57b9c0ae-5882-4bb6-af5f-8ba18e451628

Committed 31 Jan 2025 12:33PM UTC coverage: 93.228% (+0.001%) from 93.227%

Build # 57b9c0ae-5882-4bb6-af5f-8ba18e451628

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push

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Commit Message

build(deps): bump certifi from 2024.12.14 to 2025.1.31

Bumps [certifi](https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi) from 2024.12.14 to 2025.1.31.
- [Commits](https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/compare/2024.12.14...2025.01.31)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: certifi
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>

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/models.py

"""Datastore model classes."""
import copy
from datetime import timedelta, timezone
from functools import lru_cache
import itertools
import json
import logging
import random
import re
from threading import Lock
from urllib.parse import quote, urlparse

from arroba.util import parse_at_uri
import cachetools
from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA
from flask import request
from google.cloud import ndb
from granary import as1, as2, atom, bluesky, microformats2
from granary.bluesky import AT_URI_PATTERN, BSKY_APP_URL_RE
from granary.source import html_to_text
from oauth_dropins.webutil import util
from oauth_dropins.webutil.appengine_info import DEBUG
from oauth_dropins.webutil.flask_util import error
from oauth_dropins.webutil.models import JsonProperty, StringIdModel
from oauth_dropins.webutil.util import ellipsize, json_dumps, json_loads
from requests import RequestException

import common
from common import (
    base64_to_long,
    DOMAIN_RE,
    long_to_base64,
    OLD_ACCOUNT_AGE,
    PROTOCOL_DOMAINS,
    report_error,
    unwrap,
)
import ids
import memcache

# maps string label to Protocol subclass. values are populated by ProtocolUserMeta.
# (we used to wait for ProtocolUserMeta to populate the keys as well, but that was
# awkward to use in datastore model properties with choices, below; it required
# overriding them in reset_model_properties, which was always flaky.)
PROTOCOLS = {label: None for label in (
    'activitypub',
    'ap',
    'atproto',
    'bsky',
    'ostatus',
    'web',
    'webmention',
    'ui',
)}
if DEBUG:
    PROTOCOLS.update({label: None for label in (
        'fa',
        'fake',
        'efake',
        'other',
    )})

# maps string kind (eg 'MagicKey') to Protocol subclass.
# populated in ProtocolUserMeta
PROTOCOLS_BY_KIND = {}


# 2048 bits makes tests slow, so use 1024 for them
KEY_BITS = 1024 if DEBUG else 2048
PAGE_SIZE = 20

# auto delete most old objects via the Object.expire property
# https://cloud.google.com/datastore/docs/ttl
#
# need to keep follows because we attach them to Followers and use them for
# unfollows
DONT_EXPIRE_OBJECT_TYPES = (as1.ACTOR_TYPES | as1.POST_TYPES
                            | set(['block', 'flag', 'follow', 'like', 'share']))
OBJECT_EXPIRE_AGE = timedelta(days=90)

GET_ORIGINALS_CACHE_EXPIRATION = timedelta(days=1)
FOLLOWERS_CACHE_EXPIRATION = timedelta(hours=2)

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


class Target(ndb.Model):
    r""":class:`protocol.Protocol` + URI pairs for identifying objects.

    These are currently used for:

    * delivery destinations, eg ActivityPub inboxes, webmention targets, etc.
    * copies of :class:`Object`\s and :class:`User`\s elsewhere,
      eg ``at://`` URIs for ATProto records, nevent etc bech32-encoded Nostr ids,
      ATProto user DIDs, etc.

    Used in :class:`google.cloud.ndb.model.StructuredProperty`\s inside
    :class:`Object` and :class:`User`; not stored as top-level entities in the
    datastore.

    ndb implements this by hoisting each property here into a corresponding
    property on the parent entity, prefixed by the StructuredProperty name
    below, eg ``delivered.uri``, ``delivered.protocol``, etc.

    For repeated StructuredPropertys, the hoisted properties are all repeated on
    the parent entity, and reconstructed into StructuredPropertys based on their
    order.

    https://googleapis.dev/python/python-ndb/latest/model.html#google.cloud.ndb.model.StructuredProperty
    """
    uri = ndb.StringProperty(required=True)
    protocol = ndb.StringProperty(choices=list(PROTOCOLS.keys()), required=True)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        """Equality excludes Targets' :class:`Key`."""
        return self.uri == other.uri and self.protocol == other.protocol

    def __hash__(self):
        """Allow hashing so these can be dict keys."""
        return hash((self.protocol, self.uri))


class DM(ndb.Model):
    """:class:`protocol.Protocol` + type pairs for identifying sent DMs.

    Used in :attr:`User.sent_dms`.

    https://googleapis.dev/python/python-ndb/latest/model.html#google.cloud.ndb.model.StructuredProperty
    """
    TYPES = (
        'request_bridging',
        'replied_to_bridged_user',
        'welcome',
    )
    type = ndb.StringProperty(choices=TYPES, required=True)
    protocol = ndb.StringProperty(choices=list(PROTOCOLS.keys()), required=True)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        """Equality excludes Targets' :class:`Key`."""
        return self.type == other.type and self.protocol == other.protocol


class ProtocolUserMeta(type(ndb.Model)):
    """:class:`User` metaclass. Registers all subclasses in the ``PROTOCOLS`` global."""
    def __new__(meta, name, bases, class_dict):
        cls = super().__new__(meta, name, bases, class_dict)

        if hasattr(cls, 'LABEL') and cls.LABEL not in ('protocol', 'user'):
            for label in (cls.LABEL, cls.ABBREV) + cls.OTHER_LABELS:
                if label:
                    PROTOCOLS[label] = cls

        PROTOCOLS_BY_KIND[cls._get_kind()] = cls

        return cls


def reset_protocol_properties():
    """Recreates various protocol properties to include choices from ``PROTOCOLS``."""
    abbrevs = f'({"|".join(PROTOCOLS.keys())}|fed)'
    common.SUBDOMAIN_BASE_URL_RE = re.compile(
        rf'^https?://({abbrevs}\.brid\.gy|localhost(:8080)?)/(convert/|r/)?({abbrevs}/)?(?P<path>.+)')
    ids.COPIES_PROTOCOLS = tuple(label for label, proto in PROTOCOLS.items()
                                 if proto and proto.HAS_COPIES)


class User(StringIdModel, metaclass=ProtocolUserMeta):
    """Abstract base class for a Bridgy Fed user.

    Stores some protocols' keypairs. Currently:

    * RSA keypair for ActivityPub HTTP Signatures
      properties: ``mod``, ``public_exponent``, ``private_exponent``, all
      encoded as base64url (ie URL-safe base64) strings as described in RFC
      4648 and section 5.1 of the Magic Signatures spec:
      https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-cavage-http-signatures-12
    * *Not* K-256 signing or rotation keys for AT Protocol, those are stored in
      :class:`arroba.datastore_storage.AtpRepo` entities
    """
    obj_key = ndb.KeyProperty(kind='Object')  # user profile
    mod = ndb.StringProperty()
    use_instead = ndb.KeyProperty()

    # Proxy copies of this user elsewhere, eg DIDs for ATProto records, bech32
    # npub Nostr ids, etc. Similar to rel-me links in microformats2, alsoKnownAs
    # in DID docs (and now AS2), etc.
    # TODO: switch to using Object.copies on the user profile object?
    copies = ndb.StructuredProperty(Target, repeated=True)

    # these are for ActivityPub HTTP Signatures
    public_exponent = ndb.StringProperty()
    private_exponent = ndb.StringProperty()

    # set to True for users who asked me to be opted out instead of putting
    # #nobridge in their profile
    manual_opt_out = ndb.BooleanProperty()

    # protocols that this user has explicitly opted into. protocols that don't
    # require explicit opt in are omitted here. choices is populated in
    # reset_protocol_properties.
    enabled_protocols = ndb.StringProperty(repeated=True, choices=list(PROTOCOLS.keys()))

    # DMs that we've attempted to send to this user
    sent_dms = ndb.StructuredProperty(DM, repeated=True)

    created = ndb.DateTimeProperty(auto_now_add=True)
    updated = ndb.DateTimeProperty(auto_now=True)

    # `existing` attr is set by get_or_create

    # OLD. some stored entities still have these; do not reuse.
    # direct = ndb.BooleanProperty(default=False)
    # actor_as2 = JsonProperty()
    # protocol-specific state
    # atproto_notifs_indexed_at = ndb.TextProperty()
    # atproto_feed_indexed_at = ndb.TextProperty()

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        """Constructor.

        Sets :attr:`obj` explicitly because however
        :class:`google.cloud.ndb.model.Model` sets it doesn't work with
        ``@property`` and ``@obj.setter`` below.
        """
        obj = kwargs.pop('obj', None)
        super().__init__(**kwargs)

        if obj:
            self.obj = obj

        self.lock = Lock()

    @classmethod
    def new(cls, **kwargs):
        """Try to prevent instantiation. Use subclasses instead."""
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def _post_put_hook(self, future):
        logger.debug(f'Wrote {self.key}')

    def add(self, prop, val):
        """Adds a value to a multiply-valued property. Uses ``self.lock``.

        Args:
          prop (str)
          val
        """
        with self.lock:
            added = util.add(getattr(self, prop), val)

        if prop == 'copies' and added:
            memcache.pickle_memcache.set(memcache.memoize_key(
                get_original_user_key, val.uri), self.key)

    @classmethod
    def get_by_id(cls, id, allow_opt_out=False, **kwargs):
        """Override to follow ``use_instead`` property and ``opt-out`` status.

        Returns None if the user is opted out.
        """
        user = cls._get_by_id(id, **kwargs)
        if user and user.use_instead:
            logger.info(f'{user.key} use_instead => {user.use_instead}')
            user = user.use_instead.get()

        if not user:
            return None

        if user.status and not allow_opt_out:
            logger.info(f'{user.key} is {user.status}')
            return None

        return user

    @classmethod
    def get_or_create(cls, id, propagate=False, allow_opt_out=False,
                      reload=False, **kwargs):
        """Loads and returns a :class:`User`. Creates it if necessary.

        Not transactional because transactions don't read or write memcache. :/
        Fortunately we don't really depend on atomicity for anything, last
        writer wins is pretty much always fine.

        Args:
          propagate (bool): whether to create copies of this user in push-based
            protocols, eg ATProto and Nostr.
          allow_opt_out (bool): whether to allow and create the user if they're
            currently opted out
          reload (bool): whether to reload profile always, vs only if necessary
          kwargs: passed through to ``cls`` constructor

        Returns:
          User: existing or new user, or None if the user is opted out
        """
        assert cls != User

        user = cls.get_by_id(id, allow_opt_out=True)
        if user:
            if reload:
                user.reload_profile(gateway=True, raise_=False)

            if user.status and not allow_opt_out:
                return None
            user.existing = True

            # TODO: propagate more fields?
            changed = False
            for field in ['obj', 'obj_key']:
                old_val = getattr(user, field, None)
                new_val = kwargs.get(field)
                if old_val is None and new_val is not None:
                    setattr(user, field, new_val)
                    changed = True

            if enabled_protocols := kwargs.get('enabled_protocols'):
                user.enabled_protocols = (set(user.enabled_protocols)
                                          | set(enabled_protocols))
                changed = True

            if not propagate:
                if changed:
                    user.put()
                return user

        else:
            if orig_key := get_original_user_key(id):
                orig = orig_key.get()
                if orig.status and not allow_opt_out:
                    return None
                orig.existing = False
                return orig

            user = cls(id=id, **kwargs)
            user.existing = False
            user.reload_profile(gateway=True, raise_=False)
            if user.status and not allow_opt_out:
                return None

        if propagate and not user.status:
            for label in user.enabled_protocols + list(user.DEFAULT_ENABLED_PROTOCOLS):
                proto = PROTOCOLS[label]
                if proto == cls:
                    continue
                elif proto.HAS_COPIES:
                    if not user.get_copy(proto) and user.is_enabled(proto):
                        try:
                            proto.create_for(user)
                        except (ValueError, AssertionError):
                            logger.info(f'failed creating {proto.LABEL} copy',
                                        exc_info=True)
                            util.remove(user.enabled_protocols, proto.LABEL)
                    else:
                        logger.debug(f'{proto.LABEL} not enabled or user copy already exists, skipping propagate')

        # generate keys for all protocols _except_ our own
        #
        # these can use urandom() and do nontrivial math, so they can take time
        # depending on the amount of randomness available and compute needed.
        if cls.LABEL != 'activitypub':
            if (not user.public_exponent or not user.private_exponent or not user.mod):
                assert (not user.public_exponent and not user.private_exponent
                        and not user.mod), id
                key = RSA.generate(KEY_BITS,
                                   randfunc=random.randbytes if DEBUG else None)
                user.mod = long_to_base64(key.n)
                user.public_exponent = long_to_base64(key.e)
                user.private_exponent = long_to_base64(key.d)

        try:
            user.put()
        except AssertionError as e:
            error(f'Bad {cls.__name__} id {id} : {e}')

        logger.debug(('Updated ' if user.existing else 'Created new ') + str(user))
        return user

    @property
    def obj(self):
        """Convenience accessor that loads :attr:`obj_key` from the datastore."""
        if self.obj_key:
            if not hasattr(self, '_obj'):
                self._obj = self.obj_key.get()
            return self._obj

    @obj.setter
    def obj(self, obj):
        if obj:
            assert isinstance(obj, Object)
            assert obj.key
            self._obj = obj
            self.obj_key = obj.key
        else:
            self._obj = self.obj_key = None

    def delete(self, proto=None):
        """Deletes a user's bridged actors in all protocols or a specific one.

        Args:
          proto (Protocol): optional
        """
        now = util.now().isoformat()
        proto_label = proto.LABEL if proto else 'all'
        delete_id = f'{self.profile_id()}#bridgy-fed-delete-user-{proto_label}-{now}'
        delete = Object(id=delete_id, source_protocol=self.LABEL, our_as1={
            'id': delete_id,
            'objectType': 'activity',
            'verb': 'delete',
            'actor': self.key.id(),
            'object': self.key.id(),
        })
        self.deliver(delete, from_user=self, to_proto=proto)

    @classmethod
    def load_multi(cls, users):
        """Loads :attr:`obj` for multiple users in parallel.

        Args:
          users (sequence of User)
        """
        objs = ndb.get_multi(u.obj_key for u in users if u.obj_key)
        keys_to_objs = {o.key: o for o in objs if o}

        for u in users:
            u._obj = keys_to_objs.get(u.obj_key)

    @ndb.ComputedProperty
    def handle(self):
        """This user's unique, human-chosen handle, eg ``@me@snarfed.org``.

        To be implemented by subclasses.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @ndb.ComputedProperty
    def readable_id(self):
        """DEPRECATED: replaced by handle. Kept for backward compatibility."""
        return None

    @ndb.ComputedProperty
    def status(self):
        """Whether this user is blocked or opted out.

        Optional. Current possible values:
          * ``opt-out``: if ``#nobridge`` or ``#nobot`` is in the profile
            description/bio, or if the user or domain has manually opted out.
            Some protocols also have protocol-specific opt out logic, eg Bluesky
            accounts that have disabled logged out view.
          * ``blocked``: if the user fails our validation checks, eg
            ``REQUIRES_NAME`` or ``REQUIRES_AVATAR`` if either of those are
            ``True` for this protocol.
          * `owns-webfinger`: a :class:`web.Web` user that looks like a
            fediverse server
          * `no-feed-or-webmention`: a :class:`web.Web` user that doesn't have
            an RSS or Atom feed or webmention endpoint and has never sent us a
            webmention

        Duplicates ``util.is_opt_out`` in Bridgy!

        https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/666
        """
        if self.manual_opt_out:
            return 'opt-out'

        if not self.obj or not self.obj.as1:
            return None

        if self.REQUIRES_AVATAR and not self.obj.as1.get('image'):
            return 'blocked'

        name = self.obj.as1.get('displayName')
        if self.REQUIRES_NAME and (not name or name in (self.handle, self.key.id())):
            return 'blocked'

        if self.REQUIRES_OLD_ACCOUNT:
            if published := self.obj.as1.get('published'):
                if util.now() - util.parse_iso8601(published) < OLD_ACCOUNT_AGE:
                    return 'blocked'

        summary = html_to_text(self.obj.as1.get('summary', ''), ignore_links=True)
        name = self.obj.as1.get('displayName', '')

        # #nobridge overrides enabled_protocols
        if '#nobridge' in summary or '#nobridge' in name:
            return 'opt-out'

        # user has explicitly opted in. should go after spam filter (REQUIRES_*)
        # checks, but before is_public and #nobot
        if self.enabled_protocols:
            return None

        if not as1.is_public(self.obj.as1, unlisted=False):
            return 'opt-out'

        # enabled_protocols overrides #nobot
        if '#nobot' in summary or '#nobot' in name:
            return 'opt-out'

    def is_enabled(self, to_proto, explicit=False):
        """Returns True if this user can be bridged to a given protocol.

        Reasons this might return False:
        * We haven't turned on bridging these two protocols yet.
        * The user is opted out or blocked.
        * The user is on a domain that's opted out or blocked.
        * The from protocol requires opt in, and the user hasn't opted in.
        * ``explicit`` is True, and this protocol supports ``to_proto`` by, but the user hasn't explicitly opted into it.

        Args:
          to_proto (Protocol subclass)
          explicit (bool)

        Returns:
          bool:
        """
        from protocol import Protocol
        assert issubclass(to_proto, Protocol)

        if self.__class__ == to_proto:
            return True

        from_label = self.LABEL
        to_label = to_proto.LABEL

        if bot_protocol := Protocol.for_bridgy_subdomain(self.key.id()):
            return to_proto != bot_protocol

        elif self.manual_opt_out:
            return False

        elif to_label in self.enabled_protocols:
            return True

        elif self.status:
            return False

        elif to_label in self.DEFAULT_ENABLED_PROTOCOLS and not explicit:
            return True

        return False

    def enable_protocol(self, to_proto):
        """Adds ``to_proto`` to :attr:`enabled_protocols`.

        Also sends a welcome DM to the user (via a send task) if their protocol
        supports DMs.

        Args:
          to_proto (:class:`protocol.Protocol` subclass)
        """
        added = False

        if to_proto.LABEL in ids.COPIES_PROTOCOLS:
            # do this even if there's an existing copy since we might need to
            # reactivate it, which create_for should do
            to_proto.create_for(self)

        @ndb.transactional()
        def enable():
            user = self.key.get()
            if to_proto.LABEL not in user.enabled_protocols:
                user.enabled_protocols.append(to_proto.LABEL)
                util.add(user.sent_dms, DM(protocol=to_proto.LABEL, type='welcome'))
                user.put()
                nonlocal added
                added = True

            return user

        new_self = enable()
        # populate newly enabled protocol in this instance
        self.enabled_protocols = new_self.enabled_protocols
        self.copies = new_self.copies
        if self.obj:
            self.obj.copies = new_self.obj.copies

        if added:
            import dms
            dms.maybe_send(from_proto=to_proto, to_user=self, type='welcome',
                           text=f"""\
Welcome to Bridgy Fed! Your account will soon be bridged to {to_proto.PHRASE} at {self.user_link(proto=to_proto, name=False)}. <a href="https://fed.brid.gy/docs">See the docs</a> and <a href="https://{common.PRIMARY_DOMAIN}{self.user_page_path()}">your user page</a> for more information. To disable this and delete your bridged profile, block this account.""")

        msg = f'Enabled {to_proto.LABEL} for {self.key.id()} : {self.user_page_path()}'
        logger.info(msg)

    def disable_protocol(self, to_proto):
        """Removes ``to_proto` from :attr:`enabled_protocols``.

        Args:
          to_proto (:class:`protocol.Protocol` subclass)
        """
        @ndb.transactional()
        def disable():
            user = self.key.get()
            util.remove(user.enabled_protocols, to_proto.LABEL)
            user.put()

        disable()
        util.remove(self.enabled_protocols, to_proto.LABEL)

        msg = f'Disabled {to_proto.LABEL} for {self.key.id()} : {self.user_page_path()}'
        logger.info(msg)

    def handle_as(self, to_proto):
        """Returns this user's handle in a different protocol.

        Args:
          to_proto (str or Protocol)

        Returns:
          str
        """
        if isinstance(to_proto, str):
            to_proto = PROTOCOLS[to_proto]

        # override to-ATProto to use custom domain handle in DID doc
        from atproto import ATProto, did_to_handle
        if to_proto == ATProto:
            if did := self.get_copy(ATProto):
                if handle := did_to_handle(did, remote=False):
                    return handle

        # override web users to always use domain instead of custom username
        # TODO: fall back to id if handle is unset?
        handle = self.key.id() if self.LABEL == 'web' else self.handle
        if not handle:
            return None

        return ids.translate_handle(handle=handle, from_=self.__class__,
                                    to=to_proto, enhanced=False)

    def id_as(self, to_proto):
        """Returns this user's id in a different protocol.

        Args:
          to_proto (str or Protocol)

        Returns:
          str
        """
        if isinstance(to_proto, str):
            to_proto = PROTOCOLS[to_proto]

        return ids.translate_user_id(id=self.key.id(), from_=self.__class__,
                                     to=to_proto)

    def handle_or_id(self):
        """Returns handle if we know it, otherwise id."""
        return self.handle or self.key.id()

    def public_pem(self):
        """
        Returns:
          bytes:
        """
        rsa = RSA.construct((base64_to_long(str(self.mod)),
                             base64_to_long(str(self.public_exponent))))
        return rsa.exportKey(format='PEM')

    def private_pem(self):
        """
        Returns:
          bytes:
        """
        assert self.mod and self.public_exponent and self.private_exponent, str(self)
        rsa = RSA.construct((base64_to_long(str(self.mod)),
                             base64_to_long(str(self.public_exponent)),
                             base64_to_long(str(self.private_exponent))))
        return rsa.exportKey(format='PEM')

    def name(self):
        """Returns this user's human-readable name, eg ``Ryan Barrett``."""
        if self.obj and self.obj.as1:
            name = self.obj.as1.get('displayName')
            if name:
                return name

        return self.handle_or_id()

    def web_url(self):
        """Returns this user's web URL (homepage), eg ``https://foo.com/``.

        To be implemented by subclasses.

        Returns:
          str
        """
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def is_web_url(self, url, ignore_www=False):
        """Returns True if the given URL is this user's web URL (homepage).

        Args:
          url (str)
          ignore_www (bool): if True, ignores ``www.`` subdomains

        Returns:
          bool:
        """
        if not url:
            return False

        url = url.strip().rstrip('/')
        url = re.sub(r'^(https?://)www\.', r'\1', url)
        parsed_url = urlparse(url)
        if parsed_url.scheme not in ('http', 'https', ''):
            return False

        this = self.web_url().rstrip('/')
        this = re.sub(r'^(https?://)www\.', r'\1', this)
        parsed_this = urlparse(this)

        return (url == this or url == parsed_this.netloc or
                parsed_url[1:] == parsed_this[1:])  # ignore http vs https

    def id_uri(self):
        """Returns the user id as a URI.

        Sometimes this is the user id itself, eg ActivityPub actor ids.
        Sometimes it's a bit different, eg at://did:plc:... for ATProto user,
        https://site.com for Web users.

        Returns:
          str
        """
        return self.key.id()

    def profile_id(self):
        """Returns the id of this user's profile object in its native protocol.

        Examples:

        * Web: home page URL, eg ``https://me.com/``
        * ActivityPub: actor URL, eg ``https://instance.com/users/me``
        * ATProto: profile AT URI, eg ``at://did:plc:123/app.bsky.actor.profile/self``

        Defaults to this user's key id.

        Returns:
          str or None:
        """
        return ids.profile_id(id=self.key.id(), proto=self)

    def reload_profile(self, **kwargs):
        """Reloads this user's identity and profile from their native protocol.

        Populates the reloaded profile :class:`Object` in ``self.obj``.

        Args:
          kwargs: passed through to :meth:`Protocol.load`
        """
        obj = self.load(self.profile_id(), remote=True, **kwargs)
        if obj:
            self.obj = obj

    def user_page_path(self, rest=None):
        """Returns the user's Bridgy Fed user page path."""
        path = f'/{self.ABBREV}/{self.handle_or_id()}'

        if rest:
            if not rest.startswith('?'):
                path += '/'
            path += rest

        return path

    def get_copy(self, proto):
        """Returns the id for the copy of this user in a given protocol.

        ...or None if no such copy exists. If ``proto`` is this user, returns
        this user's key id.

        Args:
          proto: :class:`Protocol` subclass

        Returns:
          str:
        """
        # don't use isinstance because the testutil Fake protocol has subclasses
        if self.LABEL == proto.LABEL:
            return self.key.id()

        for copy in self.copies:
            if copy.protocol in (proto.LABEL, proto.ABBREV):
                return copy.uri

    def user_link(self, name=True, handle=True, pictures=False, proto=None,
                  proto_fallback=False):
        """Returns a pretty HTML link to the user's profile.

        Can optionally include display name, handle, profile
        picture, and/or link to a different protocol that they've enabled.

        TODO: unify with :meth:`Object.actor_link`?

        Args:
          name (bool): include display name
          handle (bool): include handle
          pictures (bool): include profile picture and protocol logo
          proto (protocol.Protocol): link to this protocol instead of the user's
            native protocol
          proto_fallback (bool): if True, and ``proto`` is provided and has no
            no canonical profile URL for bridged users, uses the user's profile
            URL in their native protocol
        """
        img = name_str = handle_str = dot = logo = a_open = a_close = ''

        if proto:
            assert self.is_enabled(proto), f"{proto.LABEL} isn't enabled"
            url = proto.bridged_web_url_for(self, fallback=proto_fallback)
        else:
            proto = self.__class__
            url = self.web_url()

        if pictures:
            logo = f'<span class="logo" title="{proto.__name__}">{proto.LOGO_HTML}</span> '
            if pic := self.profile_picture():
                img = f'<img src="{pic}" class="profile"> '

        if handle:
            handle_str = self.handle_as(proto) or ''

        if name and self.name() != handle_str:
            name_str = self.name() or ''

        if handle_str and name_str:
            dot = ' &middot; '

        if url:
            a_open = f'<a class="h-card u-author" rel="me" href="{url}" title="{name_str}{dot}{handle_str}">'
            a_close = '</a>'

        name_html = f'<span style="unicode-bidi: isolate">{ellipsize(name_str, chars=40)}</span>' if name_str else ''
        return f'{logo}{a_open}{img}{name_html}{dot}{ellipsize(handle_str, chars=40)}{a_close}'

    def profile_picture(self):
        """Returns the user's profile picture image URL, if available, or None."""
        if self.obj and self.obj.as1:
            return util.get_url(self.obj.as1, 'image')

    # can't use functools.lru_cache here because we want the cache key to be
    # just the user id, not the whole entity
    @cachetools.cached(
        cachetools.TTLCache(50000, FOLLOWERS_CACHE_EXPIRATION.total_seconds()),
        key=lambda user: user.key.id(), lock=Lock())
    @memcache.memoize(key=lambda self: self.key.id(),
                      expire=FOLLOWERS_CACHE_EXPIRATION)
    def count_followers(self):
        """Counts this user's followers and followings.

        Returns:
          (int, int) tuple: (number of followers, number following)
        """
        if self.key.id() in PROTOCOL_DOMAINS:
            # we don't store Followers for protocol bot users any more, so
            # follower counts are inaccurate, so don't return them
            return (0, 0)

        num_followers = Follower.query(Follower.to == self.key,
                                       Follower.status == 'active')\
                                .count_async()
        num_following = Follower.query(Follower.from_ == self.key,
                                       Follower.status == 'active')\
                                .count_async()
        return num_followers.get_result(), num_following.get_result()


class Object(StringIdModel):
    """An activity or other object, eg actor.

    Key name is the id. We synthesize ids if necessary.
    """
    LABELS = ('activity',
              # DEPRECATED, replaced by users, notify, feed
              'feed', 'notification', 'user')

    users = ndb.KeyProperty(repeated=True)
    """Keys of user(s) who created or otherwise own this activity."""

    # User keys who should see this activity in their user page, eg in reply to,
    # reaction to, share of, etc.
    notify = ndb.KeyProperty(repeated=True)
    # User keys who should see this activity in their feeds, eg followers of its
    # creator
    feed = ndb.KeyProperty(repeated=True)

    # DEPRECATED but still used read only to maintain backward compatibility
    # with old Objects in the datastore that we haven't bothered migrating.
    domains = ndb.StringProperty(repeated=True)

    # choices is populated in reset_protocol_properties, after all User
    # subclasses are created, so that PROTOCOLS is fully populated.
    # TODO: nail down whether this is ABBREV or LABEL
    source_protocol = ndb.StringProperty(choices=list(PROTOCOLS.keys()))
    labels = ndb.StringProperty(repeated=True, choices=LABELS)

    # TODO: switch back to ndb.JsonProperty if/when they fix it for the web console
    # https://github.com/googleapis/python-ndb/issues/874
    as2 = JsonProperty()      # only one of the rest will be populated...
    bsky = JsonProperty()     # Bluesky / AT Protocol
    mf2 = JsonProperty()      # HTML microformats2 item (ie _not_ the top level
                              # parse object with items inside an 'items' field)
    our_as1 = JsonProperty()  # AS1 for activities that we generate or modify ourselves
    raw = JsonProperty()      # other standalone data format, eg DID document

    # these are full feeds with multiple items, not just this one, so they're
    # stored as audit records only. they're not used in to_as1. for Atom/RSS
    # based Objects, our_as1 will be populated with an feed_index top-level
    # integer field that indexes into one of these.
    atom = ndb.TextProperty() # Atom XML
    rss = ndb.TextProperty()  # RSS XML

    # TODO: remove and actually delete Objects instead!
    deleted = ndb.BooleanProperty()

    # Copies of this object elsewhere, eg at:// URIs for ATProto records and
    # nevent etc bech32-encoded Nostr ids, where this object is the original.
    # Similar to u-syndication links in microformats2 and
    # upstream/downstreamDuplicates in AS1.
    copies = ndb.StructuredProperty(Target, repeated=True)

    created = ndb.DateTimeProperty(auto_now_add=True)
    updated = ndb.DateTimeProperty(auto_now=True)

    new = None
    changed = None
    """Protocol and subclasses set these in fetch if this :class:`Object` is
    new or if its contents have changed from what was originally loaded from the
    datastore. If either one is None, that means we don't know whether this
    :class:`Object` is new/changed.

    :attr:`changed` is populated by :meth:`activity_changed()`.
    """

    lock = None
    """Initialized in __init__, synchronizes :meth:`add` and :meth:`remove`."""

    # these were used for delivery tracking, but they were too expensive,
    # so we stopped: https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/1501
    STATUSES = ('new', 'in progress', 'complete', 'failed', 'ignored')
    status = ndb.StringProperty(choices=STATUSES)
    delivered = ndb.StructuredProperty(Target, repeated=True)
    undelivered = ndb.StructuredProperty(Target, repeated=True)
    failed = ndb.StructuredProperty(Target, repeated=True)

    @property
    def as1(self):
        def use_urls_as_ids(obj):
            """If id field is missing or not a URL, use the url field."""
            id = obj.get('id')
            if not id or not (util.is_web(id) or re.match(DOMAIN_RE, id)):
                if url := util.get_url(obj):
                    obj['id'] = url

            for field in 'author', 'actor', 'object':
                if inner := as1.get_object(obj, field):
                    use_urls_as_ids(inner)

        if self.our_as1:
            obj = self.our_as1
            if self.atom or self.rss:
                use_urls_as_ids(obj)

        elif self.as2:
            obj = as2.to_as1(unwrap(self.as2))

        elif self.bsky:
            owner, _, _ = parse_at_uri(self.key.id())
            ATProto = PROTOCOLS['atproto']
            handle = ATProto(id=owner).handle
            try:
                obj = bluesky.to_as1(self.bsky, repo_did=owner, repo_handle=handle,
                                     uri=self.key.id(), pds=ATProto.pds_for(self))
            except (ValueError, RequestException):
                logger.info(f"Couldn't convert to ATProto", exc_info=True)
                return None

        elif self.mf2:
            obj = microformats2.json_to_object(self.mf2,
                                               rel_urls=self.mf2.get('rel-urls'))
            use_urls_as_ids(obj)

            # use fetched final URL as id, not u-url
            # https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/829
            if url := self.mf2.get('url'):
                obj['id'] = (self.key.id() if self.key and '#' in self.key.id()
                             else url)

        else:
            return None

        # populate id if necessary
        if self.key:
            obj.setdefault('id', self.key.id())

        return obj

    @ndb.ComputedProperty
    def type(self):  # AS1 objectType, or verb if it's an activity
        if self.as1:
            return as1.object_type(self.as1)

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.lock = Lock()

    def _expire(self):
        """Automatically delete most Objects after a while using a TTL policy.

        https://cloud.google.com/datastore/docs/ttl

        They recommend not indexing TTL properties:
        https://cloud.google.com/datastore/docs/ttl#ttl_properties_and_indexes
        """
        if self.deleted or self.type not in DONT_EXPIRE_OBJECT_TYPES:
            return (self.updated or util.now()) + OBJECT_EXPIRE_AGE

    expire = ndb.ComputedProperty(_expire, indexed=False)

    def _pre_put_hook(self):
        """
        * Validate that at:// URIs have DID repos
        * Set/remove the activity label
        * Strip @context from as2 (we don't do LD) to save disk space
        """
        id = self.key.id()

        if self.source_protocol not in (None, 'ui'):
            proto = PROTOCOLS[self.source_protocol]
            assert proto.owns_id(id) is not False, \
                f'Protocol {proto.LABEL} does not own id {id}'

        if id.startswith('at://'):
            repo, _, _ = parse_at_uri(id)
            if not repo.startswith('did:'):
                # TODO: if we hit this, that means the AppView gave us an AT URI
                # with a handle repo/authority instead of DID. that's surprising!
                # ...if so, and if we need to handle it, add a new
                # arroba.did.canonicalize_at_uri() function, then use it here,
                # or before.
                raise ValueError(
                    f'at:// URI ids must have DID repos; got {id}')

        if self.as1 and self.as1.get('objectType') == 'activity':
            self.add('labels', 'activity')
        elif 'activity' in self.labels:
            self.remove('labels', 'activity')

        if self.as2:
           self.as2.pop('@context', None)
           for field in 'actor', 'attributedTo', 'author', 'object':
               for val in util.get_list(self.as2, field):
                   if isinstance(val, dict):
                       val.pop('@context', None)

    def _post_put_hook(self, future):
        # TODO: assert that as1 id is same as key id? in pre put hook?
        logger.debug(f'Wrote {self.key}')

    @classmethod
    def get_by_id(cls, id, authed_as=None, **kwargs):
        """Fetches the :class:`Object` with the given id, if it exists.

        Args:
          id (str)
          authed_as (str): optional; if provided, and a matching :class:`Object`
            already exists, its ``author`` or ``actor`` must contain this actor
            id. Implements basic authorization for updates and deletes.

        Returns:
          Object:

        Raises:
          :class:`werkzeug.exceptions.Forbidden` if ``authed_as`` doesn't match
            the existing object
        """
        obj = super().get_by_id(id, **kwargs)

        if obj and obj.as1 and authed_as:
            # authorization: check that the authed user is allowed to modify
            # this object
            # https://www.w3.org/wiki/ActivityPub/Primer/Authentication_Authorization
            proto = PROTOCOLS.get(obj.source_protocol)
            assert proto, obj.source_protocol
            owners = [ids.normalize_user_id(id=owner, proto=proto)
                      for owner in (as1.get_ids(obj.as1, 'author')
                                    + as1.get_ids(obj.as1, 'actor'))
                                    + [id]]
            if (ids.normalize_user_id(id=authed_as, proto=proto) not in owners
                    and ids.profile_id(id=authed_as, proto=proto) not in owners):
                report_error("Auth: Object: authed_as doesn't match owner",
                             user=f'{id} authed_as {authed_as} owners {owners}')
                error(f"authed user {authed_as} isn't object owner {owners}",
                      status=403)

        return obj

    @classmethod
    def get_or_create(cls, id, authed_as=None, **props):
        """Returns an :class:`Object` with the given property values.

        If a matching :class:`Object` doesn't exist in the datastore, creates it
        first. Only populates non-False/empty property values in props into the
        object. Also populates the :attr:`new` and :attr:`changed` properties.

        Not transactional because transactions don't read or write memcache. :/
        Fortunately we don't really depend on atomicity for anything, last
        writer wins is pretty much always fine.

        Args:
          authed_as (str): optional; if provided, and a matching :class:`Object`
            already exists, its ``author`` or ``actor`` must contain this actor
            id. Implements basic authorization for updates and deletes.

        Returns:
          Object:

        Raises:
          :class:`werkzeug.exceptions.Forbidden` if ``authed_as`` doesn't match
            the existing object
        """
        obj = cls.get_by_id(id, authed_as=authed_as)

        if not obj:
            obj = Object(id=id, **props)
            obj.new = True
            obj.changed = False
            obj.put()
            return obj

        if orig_as1 := obj.as1:
            # get_by_id() checks authorization if authed_as is set. make sure
            # it's always set for existing objects.
            assert authed_as

        dirty = False
        for prop, val in props.items():
            assert not isinstance(getattr(Object, prop), ndb.ComputedProperty)
            if prop in ('feed', 'copies', 'labels', 'notify', 'users'):
                # merge repeated fields
                for elem in val:
                    if obj.add(prop, elem):
                        dirty = True
            elif val and val != getattr(obj, prop):
                setattr(obj, prop, val)
                if prop in ('as2', 'bsky', 'mf2', 'raw') and not props.get('our_as1'):
                    obj.our_as1 = None
                dirty = True

        obj.new = False
        obj.changed = obj.activity_changed(orig_as1)
        if dirty:
            obj.put()
        return obj

    def add(self, prop, val):
        """Adds a value to a multiply-valued property. Uses ``self.lock``.

        Args:
          prop (str)
          val

        Returns:
          True if val was added, ie it wasn't already in prop, False otherwise
        """
        with self.lock:
            added = util.add(getattr(self, prop), val)

        if prop == 'copies' and added:
            memcache.pickle_memcache.set(memcache.memoize_key(
                get_original_object_key, val.uri), self.key)

        return added

    def remove(self, prop, val):
        """Removes a value from a multiply-valued property. Uses ``self.lock``.

        Args:
          prop (str)
          val
        """
        with self.lock:
            getattr(self, prop).remove(val)

    @staticmethod
    def from_request():
        """Creates and returns an :class:`Object` from form-encoded JSON parameters.

        Parameters:
          obj_id (str): id of :class:`models.Object` to handle
          *: If ``obj_id`` is unset, all other parameters are properties for a
            new :class:`models.Object` to handle
        """
        if obj_id := request.form.get('obj_id'):
            return Object.get_by_id(obj_id)

        props = {field: request.form.get(field)
                 for field in ('id', 'atom', 'rss', 'source_protocol')}

        for json_prop in 'as2', 'bsky', 'mf2', 'our_as1', 'raw':
            if val := request.form.get(json_prop):
                props[json_prop] = json_loads(val)

        obj = Object(**props)
        if not obj.key and obj.as1:
            if id := obj.as1.get('id'):
                obj.key = ndb.Key(Object, id)

        return obj

    def to_request(self):
        """Returns a query parameter dict representing this :class:`Object`."""
        form = {}

        for json_prop in 'as2', 'bsky', 'mf2', 'our_as1', 'raw':
            if val := getattr(self, json_prop, None):
                form[json_prop] = json_dumps(val, sort_keys=True)

        for prop in 'atom', 'rss', 'source_protocol':
            if val := getattr(self, prop):
                form[prop] = val

        if self.key:
            form['id'] = self.key.id()

        return form

    def activity_changed(self, other_as1):
        """Returns True if this activity is meaningfully changed from ``other_as1``.

        ...otherwise False.

        Used to populate :attr:`changed`.

        Args:
          other_as1 (dict): AS1 object, or none
        """
        # ignore inReplyTo since we translate it between protocols
        return (as1.activity_changed(self.as1, other_as1, inReplyTo=False)
                if self.as1 and other_as1
                else bool(self.as1) != bool(other_as1))

    def actor_link(self, image=True, sized=False, user=None):
        """Returns a pretty HTML link with the actor's name and picture.

        TODO: unify with :meth:`User.user_link`?

        Args:
          image (bool): whether to include an ``img`` tag with the actor's picture
          sized (bool): whether to set an explicit (``width=32``) size on the
            profile picture ``img`` tag
          user (User): current user

        Returns:
          str:
        """
        attrs = {'class': 'h-card u-author'}

        if user and (user.key in self.users or user.key.id() in self.domains):
            # outbound; show a nice link to the user
            return user.user_link(handle=False, pictures=True)

        proto = PROTOCOLS.get(self.source_protocol)

        actor = None
        if self.as1:
            actor = (as1.get_object(self.as1, 'actor')
                     or as1.get_object(self.as1, 'author'))
            # hydrate from datastore if available
            # TODO: optimize! this is called serially in loops, eg in home.html
            if set(actor.keys()) == {'id'} and self.source_protocol:
                actor_obj = proto.load(actor['id'], remote=False)
                if actor_obj and actor_obj.as1:
                    actor = actor_obj.as1

        if not actor:
            return ''
        elif set(actor.keys()) == {'id'}:
            return common.pretty_link(actor['id'], attrs=attrs, user=user)

        url = as1.get_url(actor)
        name = actor.get('displayName') or actor.get('username') or ''
        img_url = util.get_url(actor, 'image')
        if not image or not img_url:
            return common.pretty_link(url, text=name, attrs=attrs, user=user)

        logo = ''
        if proto:
            logo = f'<span class="logo" title="{self.__class__.__name__}">{proto.LOGO_HTML}</span>'

        return f"""\
        {logo}
        <a class="h-card u-author" href="{url}" title="{name}">
          <img class="profile" src="{img_url}" {'width="32"' if sized else ''}/>
          <span style="unicode-bidi: isolate">{util.ellipsize(name, chars=40)}</span>
        </a>"""

    def get_copy(self, proto):
        """Returns the id for the copy of this object in a given protocol.

        ...or None if no such copy exists. If ``proto`` is ``source_protocol``,
        returns this object's key id.

        Args:
          proto: :class:`Protocol` subclass

        Returns:
          str:
        """
        if self.source_protocol in (proto.LABEL, proto.ABBREV):
            return self.key.id()

        for copy in self.copies:
            if copy.protocol in (proto.LABEL, proto.ABBREV):
                return copy.uri

    def resolve_ids(self):
        """Resolves "copy" ids, subdomain ids, etc with their originals.

        The end result is that all ids are original "source" ids, ie in the
        protocol that they first came from.

        Specifically, resolves:

        * ids in :class:`User.copies` and :class:`Object.copies`, eg ATProto
          records and Nostr events that we bridged, to the ids of their
          original objects in their source protocol, eg
          ``at://did:plc:abc/app.bsky.feed.post/123`` => ``https://mas.to/@user/456``.
        * Bridgy Fed subdomain URLs to the ids embedded inside them, eg
          ``https://bsky.brid.gy/ap/did:plc:xyz`` => ``did:plc:xyz``
        * ATProto bsky.app URLs to their DIDs or `at://` URIs, eg
          ``https://bsky.app/profile/a.com`` => ``did:plc:123``

        ...in these AS1 fields, in place:

        * ``id``
        * ``actor``
        * ``author``
        * ``object``
        * ``object.actor``
        * ``object.author``
        * ``object.id``
        * ``object.inReplyTo``
        * ``tags.[objectType=mention].url``

        :meth:`protocol.Protocol.translate_ids` is partly the inverse of this.
        Much of the same logic is duplicated there!

        TODO: unify with :meth:`normalize_ids`, :meth:`Object.normalize_ids`.
        """
        if not self.as1:
            return

        # extract ids, strip Bridgy Fed subdomain URLs
        outer_obj = unwrap(self.as1)
        if outer_obj != self.as1:
            self.our_as1 = util.trim_nulls(outer_obj)

        self_proto = PROTOCOLS.get(self.source_protocol)
        if not self_proto:
            return

        inner_obj = outer_obj['object'] = as1.get_object(outer_obj)
        replaced = False

        def replace(val, orig_fn):
            id = val.get('id') if isinstance(val, dict) else val
            if not id or not self_proto.HAS_COPIES:
                return id

            orig = orig_fn(id)
            if not orig:
                return val

            nonlocal replaced
            replaced = True
            logger.debug(f'Resolved copy id {val} to original {orig.id()}')

            if isinstance(val, dict) and util.trim_nulls(val).keys() > {'id'}:
                val['id'] = orig.id()
                return val
            else:
                return orig.id()

        # actually replace ids
        #
        # object field could be either object (eg repost) or actor (eg follow)
        outer_obj['object'] = replace(inner_obj, get_original_object_key)
        if not replaced:
            outer_obj['object'] = replace(inner_obj, get_original_user_key)

        for obj in outer_obj, inner_obj:
            for tag in as1.get_objects(obj, 'tags'):
                if tag.get('objectType') == 'mention':
                    tag['url'] = replace(tag.get('url'), get_original_user_key)
            for field, fn in (
                    ('actor', get_original_user_key),
                    ('author', get_original_user_key),
                    ('inReplyTo', get_original_object_key),
                ):
                obj[field] = [replace(val, fn) for val in util.get_list(obj, field)]
                if len(obj[field]) == 1:
                    obj[field] = obj[field][0]

        if replaced:
            self.our_as1 = util.trim_nulls(outer_obj)

    def normalize_ids(self):
        """Normalizes ids to their protocol's canonical representation, if any.

        For example, normalizes ATProto ``https://bsky.app/...`` URLs to DIDs
        for profiles, ``at://`` URIs for posts.

        Modifies this object in place.

        TODO: unify with :meth:`resolve_ids`, :meth:`Protocol.translate_ids`.
        """
        from protocol import Protocol

        if not self.as1:
            return

        logger.debug(f'Normalizing ids')
        outer_obj = copy.deepcopy(self.as1)
        inner_objs = as1.get_objects(outer_obj)
        replaced = False

        def replace(val, translate_fn):
            nonlocal replaced

            orig = val.get('id') if isinstance(val, dict) else val
            if not orig:
                return val

            proto = Protocol.for_id(orig, remote=False)
            if not proto:
                return val

            translated = translate_fn(id=orig, from_=proto, to=proto)
            if translated and translated != orig:
                # logger.debug(f'Normalized {proto.LABEL} id {orig} to {translated}')
                replaced = True
                if isinstance(val, dict):
                    val['id'] = translated
                    return val
                else:
                    return translated

            return val

        # actually replace ids
        for obj in [outer_obj] + inner_objs:
            for tag in as1.get_objects(obj, 'tags'):
                if tag.get('objectType') == 'mention':
                    tag['url'] = replace(tag.get('url'), ids.translate_user_id)
            for field in ['actor', 'author', 'inReplyTo']:
                fn = (ids.translate_object_id if field == 'inReplyTo'
                      else ids.translate_user_id)
                obj[field] = [replace(val, fn) for val in util.get_list(obj, field)]
                if len(obj[field]) == 1:
                    obj[field] = obj[field][0]

        outer_obj['object'] = []
        for inner_obj in inner_objs:
            translate_fn = (ids.translate_user_id
                            if (as1.object_type(inner_obj) in as1.ACTOR_TYPES
                                or as1.object_type(outer_obj) in
                                ('follow', 'stop-following'))
                            else ids.translate_object_id)

            got = replace(inner_obj, translate_fn)
            if isinstance(got, dict) and util.trim_nulls(got).keys() == {'id'}:
                got = got['id']

            outer_obj['object'].append(got)

        if len(outer_obj['object']) == 1:
            outer_obj['object'] = outer_obj['object'][0]

        if replaced:
            self.our_as1 = util.trim_nulls(outer_obj)


class Follower(ndb.Model):
    """A follower of a Bridgy Fed user."""
    STATUSES = ('active', 'inactive')

    # these are both subclasses of User
    from_ = ndb.KeyProperty(name='from', required=True)
    to = ndb.KeyProperty(required=True)

    follow = ndb.KeyProperty(Object)  # last follow activity
    status = ndb.StringProperty(choices=STATUSES, default='active')

    created = ndb.DateTimeProperty(auto_now_add=True)
    updated = ndb.DateTimeProperty(auto_now=True)

    # OLD. some stored entities still have these; do not reuse.
    # src = ndb.StringProperty()
    # dest = ndb.StringProperty()
    # last_follow = JsonProperty()

    def _pre_put_hook(self):
        # we're a bridge! stick with bridging.
        assert self.from_.kind() != self.to.kind(), f'from {self.from_} to {self.to}'

    def _post_put_hook(self, future):
        logger.debug(f'Wrote {self.key}')

    @classmethod
    def get_or_create(cls, *, from_, to, **kwargs):
        """Returns a Follower with the given ``from_`` and ``to`` users.

        Not transactional because transactions don't read or write memcache. :/
        Fortunately we don't really depend on atomicity for anything, last
        writer wins is pretty much always fine.

        If a matching :class:`Follower` doesn't exist in the datastore, creates
        it first.

        Args:
          from_ (User)
          to (User)

        Returns:
          Follower:
        """
        assert from_
        assert to

        follower = Follower.query(Follower.from_ == from_.key,
                                  Follower.to == to.key,
                                  ).get()
        if not follower:
            follower = Follower(from_=from_.key, to=to.key, **kwargs)
            follower.put()
        elif kwargs:
            # update existing entity with new property values, eg to make an
            # inactive Follower active again
            for prop, val in kwargs.items():
                setattr(follower, prop, val)
            follower.put()

        return follower

    @staticmethod
    def fetch_page(collection, user):
        r"""Fetches a page of :class:`Follower`\s for a given user.

        Wraps :func:`fetch_page`. Paging uses the ``before`` and ``after`` query
        parameters, if available in the request.

        Args:
          collection (str): ``followers`` or ``following``
          user (User)

        Returns:
          (list of Follower, str, str) tuple: results, annotated with an extra
          ``user`` attribute that holds the follower or following :class:`User`,
          and new str query param values for ``before`` and ``after`` to fetch
          the previous and next pages, respectively
        """
        assert collection in ('followers', 'following'), collection

        filter_prop = Follower.to if collection == 'followers' else Follower.from_
        query = Follower.query(
            Follower.status == 'active',
            filter_prop == user.key,
        )

        followers, before, after = fetch_page(query, Follower, by=Follower.updated)
        users = ndb.get_multi(f.from_ if collection == 'followers' else f.to
                              for f in followers)
        User.load_multi(u for u in users if u)

        for f, u in zip(followers, users):
            f.user = u
        followers = [f for f in followers if not f.user.status]

        return followers, before, after


def fetch_objects(query, by=None, user=None):
    """Fetches a page of :class:`Object` entities from a datastore query.

    Wraps :func:`fetch_page` and adds attributes to the returned
    :class:`Object` entities for rendering in ``objects.html``.

    Args:
      query (ndb.Query)
      by (ndb.model.Property): either :attr:`Object.updated` or
        :attr:`Object.created`
      user (User): current user

    Returns:
      (list of Object, str, str) tuple:
      (results, new ``before`` query param, new ``after`` query param)
      to fetch the previous and next pages, respectively
    """
    assert by is Object.updated or by is Object.created
    objects, new_before, new_after = fetch_page(query, Object, by=by)
    objects = [o for o in objects if as1.is_public(o.as1) and not o.deleted]

    # synthesize human-friendly content for objects
    for i, obj in enumerate(objects):
        obj_as1 = obj.as1
        inner_obj = as1.get_object(obj_as1)

        # synthesize text snippet
        type = as1.object_type(obj_as1)
        if type == 'post':
            inner_type = inner_obj.get('objectType')
            if inner_type:
                type = inner_type

        # AS1 verb => human-readable phrase
        phrases = {
            'accept': 'accepted',
            'article': 'posted',
            'comment': 'replied',
            'delete': 'deleted',
            'follow': 'followed',
            'invite': 'is invited to',
            'issue': 'filed issue',
            'like': 'liked',
            'note': 'posted',
            'post': 'posted',
            'repost': 'reposted',
            'rsvp-interested': 'is interested in',
            'rsvp-maybe': 'might attend',
            'rsvp-no': 'is not attending',
            'rsvp-yes': 'is attending',
            'share': 'reposted',
            'stop-following': 'unfollowed',
            'undo': 'undid',
            'update': 'updated',
        }
        obj.phrase = phrases.get(type)

        content = (inner_obj.get('content')
                   or inner_obj.get('displayName')
                   or inner_obj.get('summary'))
        if content:
            content = util.parse_html(content).get_text()

        urls = as1.object_urls(inner_obj)
        id = unwrap(inner_obj.get('id', ''))
        url = urls[0] if urls else id
        if (type == 'update' and
            (obj.users and (user.is_web_url(id)
                            or id.strip('/') == obj.users[0].id())
             or obj.domains and id.strip('/') == f'https://{obj.domains[0]}')):
            obj.phrase = 'updated'
            obj_as1.update({
                'content': 'their profile',
                'url': id,
            })
        elif url and not content:
            # heuristics for sniffing URLs and converting them to more friendly
            # phrases and user handles.
            # TODO: standardize this into granary.as2 somewhere?
            from activitypub import FEDI_URL_RE
            from atproto import COLLECTION_TO_TYPE, did_to_handle

            handle = suffix = ''
            if match := FEDI_URL_RE.match(url):
                handle = match.group(2)
                if match.group(4):
                    suffix = "'s post"
            elif match := BSKY_APP_URL_RE.match(url):
                handle = match.group('id')
                if match.group('tid'):
                    suffix = "'s post"
            elif match := AT_URI_PATTERN.match(url):
                handle = match.group('repo')
                if coll := match.group('collection'):
                    suffix = f"'s {COLLECTION_TO_TYPE.get(coll) or 'post'}"
                url = bluesky.at_uri_to_web_url(url)
            elif url.startswith('did:'):
                handle = url
                url = bluesky.Bluesky.user_url(handle)

            if handle:
                if handle.startswith('did:'):
                    handle = did_to_handle(handle) or handle
                content = f'@{handle}{suffix}'

            if url:
                content = common.pretty_link(url, text=content, user=user)

        obj.content = (obj_as1.get('content')
                       or obj_as1.get('displayName')
                       or obj_as1.get('summary'))
        obj.url = util.get_first(obj_as1, 'url')

        if type in ('like', 'follow', 'repost', 'share') or not obj.content:
            if obj.url:
                obj.phrase = common.pretty_link(
                    obj.url, text=obj.phrase, attrs={'class': 'u-url'}, user=user)
            if content:
                obj.content = content
                obj.url = url

    return objects, new_before, new_after


def fetch_page(query, model_class, by=None):
    """Fetches a page of results from a datastore query.

    Uses the ``before`` and ``after`` query params (if provided; should be
    ISO8601 timestamps) and the ``by`` property to identify the page to fetch.

    Populates a ``log_url_path`` property on each result entity that points to a
    its most recent logged request.

    Args:
      query (google.cloud.ndb.query.Query)
      model_class (class)
      by (ndb.model.Property): paging property, eg :attr:`Object.updated`
        or :attr:`Object.created`

    Returns:
      (list of Object or Follower, str, str) tuple: (results, new_before,
      new_after), where new_before and new_after are query param values for
      ``before`` and ``after`` to fetch the previous and next pages,
      respectively
    """
    assert by

    # if there's a paging param ('before' or 'after'), update query with it
    # TODO: unify this with Bridgy's user page
    def get_paging_param(param):
        val = request.values.get(param)
        if val:
            try:
                dt = util.parse_iso8601(val.replace(' ', '+'))
            except BaseException as e:
                error(f"Couldn't parse {param}, {val!r} as ISO8601: {e}")
            if dt.tzinfo:
                dt = dt.astimezone(timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
            return dt

    before = get_paging_param('before')
    after = get_paging_param('after')
    if before and after:
        error("can't handle both before and after")
    elif after:
        query = query.filter(by >= after).order(by)
    elif before:
        query = query.filter(by < before).order(-by)
    else:
        query = query.order(-by)

    query_iter = query.iter()
    results = sorted(itertools.islice(query_iter, 0, PAGE_SIZE),
                     key=lambda r: r.updated, reverse=True)

    # calculate new paging param(s)
    has_next = results and query_iter.probably_has_next()
    new_after = (
        before if before
        else results[0].updated if has_next and after
        else None)
    if new_after:
        new_after = new_after.isoformat()

    new_before = (
        after if after else
        results[-1].updated if has_next
        else None)
    if new_before:
        new_before = new_before.isoformat()

    return results, new_before, new_after


@lru_cache(maxsize=100000)
@memcache.memoize(expire=GET_ORIGINALS_CACHE_EXPIRATION)
def get_original_object_key(copy_id):
    """Finds the :class:`Object` with a given copy id, if any.

    Note that :meth:`Object.add` also updates this function's
    :func:`memcache.memoize` cache.

    Args:
      copy_id (str)

    Returns:
      google.cloud.ndb.Key or None
    """
    assert copy_id

    return Object.query(Object.copies.uri == copy_id).get(keys_only=True)


@lru_cache(maxsize=100000)
@memcache.memoize(expire=GET_ORIGINALS_CACHE_EXPIRATION)
def get_original_user_key(copy_id):
    """Finds the user with a given copy id, if any.

    Note that :meth:`User.add` also updates this function's
    :func:`memcache.memoize` cache.

    Args:
      copy_id (str)
      not_proto (Protocol): optional, don't query this protocol

    Returns:
      google.cloud.ndb.Key or None
    """
    assert copy_id

    for proto in PROTOCOLS.values():
        if proto and proto.LABEL != 'ui' and not proto.owns_id(copy_id):
            if orig := proto.query(proto.copies.uri == copy_id).get(keys_only=True):
                return orig

snarfed / bridgy-fed / 57b9c0ae-5882-4bb6-af5f-8ba18e451628

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