EBADMSG;

        if (ret_uid)
                *ret_uid = p->pw_uid;

        if (ret_gid)
                *ret_gid = p->pw_gid;

        if (ret_home)
                /* Note: we don't insist on normalized paths, since there are setups that have /./ in the path */
                *ret_home = (FLAGS_SET(flags, USER_CREDS_SUPPRESS_PLACEHOLDER) && empty_or_root(p->pw_dir)) ||
                            (FLAGS_SET(flags, USER_CREDS_CLEAN) && (!path_is_valid(p->pw_dir) || !path_is_absolute(p->pw_dir)))
                            ? NULL : p->pw_dir;

        if (ret_shell)
                *ret_shell = (FLAGS_SET(flags, USER_CREDS_SUPPRESS_PLACEHOLDER) && shell_is_placeholder(p->pw_shell)) ||
                             (FLAGS_SET(flags, USER_CREDS_CLEAN) && (!path_is_valid(p->pw_shell) || !path_is_absolute(p->pw_shell)))
                             ? NULL : p->pw_shell;

        if (patch_username)
                *username = p->pw_name;

        return 0;
}

static int synthesize_group_creds(
                const char **groupname,
                gid_t *ret_gid) {

        assert(groupname);
        assert(*groupname);

        if (STR_IN_SET(*groupname, "root", "0")) {
                *groupname = "root";

                if (ret_gid)
                        *ret_gid = 0;

                return 0;
        }

        if (STR_IN_SET(*groupname, NOBODY_GROUP_NAME, "65534") &&
            synthesize_nobody()) {
                *groupname = NOBODY_GROUP_NAME;

                if (ret_gid)
                        *ret_gid = GID_NOBODY;

                return 0;
        }

        return -ENOMEDIUM;
}

int get_group_creds(const char **groupname, gid_t *ret_gid, UserCredsFlags flags) {
        bool patch_groupname = false;
        struct group *g;
        gid_t id;
        int r;

        assert(groupname);
        assert(*groupname);

        if (!FLAGS_SET(flags, USER_CREDS_PREFER_NSS)) {
                r = synthesize_group_creds(groupname, ret_gid);
                if (r >= 0)
                        return 0;
                if (r != -ENOMEDIUM) /* not a groupname we can synthesize */
                        return r;
        }

        if (parse_gid(*groupname, &id) >= 0) {
                errno = 0;
                g = getgrgid(id);

                if (g)
                        patch_groupname = true;
                else if (FLAGS_SET(flags, USER_CREDS_ALLOW_MISSING)) {
                        if (ret_gid)
                                *ret_gid = id;

                        return 0;
                }
        } else {
                errno = 0;
                g = getgrnam(*groupname);
        }

        if (!g) {
                /* getgrnam() may fail with ENOENT if /etc/group is missing.
                 * For us that is equivalent to the name not being defined. */
                r = IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT) ? -ESRCH : -errno;

                if (FLAGS_SET(flags, USER_CREDS_PREFER_NSS))
                        if (synthesize_group_creds(groupname, ret_gid) >= 0)
                                return 0;

                return r;
        }

        if (ret_gid) {
                if (!gid_is_valid(g->gr_gid))
                        return -EBADMSG;

                *ret_gid = g->gr_gid;
        }

        if (patch_groupname)
                *groupname = g->gr_name;

        return 0;
}

char* uid_to_name(uid_t uid) {
        char *ret;
        int r;

        /* Shortcut things to avoid NSS lookups */
        if (uid == 0)
                return strdup("root");
        if (uid == UID_NOBODY && synthesize_nobody())
                return strdup(NOBODY_USER_NAME);

        if (uid_is_valid(uid)) {
                _cleanup_free_ struct passwd *pw = NULL;

                r = getpwuid_malloc(uid, &pw);
                if (r >= 0)
                        return strdup(pw->pw_name);
        }

        if (asprintf(&ret, UID_FMT, uid) < 0)
                return NULL;

        return ret;
}

char* gid_to_name(gid_t gid) {
        char *ret;
        int r;

        if (gid == 0)
                return strdup("root");
        if (gid == GID_NOBODY && synthesize_nobody())
                return strdup(NOBODY_GROUP_NAME);

        if (gid_is_valid(gid)) {
                _cleanup_free_ struct group *gr = NULL;

                r = getgrgid_malloc(gid, &gr);
                if (r >= 0)
                        return strdup(gr->gr_name);
        }

        if (asprintf(&ret, GID_FMT, gid) < 0)
                return NULL;

        return ret;
}

static bool gid_list_has(const gid_t *list, size_t size, gid_t val) {
        assert(list || size == 0);

        FOREACH_ARRAY(i, list, size)
                if (*i == val)
                        return true;

        return false;
}

int in_gid(gid_t gid) {
        _cleanup_free_ gid_t *gids = NULL;
        int ngroups;

        if (getgid() == gid)
                return 1;

        if (getegid() == gid)
                return 1;

        if (!gid_is_valid(gid))
                return -EINVAL;

        ngroups = getgroups_alloc(&gids);
        if (ngroups < 0)
                return ngroups;

        return gid_list_has(gids, ngroups, gid);
}

int in_group(const char *name) {
        int r;
        gid_t gid;

        r = get_group_creds(&name, &gid, 0);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return in_gid(gid);
}

int merge_gid_lists(const gid_t *list1, size_t size1, const gid_t *list2, size_t size2, gid_t **ret) {
        size_t nresult = 0;
        assert(ret);

        if (size2 > INT_MAX - size1)
                return -ENOBUFS;

        gid_t *buf = new(gid_t, size1 + size2);
        if (!buf)
                return -ENOMEM;

        /* Duplicates need to be skipped on merging, otherwise they'll be passed on and stored in the kernel. */
        for (size_t i = 0; i < size1; i++)
                if (!gid_list_has(buf, nresult, list1[i]))
                        buf[nresult++] = list1[i];
        for (size_t i = 0; i < size2; i++)
                if (!gid_list_has(buf, nresult, list2[i]))
                        buf[nresult++] = list2[i];
        *ret = buf;
        return (int)nresult;
}

int getgroups_alloc(gid_t **ret) {
        int ngroups = 8;

        assert(ret);

        for (unsigned attempt = 0;;) {
                _cleanup_free_ gid_t *p = NULL;

                p = new(gid_t, ngroups);
                if (!p)
                        return -ENOMEM;

                ngroups = getgroups(ngroups, p);
                if (ngroups > 0) {
                        *ret = TAKE_PTR(p);
                        return ngroups;
                }
                if (ngroups == 0)
                        break;
                if (errno != EINVAL)
                        return -errno;

                /* Give up eventually */
                if (attempt++ > 10)
                        return -EINVAL;

                /* Get actual size needed, and size the array explicitly. Note that this is potentially racy
                 * to use (in multi-threaded programs), hence let's call this in a loop. */
                ngroups = getgroups(0, NULL);
                if (ngroups < 0)
                        return -errno;
                if (ngroups == 0)
                        break;
        }

        *ret = NULL;
        return 0;
}

int get_home_dir(char **ret) {
        _cleanup_free_ struct passwd *p = NULL;
        const char *e;
        uid_t u;
        int r;

        assert(ret);

        /* Take the user specified one */
        e = secure_getenv("HOME");
        if (e && path_is_valid(e) && path_is_absolute(e))
                goto found;

        /* Hardcode home directory for root and nobody to avoid NSS */
        u = getuid();
        if (u == 0) {
                e = "/root";
                goto found;
        }
        if (u == UID_NOBODY && synthesize_nobody()) {
                e = "/";
                goto found;
        }

        /* Check the database... */
        r = getpwuid_malloc(u, &p);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        e = p->pw_dir;
        if (!path_is_valid(e) || !path_is_absolute(e))
                return -EINVAL;

 found:
        return path_simplify_alloc(e, ret);
}

int get_shell(char **ret) {
        _cleanup_free_ struct passwd *p = NULL;
        const char *e;
        uid_t u;
        int r;

        assert(ret);

        /* Take the user specified one */
        e = secure_getenv("SHELL");
        if (e && path_is_valid(e) && path_is_absolute(e))
                goto found;

        /* Hardcode shell for root and nobody to avoid NSS */
        u = getuid();
        if (u == 0) {
                e = default_root_shell(NULL);
                goto found;
        }
        if (u == UID_NOBODY && synthesize_nobody()) {
                e = NOLOGIN;
                goto found;
        }

        /* Check the database... */
        r = getpwuid_malloc(u, &p);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        e = p->pw_shell;
        if (!path_is_valid(e) || !path_is_absolute(e))
                return -EINVAL;

 found:
        return path_simplify_alloc(e, ret);
}

int fully_set_uid_gid(uid_t uid, gid_t gid, const gid_t supplementary_gids[], size_t n_supplementary_gids) {
        int r;

        assert(supplementary_gids || n_supplementary_gids == 0);

        /* Sets all UIDs and all GIDs to the specified ones. Drops all auxiliary GIDs */

        r = maybe_setgroups(n_supplementary_gids, supplementary_gids);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (gid_is_valid(gid))
                if (setresgid(gid, gid, gid) < 0)
                        return -errno;

        if (uid_is_valid(uid))
                if (setresuid(uid, uid, uid) < 0)
                        return -errno;

        return 0;
}

int take_etc_passwd_lock(const char *root) {
        int r;

        /* This is roughly the same as lckpwdf(), but not as awful. We don't want to use alarm() and signals,
         * hence we implement our own trivial version of this.
         *
         * Note that shadow-utils also takes per-database locks in addition to lckpwdf(). However, we don't,
         * given that they are redundant: they invoke lckpwdf() first and keep it during everything they do.
         * The per-database locks are awfully racy, and thus we just won't do them. */

        _cleanup_free_ char *path = path_join(root, ETC_PASSWD_LOCK_PATH);
        if (!path)
                return log_oom_debug();

        (void) mkdir_parents(path, 0755);

        _cleanup_close_ int fd = open(path, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW, 0600);
        if (fd < 0)
                return log_debug_errno(errno, "Cannot open %s: %m", path);

        r = unposix_lock(fd, LOCK_EX);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_debug_errno(r, "Locking %s failed: %m", path);

        return TAKE_FD(fd);
}

bool valid_user_group_name(const char *u, ValidUserFlags flags) {
        const char *i;

        /* Checks if the specified name is a valid user/group name. There are two flavours of this call:
         * strict mode is the default which is POSIX plus some extra rules; and relaxed mode where we accept
         * pretty much everything except the really worst offending names.
         *
         * Whenever we synthesize users ourselves we should use the strict mode. But when we process users
         * created by other stuff, let's be more liberal. */

        if (isempty(u)) /* An empty user name is never valid */
                return false;

        if (parse_uid(u, NULL) >= 0) /* Something that parses as numeric UID string is valid exactly when the
                                      * flag for it is set */
                return FLAGS_SET(flags, VALID_USER_ALLOW_NUMERIC);

        if (FLAGS_SET(flags, VALID_USER_RELAX)) {

                /* In relaxed mode we just check very superficially. Apparently SSSD and other stuff is
                 * extremely liberal (way too liberal if you ask me, even inserting "@" in user names, which
                 * is bound to cause problems for example when used with an MTA), hence only filter the most
                 * obvious cases, or where things would result in an invalid entry if such a user name would
                 * show up in /etc/passwd (or equivalent getent output).
                 *
                 * Note that we stepped far out of POSIX territory here. It's not our fault though, but
                 * SSSD's, Samba's and everybody else who ignored POSIX on this. (I mean, I am happy to step
                 * outside of POSIX' bounds any day, but I must say in this case I probably wouldn't
                 * have...) */

                if (startswith(u, " ") || endswith(u, " ")) /* At least expect whitespace padding is removed
                                                             * at front and back (accept in the middle, since
                                                             * that's apparently a thing on Windows). Note
                                                             * that this also blocks usernames consisting of
                                                             * whitespace only. */
                        return false;

                if (!utf8_is_valid(u)) /* We want to synthesize JSON from this, hence insist on UTF-8 */
                        return false;

                if (string_has_cc(u, NULL)) /* CC characters are just dangerous (and \n in particular is the
                                             * record separator in /etc/passwd), so we can't allow that. */
                        return false;

                if (strpbrk(u, ":/")) /* Colons are the field separator in /etc/passwd, we can't allow
                                       * that. Slashes are special to file systems paths and user names
                                       * typically show up in the file system as home directories, hence
                                       * don't allow slashes. */
                        return false;

                if (in_charset(u, "0123456789")) /* Don't allow fully numeric strings, they might be confused
                                                  * with UIDs (note that this test is more broad than
                                                  * the parse_uid() test above, as it will cover more than
                                                  * the 32-bit range, and it will detect 65535 (which is in
                                                  * invalid UID, even though in the unsigned 32 bit range) */
                        return false;

                if (u[0] == '-' && in_charset(u + 1, "0123456789")) /* Don't allow negative fully numeric
                                                                     * strings either. After all some people
                                                                     * write 65535 as -1 (even though that's
                                                                     * not even true on 32-bit uid_t
                                                                     * anyway) */
                        return false;

                if (dot_or_dot_dot(u)) /* User names typically become home directory names, and these two are
                                        * special in that context, don't allow that. */
                        return false;

                /* Compare with strict result and warn if result doesn't match */
                if (FLAGS_SET(flags, VALID_USER_WARN) && !valid_user_group_name(u, 0))
                        log_struct(LOG_NOTICE,
                                   LOG_MESSAGE("Accepting user/group name '%s', which does not match strict user/group name rules.", u),
                                   LOG_ITEM("USER_GROUP_NAME=%s", u),
                                   LOG_MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_UNSAFE_USER_NAME_STR));

                /* Note that we make no restrictions on the length in relaxed mode! */
        } else {
                long sz;
                size_t l;

                /* Also see POSIX IEEE Std 1003.1-2008, 2016 Edition, 3.437. We are a bit stricter here
                 * however. Specifically we deviate from POSIX rules:
                 *
                 * - We don't allow empty user names (see above)
                 * - We require that names fit into the appropriate utmp field
                 * - We don't allow any dots (this conflicts with chown syntax which permits dots as user/group name separator)
                 * - We don't allow dashes or digit as the first character
                 *
                 * Note that other systems are even more restrictive, and don't permit underscores or uppercase characters.
                 */

                if (!ascii_isalpha(u[0]) &&
                    u[0] != '_')
                        return false;

                for (i = u+1; *i; i++)
                        if (!ascii_isalpha(*i) &&
                            !ascii_isdigit(*i) &&
                            !IN_SET(*i, '_', '-'))
                                return false;

                l = i - u;

                sz = sysconf(_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX);
                assert_se(sz > 0);

                if (l > (size_t) sz) /* glibc: 256 */
                        return false;
                if (l > NAME_MAX) /* must fit in a filename: 255 */
                        return false;
                if (l > sizeof_field(struct utmpx, ut_user) - 1) /* must fit in utmp: 31 */
                        return false;
        }

        return true;
}

bool valid_gecos(const char *d) {

        if (!d)
                return false;

        if (!utf8_is_valid(d))
                return false;

        if (string_has_cc(d, NULL))
                return false;

        /* Colons are used as field separators, and hence not OK */
        if (strchr(d, ':'))
                return false;

        return true;
}

char* mangle_gecos(const char *d) {
        char *mangled;

        /* Makes sure the provided string becomes valid as a GEGOS field, by dropping bad chars. glibc's
         * putwent() only changes \n and : to spaces. We do more: replace all CC too, and remove invalid
         * UTF-8 */

        mangled = strdup(d);
        if (!mangled)
                return NULL;

        for (char *i = mangled; *i; i++) {
                int len;

                if ((uint8_t) *i < (uint8_t) ' ' || *i == ':') {
                        *i = ' ';
                        continue;
                }

                len = utf8_encoded_valid_unichar(i, SIZE_MAX);
                if (len < 0) {
                        *i = ' ';
                        continue;
                }

                i += len - 1;
        }

        return mangled;
}

bool valid_home(const char *p) {
        /* Note that this function is also called by valid_shell(), any
         * changes must account for that. */

        if (isempty(p))
                return false;

        if (!utf8_is_valid(p))
                return false;

        if (string_has_cc(p, NULL))
                return false;

        if (!path_is_absolute(p))
                return false;

        if (!path_is_normalized(p))
                return false;

        /* Colons are used as field separators, and hence not OK */
        if (strchr(p, ':'))
                return false;

        return true;
}

bool valid_shell(const char *p) {
        /* We have the same requirements, so just piggy-back on the home check.
         *
         * Let's ignore /etc/shells because this is only applicable to real and not system users. It is also
         * incompatible with the idea of empty /etc/. */
        if (!valid_home(p))
                return false;

        return !endswith(p, "/"); /* one additional restriction: shells may not be dirs */
}

int maybe_setgroups(size_t size, const gid_t *list) {
        int r;

        /* Check if setgroups is allowed before we try to drop all the auxiliary groups */
        if (size == 0) { /* Dropping all aux groups? */
                _cleanup_free_ char *setgroups_content = NULL;
                bool can_setgroups;

                r = read_one_line_file("/proc/self/setgroups", &setgroups_content);
                if (r == -ENOENT)
                        /* Old kernels don't have /proc/self/setgroups, so assume we can use setgroups */
                        can_setgroups = true;
                else if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                else
                        can_setgroups = streq(setgroups_content, "allow");

                if (!can_setgroups) {
                        log_debug("Skipping setgroups(), /proc/self/setgroups is set to 'deny'");
                        return 0;
                }
        }

        return RET_NERRNO(setgroups(size, list));
}

bool synthesize_nobody(void) {
        /* Returns true when we shall synthesize the "nobody" user (which we do by default). This can be turned off by
         * touching /etc/systemd/dont-synthesize-nobody in order to provide upgrade compatibility with legacy systems
         * that used the "nobody" user name and group name for other UIDs/GIDs than 65534.
         *
         * Note that we do not employ any kind of synchronization on the following caching variable. If the variable is
         * accessed in multi-threaded programs in the worst case it might happen that we initialize twice, but that
         * shouldn't matter as each initialization should come to the same result. */
        static int cache = -1;

        if (cache < 0)
                cache = access("/etc/systemd/dont-synthesize-nobody", F_OK) < 0;

        return cache;
}

int putpwent_sane(const struct passwd *pw, FILE *stream) {
        assert(pw);
        assert(stream);

        errno = 0;
        if (putpwent(pw, stream) != 0)
                return errno_or_else(EIO);

        return 0;
}

int putspent_sane(const struct spwd *sp, FILE *stream) {
        assert(sp);
        assert(stream);

        errno = 0;
        if (putspent(sp, stream) != 0)
                return errno_or_else(EIO);

        return 0;
}

int putgrent_sane(const struct group *gr, FILE *stream) {
        assert(gr);
        assert(stream);

        errno = 0;
        if (putgrent(gr, stream) != 0)
                return errno_or_else(EIO);

        return 0;
}

#if ENABLE_GSHADOW
int putsgent_sane(const struct sgrp *sg, FILE *stream) {
        assert(sg);
        assert(stream);

        errno = 0;
        if (putsgent(sg, stream) != 0)
                return errno_or_else(EIO);

        return 0;
}
#endif

int fgetpwent_sane(FILE *stream, struct passwd **pw) {
        assert(stream);
        assert(pw);

        errno = 0;
        struct passwd *p = fgetpwent(stream);
        if (!p && !IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT))
                return -errno;

        *pw = p;
        return !!p;
}

int fgetspent_sane(FILE *stream, struct spwd **sp) {
        assert(stream);
        assert(sp);

        errno = 0;
        struct spwd *s = fgetspent(stream);
        if (!s && !IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT))
                return -errno;

        *sp = s;
        return !!s;
}

int fgetgrent_sane(FILE *stream, struct group **gr) {
        assert(stream);
        assert(gr);

        errno = 0;
        struct group *g = fgetgrent(stream);
        if (!g && !IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT))
                return -errno;

        *gr = g;
        return !!g;
}

#if ENABLE_GSHADOW
int fgetsgent_sane(FILE *stream, struct sgrp **sg) {
        assert(stream);
        assert(sg);

        errno = 0;
        struct sgrp *s = fgetsgent(stream);
        if (!s && !IN_SET(errno, 0, ENOENT))
                return -errno;

        *sg = s;
        return !!s;
}
#endif

int is_this_me(const char *username) {
        uid_t uid;
        int r;

        /* Checks if the specified username is our current one. Passed string might be a UID or a user name. */

        r = get_user_creds(&username, &uid, NULL, NULL, NULL, USER_CREDS_ALLOW_MISSING);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return uid == getuid();
}

const char* get_home_root(void) {
        const char *e;

        /* For debug purposes allow overriding where we look for home dirs */
        e = secure_getenv("SYSTEMD_HOME_ROOT");
        if (e && path_is_absolute(e) && path_is_normalized(e))
                return e;

        return "/home";
}

static size_t getpw_buffer_size(void) {
        long bufsize = sysconf(_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX);
        return bufsize <= 0 ? 4096U : (size_t) bufsize;
}

static bool errno_is_user_doesnt_exist(int error) {
        /* See getpwnam(3) and getgrnam(3): those codes and others can be returned if the user or group are
         * not found. */
        return IN_SET(abs(error), ENOENT, ESRCH, EBADF, EPERM);
}

int getpwnam_malloc(const char *name, struct passwd **ret) {
        size_t bufsize = getpw_buffer_size();
        int r;

        /* A wrapper around getpwnam_r() that allocates the necessary buffer on the heap. The caller must
         * free() the returned structures! */

        if (isempty(name))
                return -EINVAL;

        for (;;) {
                _cleanup_free_ void *buf = NULL;

                buf = malloc0(ALIGN(sizeof(struct passwd)) + bufsize);
                if (!buf)
                        return -ENOMEM;

                struct passwd *pw = NULL;
                r = getpwnam_r(name, buf, (char*) buf + ALIGN(sizeof(struct passwd)), (size_t) bufsize, &pw);
                if (r == 0) {
                        if (pw) {
                                if (ret)
                                        *ret = TAKE_PTR(buf);
                                return 0;
                        }

                        return -ESRCH;
                }

                assert(r > 0);

                /* getpwnam() may fail with ENOENT if /etc/passwd is missing.  For us that is equivalent to
                 * the name not being defined. */
                if (errno_is_user_doesnt_exist(r))
                        return -ESRCH;
                if (r != ERANGE)
                        return -r;

                if (bufsize > SIZE_MAX/2 - ALIGN(sizeof(struct passwd)))
                        return -ENOMEM;
                bufsize *= 2;
        }
}

int getpwuid_malloc(uid_t uid, struct passwd **ret) {
        size_t bufsize = getpw_buffer_size();
        int r;

        if (!uid_is_valid(uid))
                return -EINVAL;

        for (;;) {
                _cleanup_free_ void *buf = NULL;

                buf = malloc0(ALIGN(sizeof(struct passwd)) + bufsize);
                if (!buf)
                        return -ENOMEM;

                struct passwd *pw = NULL;
                r = getpwuid_r(uid, buf, (char*) buf + ALIGN(sizeof(struct passwd)), (size_t) bufsize, &pw);
                if (r == 0) {
                        if (pw) {
                                if (ret)
                                        *ret = TAKE_PTR(buf);
                                return 0;
                        }

                        return -ESRCH;
                }

                assert(r > 0);

                if (errno_is_user_doesnt_exist(r))
                        return -ESRCH;
                if (r != ERANGE)
                        return -r;

                if (bufsize > SIZE_MAX/2 - ALIGN(sizeof(struct passwd)))
                        return -ENOMEM;
                bufsize *= 2;
        }
}

static size_t getgr_buffer_size(void) {
        long bufsize = sysconf(_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX);
        return bufsize <= 0 ? 4096U : (size_t) bufsize;
}

int getgrnam_malloc(const char *name, struct group **ret) {
        size_t bufsize = getgr_buffer_size();
        int r;

        if (isempty(name))
                return -EINVAL;

        for (;;) {
                _cleanup_free_ void *buf = NULL;

                buf = malloc0(ALIGN(sizeof(struct group)) + bufsize);
                if (!buf)
                        return -ENOMEM;

                struct group *gr = NULL;
                r = getgrnam_r(name, buf, (char*) buf + ALIGN(sizeof(struct group)), (size_t) bufsize, &gr);
                if (r == 0) {
                        if (gr) {
                                if (ret)
                                        *ret = TAKE_PTR(buf);
                                return 0;
                        }

                        return -ESRCH;
                }

                assert(r > 0);

                if (errno_is_user_doesnt_exist(r))
                        return -ESRCH;
                if (r != ERANGE)
                        return -r;

                if (bufsize > SIZE_MAX/2 - ALIGN(sizeof(struct group)))
                        return -ENOMEM;
                bufsize *= 2;
        }
}

int getgrgid_malloc(gid_t gid, struct group **ret) {
        size_t bufsize = getgr_buffer_size();
        int r;

        if (!gid_is_valid(gid))
                return -EINVAL;

        for (;;) {
                _cleanup_free_ void *buf = NULL;

                buf = malloc0(ALIGN(sizeof(struct group)) + bufsize);
                if (!buf)
                        return -ENOMEM;

                struct group *gr = NULL;
                r = getgrgid_r(gid, buf, (char*) buf + ALIGN(sizeof(struct group)), (size_t) bufsize, &gr);
                if (r == 0) {
                        if (gr) {
                                if (ret)
                                        *ret = TAKE_PTR(buf);
                                return 0;
                        }

                        return -ESRCH;
                }

                assert(r > 0);

                if (errno_is_user_doesnt_exist(r))
                        return -ESRCH;
                if (r != ERANGE)
                        return -r;

                if (bufsize > SIZE_MAX/2 - ALIGN(sizeof(struct group)))
                        return -ENOMEM;
                bufsize *= 2;
        }
}

systemd / systemd / 16791678039

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