9891646333

Committed 11 Jul 2024 12:43PM UTC coverage: 89.945% (-0.02%) from 89.967%

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Commit Message

Some formatting issues in Pauli docs (#12753) (#12758)

* some formatting issues in Pauli docs

* Update qiskit/quantum_info/operators/symplectic/pauli.py

Co-authored-by: Jake Lishman <jake@binhbar.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Jake Lishman <jake@binhbar.com>
(cherry picked from commit 61805c8e1)

Co-authored-by: Luciano Bello <bel@zurich.ibm.com>

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/crates/qasm2/src/expr.rs

// This code is part of Qiskit.
//
// (C) Copyright IBM 2023
//
// This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
// obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
// of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
//
// Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
// copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
// that they have been altered from the originals.

//! An operator-precedence subparser used by the main parser for handling parameter expressions.
//! Instances of this subparser are intended to only live for as long as it takes to parse a single
//! parameter.

use core::f64;

use hashbrown::HashMap;
use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::PyTuple;

use crate::bytecode;
use crate::error::{
    message_bad_eof, message_generic, message_incorrect_requirement, Position, QASM2ParseError,
};
use crate::lex::{Token, TokenContext, TokenStream, TokenType};
use crate::parse::{GateSymbol, GlobalSymbol, ParamId};

/// Enum representation of the builtin OpenQASM 2 functions.  The built-in Qiskit parser adds the
/// inverse trigonometric functions, but these are an extension to the version as given in the
/// arXiv paper describing OpenQASM 2.  This enum is essentially just a subset of the [TokenType]
/// enum, to allow for better pattern-match checking in the Rust compiler.
pub enum Function {
    Cos,
    Exp,
    Ln,
    Sin,
    Sqrt,
    Tan,
}

impl From<TokenType> for Function {
    fn from(value: TokenType) -> Self {
        match value {
            TokenType::Cos => Function::Cos,
            TokenType::Exp => Function::Exp,
            TokenType::Ln => Function::Ln,
            TokenType::Sin => Function::Sin,
            TokenType::Sqrt => Function::Sqrt,
            TokenType::Tan => Function::Tan,
            _ => panic!(),
        }
    }
}

impl From<Function> for bytecode::UnaryOpCode {
    fn from(value: Function) -> Self {
        match value {
            Function::Cos => Self::Cos,
            Function::Exp => Self::Exp,
            Function::Ln => Self::Ln,
            Function::Sin => Self::Sin,
            Function::Sqrt => Self::Sqrt,
            Function::Tan => Self::Tan,
        }
    }
}

/// An operator symbol used in the expression parsing.  This is essentially just a subset of the
/// [TokenType] enum (albeit with resolved names) to allow for better pattern-match semantics in
/// the Rust compiler.
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
enum Op {
    Plus,
    Minus,
    Multiply,
    Divide,
    Power,
}

impl Op {
    fn text(&self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            Self::Plus => "+",
            Self::Minus => "-",
            Self::Multiply => "*",
            Self::Divide => "/",
            Self::Power => "^",
        }
    }
}

impl From<TokenType> for Op {
    fn from(value: TokenType) -> Self {
        match value {
            TokenType::Plus => Op::Plus,
            TokenType::Minus => Op::Minus,
            TokenType::Asterisk => Op::Multiply,
            TokenType::Slash => Op::Divide,
            TokenType::Caret => Op::Power,
            _ => panic!(),
        }
    }
}

/// An atom of the operator-precendence expression parsing.  This is a stripped-down version of the
/// [Token] and [TokenType] used in the main parser.  We can use a data enum here because we do not
/// need all the expressive flexibility in expecting and accepting many different token types as
/// we do in the main parser; it does not significantly harm legibility to simply do
///
/// ```rust
/// match atom {
///     Atom::Const(val) => (),
///     Atom::Parameter(index) => (),
///     // ...
/// }
/// ```
///
/// where required.
enum Atom {
    LParen,
    RParen,
    Function(Function),
    CustomFunction(PyObject, usize),
    Op(Op),
    Const(f64),
    Parameter(ParamId),
}

/// A tree representation of parameter expressions in OpenQASM 2.  The expression
/// operator-precedence parser will do complete constant folding on operations that only involve
/// floating-point numbers, so these will simply be evaluated into a `Constant` variant rather than
/// represented in full tree form.  For references to the gate parameters, we just store the index
/// of which parameter it is.
pub enum Expr {
    Constant(f64),
    Parameter(ParamId),
    Negate(Box<Expr>),
    Add(Box<Expr>, Box<Expr>),
    Subtract(Box<Expr>, Box<Expr>),
    Multiply(Box<Expr>, Box<Expr>),
    Divide(Box<Expr>, Box<Expr>),
    Power(Box<Expr>, Box<Expr>),
    Function(Function, Box<Expr>),
    CustomFunction(PyObject, Vec<Expr>),
}

impl IntoPy<PyObject> for Expr {
    fn into_py(self, py: Python<'_>) -> PyObject {
        match self {
            Expr::Constant(value) => bytecode::ExprConstant { value }.into_py(py),
            Expr::Parameter(index) => bytecode::ExprArgument { index }.into_py(py),
            Expr::Negate(expr) => bytecode::ExprUnary {
                opcode: bytecode::UnaryOpCode::Negate,
                argument: expr.into_py(py),
            }
            .into_py(py),
            Expr::Add(left, right) => bytecode::ExprBinary {
                opcode: bytecode::BinaryOpCode::Add,
                left: left.into_py(py),
                right: right.into_py(py),
            }
            .into_py(py),
            Expr::Subtract(left, right) => bytecode::ExprBinary {
                opcode: bytecode::BinaryOpCode::Subtract,
                left: left.into_py(py),
                right: right.into_py(py),
            }
            .into_py(py),
            Expr::Multiply(left, right) => bytecode::ExprBinary {
                opcode: bytecode::BinaryOpCode::Multiply,
                left: left.into_py(py),
                right: right.into_py(py),
            }
            .into_py(py),
            Expr::Divide(left, right) => bytecode::ExprBinary {
                opcode: bytecode::BinaryOpCode::Divide,
                left: left.into_py(py),
                right: right.into_py(py),
            }
            .into_py(py),
            Expr::Power(left, right) => bytecode::ExprBinary {
                opcode: bytecode::BinaryOpCode::Power,
                left: left.into_py(py),
                right: right.into_py(py),
            }
            .into_py(py),
            Expr::Function(func, expr) => bytecode::ExprUnary {
                opcode: func.into(),
                argument: expr.into_py(py),
            }
            .into_py(py),
            Expr::CustomFunction(func, exprs) => bytecode::ExprCustom {
                callable: func,
                arguments: exprs.into_iter().map(|expr| expr.into_py(py)).collect(),
            }
            .into_py(py),
        }
    }
}

/// Calculate the binding power of an [Op] when used in a prefix position.  Returns [None] if the
/// operation cannot be used in the prefix position.  The binding power is on the same scale as
/// those returned by [binary_power].
fn prefix_power(op: Op) -> Option<u8> {
    match op {
        Op::Plus | Op::Minus => Some(5),
        _ => None,
    }
}

/// Calculate the binding power of an [Op] when used in an infix position.  The differences between
/// left- and right-binding powers represent the associativity of the operation.
fn binary_power(op: Op) -> (u8, u8) {
    // For new binding powers, use the odd number as the "base" and the even number one larger than
    // it to represent the associativity.  Left-associative operators bind more strongly to the
    // operand on their right (i.e. in `a + b + c`, the first `+` binds to the `b` more tightly
    // than the second, so we get the left-associative form), and right-associative operators bind
    // more strongly to the operand of their left.  The separation of using the odd--even pair is
    // so there's no clash between different operator levels, even accounting for the associativity
    // distinction.
    //
    // All powers should be greater than zero; we need zero free to be the base case in the
    // entry-point to the precedence parser.
    match op {
        Op::Plus | Op::Minus => (1, 2),
        Op::Multiply | Op::Divide => (3, 4),
        Op::Power => (8, 7),
    }
}

/// A subparser used to do the operator-precedence part of the parsing for individual parameter
/// expressions.  The main parser creates a new instance of this struct for each expression it
/// expects, and the instance lives only as long as is required to parse that expression, because
/// it takes temporary resposibility for the [TokenStream] that backs the main parser.
pub struct ExprParser<'a> {
    pub tokens: &'a mut Vec<TokenStream>,
    pub context: &'a mut TokenContext,
    pub gate_symbols: &'a HashMap<String, GateSymbol>,
    pub global_symbols: &'a HashMap<String, GlobalSymbol>,
    pub strict: bool,
}

impl<'a> ExprParser<'a> {
    /// Get the next token available in the stack of token streams, popping and removing any
    /// complete streams, except the base case.  Will only return `None` once all streams are
    /// exhausted.
    fn next_token(&mut self) -> PyResult<Option<Token>> {
        let mut pointer = self.tokens.len() - 1;
        while pointer > 1 {
            let out = self.tokens[pointer].next(self.context)?;
            if out.is_some() {
                return Ok(out);
            }
            self.tokens.pop();
            pointer -= 1;
        }
        self.tokens[0].next(self.context)
    }

    /// Peek the next token in the stack of token streams.  This does not remove any complete
    /// streams yet.  Will only return `None` once all streams are exhausted.
    fn peek_token(&mut self) -> PyResult<Option<&Token>> {
        let mut pointer = self.tokens.len() - 1;
        while pointer > 1 && self.tokens[pointer].peek(self.context)?.is_none() {
            pointer -= 1;
        }
        self.tokens[pointer].peek(self.context)
    }

    /// Get the filename associated with the currently active token stream.
    fn current_filename(&self) -> &std::ffi::OsStr {
        &self.tokens[self.tokens.len() - 1].filename
    }

    /// Expect a token of the correct [TokenType].  This is a direct analogue of
    /// [parse::State::expect].  The error variant of the result contains a suitable error message
    /// if the expectation is violated.
    fn expect(&mut self, expected: TokenType, required: &str, cause: &Token) -> PyResult<Token> {
        let token = match self.next_token()? {
            None => {
                return Err(QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_bad_eof(
                    Some(&Position::new(
                        self.current_filename(),
                        cause.line,
                        cause.col,
                    )),
                    required,
                )))
            }
            Some(token) => token,
        };
        if token.ttype == expected {
            Ok(token)
        } else {
            Err(QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_incorrect_requirement(
                required,
                &token,
                self.current_filename(),
            )))
        }
    }

    /// Peek the next token from the stream, and consume and return it only if it has the correct
    /// type.
    fn accept(&mut self, acceptable: TokenType) -> PyResult<Option<Token>> {
        match self.peek_token()? {
            Some(Token { ttype, .. }) if *ttype == acceptable => self.next_token(),
            _ => Ok(None),
        }
    }

    /// Apply a prefix [Op] to the current [expression][Expr].  If the current expression is a
    /// constant floating-point value the application will be eagerly constant-folded, otherwise
    /// the resulting [Expr] will have a tree structure.
    fn apply_prefix(&mut self, prefix: Op, expr: Expr) -> PyResult<Expr> {
        match prefix {
            Op::Plus => Ok(expr),
            Op::Minus => match expr {
                Expr::Constant(val) => Ok(Expr::Constant(-val)),
                _ => Ok(Expr::Negate(Box::new(expr))),
            },
            _ => panic!(),
        }
    }

    /// Apply a binary infix [Op] to the current [expression][Expr].  If both operands have
    /// constant floating-point values the application will be eagerly constant-folded, otherwise
    /// the resulting [Expr] will have a tree structure.
    fn apply_infix(&mut self, infix: Op, lhs: Expr, rhs: Expr, op_token: &Token) -> PyResult<Expr> {
        if let (Expr::Constant(val), Op::Divide) = (&rhs, infix) {
            if *val == 0.0 {
                return Err(QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_generic(
                    Some(&Position::new(
                        self.current_filename(),
                        op_token.line,
                        op_token.col,
                    )),
                    "cannot divide by zero",
                )));
            }
        };
        if let (Expr::Constant(val_l), Expr::Constant(val_r)) = (&lhs, &rhs) {
            // Eagerly constant-fold if possible.
            match infix {
                Op::Plus => Ok(Expr::Constant(val_l + val_r)),
                Op::Minus => Ok(Expr::Constant(val_l - val_r)),
                Op::Multiply => Ok(Expr::Constant(val_l * val_r)),
                Op::Divide => Ok(Expr::Constant(val_l / val_r)),
                Op::Power => Ok(Expr::Constant(val_l.powf(*val_r))),
            }
        } else {
            // If not, we have to build a tree.
            let id_l = Box::new(lhs);
            let id_r = Box::new(rhs);
            match infix {
                Op::Plus => Ok(Expr::Add(id_l, id_r)),
                Op::Minus => Ok(Expr::Subtract(id_l, id_r)),
                Op::Multiply => Ok(Expr::Multiply(id_l, id_r)),
                Op::Divide => Ok(Expr::Divide(id_l, id_r)),
                Op::Power => Ok(Expr::Power(id_l, id_r)),
            }
        }
    }

    /// Apply a "scientific calculator" built-in function to an [expression][Expr].  If the operand
    /// is a constant, the function will be constant-folded to produce a new constant expression,
    /// otherwise a tree-form [Expr] is returned.
    fn apply_function(&mut self, func: Function, expr: Expr, token: &Token) -> PyResult<Expr> {
        match expr {
            Expr::Constant(val) => match func {
                Function::Cos => Ok(Expr::Constant(val.cos())),
                Function::Exp => Ok(Expr::Constant(val.exp())),
                Function::Ln => {
                    if val > 0.0 {
                        Ok(Expr::Constant(val.ln()))
                    } else {
                        Err(QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_generic(
                            Some(&Position::new(
                                self.current_filename(),
                                token.line,
                                token.col,
                            )),
                            &format!(
                                "failure in constant folding: cannot take ln of non-positive {}",
                                val
                            ),
                        )))
                    }
                }
                Function::Sin => Ok(Expr::Constant(val.sin())),
                Function::Sqrt => {
                    if val >= 0.0 {
                        Ok(Expr::Constant(val.sqrt()))
                    } else {
                        Err(QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_generic(
                            Some(&Position::new(
                                self.current_filename(),
                                token.line,
                                token.col,
                            )),
                            &format!(
                                "failure in constant folding: cannot take sqrt of negative {}",
                                val
                            ),
                        )))
                    }
                }
                Function::Tan => Ok(Expr::Constant(val.tan())),
            },
            _ => Ok(Expr::Function(func, Box::new(expr))),
        }
    }

    fn apply_custom_function(
        &mut self,
        callable: PyObject,
        exprs: Vec<Expr>,
        token: &Token,
    ) -> PyResult<Expr> {
        if exprs.iter().all(|x| matches!(x, Expr::Constant(_))) {
            // We can still do constant folding with custom user classical functions, we're just
            // going to have to acquire the GIL and call the Python object the user gave us right
            // now.  We need to explicitly handle any exceptions that might occur from that.
            Python::with_gil(|py| {
                let args = PyTuple::new_bound(
                    py,
                    exprs.iter().map(|x| {
                        if let Expr::Constant(val) = x {
                            *val
                        } else {
                            unreachable!()
                        }
                    }),
                );
                match callable.call1(py, args) {
                    Ok(retval) => {
                        match retval.extract::<f64>(py) {
                            Ok(fval) => Ok(Expr::Constant(fval)),
                            Err(inner) => {
                                let error = QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_generic(
                                Some(&Position::new(self.current_filename(), token.line, token.col)),
                                "user-defined function returned non-float during constant folding",
                            ));
                                error.set_cause(py, Some(inner));
                                Err(error)
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    Err(inner) => {
                        let error = QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_generic(
                            Some(&Position::new(
                                self.current_filename(),
                                token.line,
                                token.col,
                            )),
                            "caught exception when constant folding with user-defined function",
                        ));
                        error.set_cause(py, Some(inner));
                        Err(error)
                    }
                }
            })
        } else {
            Ok(Expr::CustomFunction(callable, exprs))
        }
    }

    /// If in `strict` mode, and we have a trailing comma, emit a suitable error message.
    fn check_trailing_comma(&self, comma: Option<&Token>) -> PyResult<()> {
        match (self.strict, comma) {
            (true, Some(token)) => Err(QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_generic(
                Some(&Position::new(
                    self.current_filename(),
                    token.line,
                    token.col,
                )),
                "[strict] trailing commas in parameter and qubit lists are forbidden",
            ))),
            _ => Ok(()),
        }
    }

    /// Convert the given general [Token] into the expression-parser-specific [Atom], if possible.
    /// Not all [Token]s have a corresponding [Atom]; if this is the case, the return value is
    /// `Ok(None)`.  The error variant is returned if the next token is grammatically valid, but
    /// not semantically, such as an identifier for a value of an incorrect type.
    fn try_atom_from_token(&self, token: &Token) -> PyResult<Option<Atom>> {
        match token.ttype {
            TokenType::LParen => Ok(Some(Atom::LParen)),
            TokenType::RParen => Ok(Some(Atom::RParen)),
            TokenType::Minus
            | TokenType::Plus
            | TokenType::Asterisk
            | TokenType::Slash
            | TokenType::Caret => Ok(Some(Atom::Op(token.ttype.into()))),
            TokenType::Cos
            | TokenType::Exp
            | TokenType::Ln
            | TokenType::Sin
            | TokenType::Sqrt
            | TokenType::Tan => Ok(Some(Atom::Function(token.ttype.into()))),
            // This deliberately parses an _integer_ token as a float, since all OpenQASM 2.0
            // integers can be interpreted as floats, and doing that allows us to gracefully handle
            // cases where a huge float would overflow a `usize`.  Never mind that in such a case,
            // there's almost certainly precision loss from the floating-point representating
            // having insufficient mantissa digits to faithfully represent the angle mod 2pi;
            // that's not our fault in the parser.
            TokenType::Real | TokenType::Integer => Ok(Some(Atom::Const(token.real(self.context)))),
            TokenType::Pi => Ok(Some(Atom::Const(f64::consts::PI))),
            TokenType::Id => {
                let id = token.text(self.context);
                match self.gate_symbols.get(id) {
                    Some(GateSymbol::Parameter { index }) => Ok(Some(Atom::Parameter(*index))),
                    Some(GateSymbol::Qubit { .. }) => {
                        Err(QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_generic(
                            Some(&Position::new(self.current_filename(), token.line, token.col)),
                            &format!("'{}' is a gate qubit, not a parameter", id),
                        )))
                    }
                    None => {
                        match self.global_symbols.get(id) {
                            Some(GlobalSymbol::Classical { callable, num_params }) => {
                                Ok(Some(Atom::CustomFunction(callable.clone(), *num_params)))
                            }
                            _ =>  {
                            Err(QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_generic(
                            Some(&Position::new(self.current_filename(), token.line, token.col)),
                            &format!(
                                "'{}' is not a parameter or custom instruction defined in this scope",
                                id,
                            ))))
                            }
                    }
                }
            }
            }
            _ => Ok(None),
        }
    }

    /// Peek at the next [Atom] (and backing [Token]) if the next token exists and can be converted
    /// into a valid [Atom].  If it can't, or if we are at the end of the input, the `None` variant
    /// is returned.
    fn peek_atom(&mut self) -> PyResult<Option<(Atom, Token)>> {
        if let Some(&token) = self.peek_token()? {
            if let Ok(Some(atom)) = self.try_atom_from_token(&token) {
                Ok(Some((atom, token)))
            } else {
                Ok(None)
            }
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    /// The main recursive worker routing of the operator-precedence parser.  This evaluates a
    /// series of binary infix operators that have binding powers greater than the input
    /// `power_min`, and unary prefixes on the left-hand operand.  For example, if `power_min`
    /// starts out at `2` (such as it would when evaluating the right-hand side of a binary `+`
    /// expression), then as many `*` and `^` operations as appear would be evaluated by this loop,
    /// and its parsing would finish when it saw the next `+` binary operation.  For initial entry,
    /// the `power_min` should be zero.
    fn eval_expression(&mut self, power_min: u8, cause: &Token) -> PyResult<Expr> {
        let token = self.next_token()?.ok_or_else(|| {
            QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_bad_eof(
                Some(&Position::new(
                    self.current_filename(),
                    cause.line,
                    cause.col,
                )),
                if power_min == 0 {
                    "an expression"
                } else {
                    "a missing operand"
                },
            ))
        })?;
        let atom = self.try_atom_from_token(&token)?.ok_or_else(|| {
            QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_incorrect_requirement(
                if power_min == 0 {
                    "an expression"
                } else {
                    "a missing operand"
                },
                &token,
                self.current_filename(),
            ))
        })?;
        // First evaluate the "left-hand side" of a (potential) sequence of binary infix operators.
        // This might be a simple value, a unary operator acting on a value, or a bracketed
        // expression (either the operand of a function, or just plain parentheses).  This can also
        // invoke a recursive call; the parenthesis components feel naturally recursive, and the
        // unary operator component introduces a new precedence level that requires a recursive
        // call to evaluate.
        let mut lhs = match atom {
            Atom::LParen => {
                let out = self.eval_expression(0, cause)?;
                self.expect(TokenType::RParen, "a closing parenthesis", &token)?;
                Ok(out)
            }
            Atom::RParen => {
                if power_min == 0 {
                    Err(QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_generic(
                        Some(&Position::new(
                            self.current_filename(),
                            token.line,
                            token.col,
                        )),
                        "did not find an expected expression",
                    )))
                } else {
                    Err(QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_generic(
                        Some(&Position::new(
                            self.current_filename(),
                            token.line,
                            token.col,
                        )),
                        "the parenthesis closed, but there was a missing operand",
                    )))
                }
            }
            Atom::Function(func) => {
                let lparen_token =
                    self.expect(TokenType::LParen, "an opening parenthesis", &token)?;
                let argument = self.eval_expression(0, &token)?;
                let comma = self.accept(TokenType::Comma)?;
                self.check_trailing_comma(comma.as_ref())?;
                self.expect(TokenType::RParen, "a closing parenthesis", &lparen_token)?;
                Ok(self.apply_function(func, argument, &token)?)
            }
            Atom::CustomFunction(callable, num_params) => {
                let lparen_token =
                    self.expect(TokenType::LParen, "an opening parenthesis", &token)?;
                let mut arguments = Vec::<Expr>::with_capacity(num_params);
                let mut comma = None;
                loop {
                    // There are breaks at the start and end of this loop, because we might be
                    // breaking because there are _no_ parameters, because there's a trailing
                    // comma before the closing parenthesis, or because we didn't see a comma after
                    // an expression so we _need_ a closing parenthesis.
                    if let Some((Atom::RParen, _)) = self.peek_atom()? {
                        break;
                    }
                    arguments.push(self.eval_expression(0, &token)?);
                    comma = self.accept(TokenType::Comma)?;
                    if comma.is_none() {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                self.check_trailing_comma(comma.as_ref())?;
                self.expect(TokenType::RParen, "a closing parenthesis", &lparen_token)?;
                if arguments.len() == num_params {
                    Ok(self.apply_custom_function(callable, arguments, &token)?)
                } else {
                    Err(QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_generic(
                        Some(&Position::new(
                            self.current_filename(),
                            token.line,
                            token.col,
                        )),
                        &format!(
                            "custom function argument-count mismatch: expected {}, saw {}",
                            num_params,
                            arguments.len(),
                        ),
                    )))
                }
            }
            Atom::Op(op) => match prefix_power(op) {
                Some(power) => {
                    let expr = self.eval_expression(power, &token)?;
                    Ok(self.apply_prefix(op, expr)?)
                }
                None => Err(QASM2ParseError::new_err(message_generic(
                    Some(&Position::new(
                        self.current_filename(),
                        token.line,
                        token.col,
                    )),
                    &format!("'{}' is not a valid unary operator", op.text()),
                ))),
            },
            Atom::Const(val) => Ok(Expr::Constant(val)),
            Atom::Parameter(val) => Ok(Expr::Parameter(val)),
        }?;
        // Now loop over a series of infix operators.  We can continue as long as we're just
        // looking at operators that bind more tightly than the `power_min` passed to this
        // function.  Once they're the same power or less, we have to return, because the calling
        // evaluator needs to bind its operator before we move on to the next infix operator.
        while let Some((Atom::Op(op), peeked_token)) = self.peek_atom()? {
            let (power_l, power_r) = binary_power(op);
            if power_l < power_min {
                break;
            }
            self.next_token()?; // Skip peeked operator.
            let rhs = self.eval_expression(power_r, &peeked_token)?;
            lhs = self.apply_infix(op, lhs, rhs, &peeked_token)?;
        }
        Ok(lhs)
    }

    /// Parse a single expression completely. This is the only public entry point to the
    /// operator-precedence parser.
    ///
    /// .. note::
    ///
    ///     This evaluates in a floating-point context, including evaluating integer tokens, since
    ///     the only places that expressions are valid in OpenQASM 2 is during gate applications.
    pub fn parse_expression(&mut self, cause: &Token) -> PyResult<Expr> {
        self.eval_expression(0, cause)
    }
}

Qiskit / qiskit / 9891646333

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