5101900754

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Build # 5101900754

Build Type

Pull #776

github

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web-flow

Commit Message

Merge 4fe3b6fef into 04173359a

Pull Request Pull Request #776: New command: make shim

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/lib/App/perlbrew.pm

package App::perlbrew;
use strict;
use warnings;
use 5.008;
our $VERSION = "0.97";
use Config qw( %Config );

BEGIN {
    # Special treat for Cwd to prevent it to be loaded from somewhere binary-incompatible with system perl.
    my @oldinc = @INC;

    @INC = (
        $Config{sitelibexp} . "/" . $Config{archname},
        $Config{sitelibexp}, @Config{qw<vendorlibexp vendorarchexp archlibexp privlibexp>},
    );

    require Cwd;
    @INC = @oldinc;
}

use Getopt::Long ();
use CPAN::Perl::Releases ();
use JSON::PP qw( decode_json );
use File::Copy qw( copy );
use Capture::Tiny ();

use App::Perlbrew::Util qw( files_are_the_same uniq find_similar_tokens );
use App::Perlbrew::Path ();
use App::Perlbrew::Path::Root ();
use App::Perlbrew::HTTP qw( http_download http_get );

### global variables

# set $ENV{SHELL} to executable path of parent process (= shell) if it's missing
# (e.g. if this script was executed by a daemon started with "service xxx start")
# ref: https://github.com/gugod/App-perlbrew/pull/404
$ENV{SHELL} ||= App::Perlbrew::Path->new( "/proc", getppid, "exe" )->readlink if -d "/proc";

local $SIG{__DIE__} = sub {
    my $message = shift;
    warn $message;
    exit(1);
};

our $CONFIG;
our $PERLBREW_ROOT;
our $PERLBREW_HOME;

my @flavors = (
    {
        d_option => 'usethreads',
        implies  => 'multi',
        common   => 1,
        opt      => 'thread|threads'
    },    # threads is for backward compatibility

    {
        d_option => 'usemultiplicity',
        opt      => 'multi'
    },

    {
        d_option => 'uselongdouble',
        common   => 1,
        opt      => 'ld'
    },

    {
        d_option => 'use64bitint',
        common   => 1,
        opt      => '64int'
    },

    {
        d_option => 'use64bitall',
        implies  => '64int',
        opt      => '64all'
    },

    {
        d_option => 'DEBUGGING',
        opt      => 'debug'
    },

    {
        d_option => 'cc=clang',
        opt      => 'clang'
    },
);

my %flavor;
my $flavor_ix = 0;
for (@flavors) {
    my ($name) = $_->{opt} =~ /([^|]+)/;
    $_->{name}     = $name;
    $_->{ix}       = ++$flavor_ix;
    $flavor{$name} = $_;
}
for (@flavors) {
    if ( my $implies = $_->{implies} ) {
        $flavor{$implies}{implied_by} = $_->{name};
    }
}

### methods
sub new {
    my ( $class, @argv ) = @_;

    my %opt = (
        original_argv => \@argv,
        args          => [],
        yes           => 0,
        force         => 0,
        quiet         => 0,
        D             => [],
        U             => [],
        A             => [],
        sitecustomize => '',
        destdir       => '',
        noman         => '',
        variation     => '',
        both          => [],
        append        => '',
        reverse       => 0,
        verbose       => 0,
    );

    $opt{$_} = '' for keys %flavor;

    if (@argv) {

        # build a local @ARGV to allow us to use an older
        # Getopt::Long API in case we are building on an older system
        local (@ARGV) = @argv;

        Getopt::Long::Configure(
            'pass_through',
            'no_ignore_case',
            'bundling',
            'permute',    # default behaviour except 'exec'
        );

        $class->parse_cmdline( \%opt );

        $opt{args} = \@ARGV;

        # fix up the effect of 'bundling'
        foreach my $flags ( @opt{qw(D U A)} ) {
            foreach my $value ( @{$flags} ) {
                $value =~ s/^=//;
            }
        }
    }

    my $self = bless \%opt, $class;

    # Treat --root option same way as env variable PERLBREW_ROOT (with higher priority)
    if ( $opt{root} ) {
        $ENV{PERLBREW_ROOT} = $self->root( $opt{root} );
    }

    if ( $opt{builddir} ) {
        $self->{builddir} = App::Perlbrew::Path->new( $opt{builddir} );
    }

    # Ensure propagation of $PERLBREW_HOME and $PERLBREW_ROOT
    $self->root;
    $self->home;

    if ( $self->{verbose} ) {
        $App::Perlbrew::HTTP::HTTP_VERBOSE = 1;
    }

    return $self;
}

sub parse_cmdline {
    my ( $self, $params, @ext ) = @_;

    my @f = map { $flavor{$_}{opt} || $_ } keys %flavor;

    return Getopt::Long::GetOptions(
        $params,

        'yes',
        'force|f',
        'reverse',
        'notest|n',
        'quiet|q',
        'verbose|v',
        'as=s',
        'append=s',
        'help|h',
        'version',
        'root=s',
        'switch',
        'all',
        'shell=s',
        'no-patchperl',
        'no-decoration',

        "builddir=s",

        # options passed directly to Configure
        'D=s@',
        'U=s@',
        'A=s@',

        'j=i',

        # options that affect Configure and customize post-build
        'sitecustomize=s',
        'destdir=s',
        'noman',

        # flavors support
        'both|b=s@',
        'all-variations',
        'common-variations',
        @f,

        @ext
    );
}

sub root {
    my ( $self, $new_root ) = @_;

    $new_root ||=
           $PERLBREW_ROOT
        || $ENV{PERLBREW_ROOT}
        || App::Perlbrew::Path->new( $ENV{HOME}, "perl5", "perlbrew" )->stringify
        unless $self->{root};

    $self->{root} = $PERLBREW_ROOT = $new_root
        if defined $new_root;

    $self->{root} = App::Perlbrew::Path::Root->new( $self->{root} )
        unless ref $self->{root};

    $self->{root} = App::Perlbrew::Path::Root->new( $self->{root}->stringify )
        unless $self->{root}->isa('App::Perlbrew::Path::Root');

    return $self->{root};
}

sub home {
    my ( $self, $new_home ) = @_;

    $new_home ||=
           $PERLBREW_HOME
        || $ENV{PERLBREW_HOME}
        || App::Perlbrew::Path->new( $ENV{HOME}, ".perlbrew" )->stringify
        unless $self->{home};

    $self->{home} = $PERLBREW_HOME = $new_home
        if defined $new_home;

    $self->{home} = App::Perlbrew::Path->new( $self->{home} )
        unless ref $self->{home};

    return $self->{home};
}

sub builddir {
    my ($self) = @_;

    return $self->{builddir} || $self->root->build;
}

sub current_perl {
    my ( $self, $v ) = @_;
    $self->{current_perl} = $v if $v;
    return $self->{current_perl} || $self->env('PERLBREW_PERL') || '';
}

sub current_lib {
    my ( $self, $v ) = @_;
    $self->{current_lib} = $v if $v;
    return $self->{current_lib} || $self->env('PERLBREW_LIB') || '';
}

sub current_shell_is_bashish {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return ( $self->current_shell eq 'bash' ) || ( $self->current_shell eq 'zsh' );
}

sub current_shell {
    my ( $self, $x ) = @_;
    $self->{current_shell} = $x if $x;
    return $self->{current_shell} ||= do {
        my $shell_name = App::Perlbrew::Path->new( $self->{shell} || $self->env('SHELL') )->basename;
        $shell_name =~ s/\d+$//;
        $shell_name;
    };
}

sub current_env {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my $l = $self->current_lib;
    $l = "@" . $l if $l;
    return $self->current_perl . $l;
}

sub installed_perl_executable {
    my ( $self, $name ) = @_;
    die unless $name;

    my $executable = $self->root->perls($name)->perl;
    return $executable if -e $executable;
    return "";
}

sub configure_args {
    my ( $self, $name ) = @_;

    my $perl_cmd = $self->installed_perl_executable($name);
    my $code     = 'while(($_,$v)=each(%Config)){print"$_ $v" if /config_arg/}';

    my @output = split "\n" => $self->do_capture( $perl_cmd, '-MConfig', '-wle', $code );

    my %arg;
    for (@output) {
        my ( $k, $v ) = split " ", $_, 2;
        $arg{$k} = $v;
    }

    if (wantarray) {
        return map { $arg{"config_arg$_"} } ( 1 .. $arg{config_argc} );
    }

    return $arg{config_args};
}

sub cpan_mirror {
    my ( $self, $v ) = @_;

    $self->{cpan_mirror} = $v if $v;

    unless ( $self->{cpan_mirror} ) {
        $self->{cpan_mirror} = $self->env("PERLBREW_CPAN_MIRROR") || "https://cpan.metacpan.org";
        $self->{cpan_mirror} =~ s{/+$}{};
    }

    return $self->{cpan_mirror};
}

sub env {
    my ( $self, $name ) = @_;
    return $ENV{$name} if $name;
    return \%ENV;
}

sub is_shell_csh {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return 1 if $self->env('SHELL') =~ /(t?csh)/;
    return 0;
}

# Entry point method: handles all the arguments
# and dispatches to an appropriate internal
# method to execute the corresponding command.
sub run {
    my ($self) = @_;
    $self->run_command( $self->args );
}

sub args {
    my ($self) = @_;

    # keep 'force' and 'yes' coherent across commands
    $self->{force} = $self->{yes} = 1 if ( $self->{force} || $self->{yes} );

    return @{ $self->{args} };
}

sub commands {
    my ($self) = @_;

    my $package = ref $self ? ref $self : $self;

    my @commands;
    my $symtable = do {
        no strict 'refs';
        \%{ $package . '::' };
    };

    foreach my $sym ( keys %$symtable ) {
        if ( $sym =~ /^run_command_/ ) {
            my $glob = $symtable->{$sym};
            if ( ref($glob) eq 'CODE' || defined *$glob{CODE} ) {

                # with perl >= 5.27 stash entry can points to a CV directly
                $sym =~ s/^run_command_//;
                $sym =~ s/_/-/g;
                push @commands, $sym;
            }
        }
    }

    return @commands;
}

sub find_similar_commands {
    my ( $self, $command ) = @_;

    $command =~ s/_/-/g;

    return @{ find_similar_tokens($command, [ sort $self->commands ]) };
}

# This method is called in the 'run' loop
# and executes every specific action depending
# on the type of command.
#
# The first argument to this method is a self reference,
# while the first "real" argument is the command to execute.
# Other parameters after the command to execute are
# considered as arguments for the command itself.
#
# In general the command is executed via a method named after the
# command itself and with the 'run_command' prefix. For instance
# the command 'exec' is handled by a method
# `run_command_exec`
#
# If no candidates can be found, an execption is thrown
# and a similar command is shown to the user.
sub run_command {
    my ( $self, $x, @args ) = @_;
    my $command = $x;

    if ( $self->{version} ) {
        $x = 'version';
    }
    elsif ( !$x ) {
        $x    = 'help';
        @args = ( 0, 0 );
    }
    elsif ( $x eq 'help' ) {
        @args = ( 0, 2 ) unless @args;
    }

    my $s = $self->can("run_command_$x");
    unless ($s) {
        $x =~ y/-/_/;
        $s = $self->can("run_command_$x");
    }

    unless ($s) {
        my @commands = $self->find_similar_commands($x);

        if ( @commands > 1 ) {
            @commands = map { '    ' . $_ } @commands;
            die "Unknown command: `$command`. Did you mean one of the following?\n" . join( "\n", @commands ) . "\n";
        }
        elsif ( @commands == 1 ) {
            die "Unknown command: `$command`. Did you mean `$commands[0]`?\n";
        }
        else {
            die "Unknown command: `$command`. Typo?\n";
        }
    }

    $self->$s(@args);
}

sub run_command_version {
    my ($self)  = @_;
    my $package = ref $self;
    my $version = $self->VERSION;
    print "$0  - $package/$version\n";
}

# Provides help information about a command.
# The idea is similar to the 'run_command' and 'run_command_$x' chain:
# this method dispatches to a 'run_command_help_$x' method
# if found in the class, otherwise it tries to extract the help
# documentation via the POD of the class itself using the
# section 'COMMAND: $x' with uppercase $x.
sub run_command_help {
    my ( $self, $status, $verbose, $return_text ) = @_;

    require Pod::Usage;

    if ( $status && !defined($verbose) ) {
        if ( $self->can("run_command_help_${status}") ) {
            $self->can("run_command_help_${status}")->($self);
        }
        else {
            my $out = "";
            open my $fh, ">", \$out;

            Pod::Usage::pod2usage(
                -exitval   => "NOEXIT",
                -verbose   => 99,
                -sections  => "COMMAND: " . uc($status),
                -output    => $fh,
                -noperldoc => 1
            );
            $out =~ s/\A[^\n]+\n//s;
            $out =~ s/^    //gm;

            if ( $out =~ /\A\s*\Z/ ) {
                $out = "Cannot find documentation for '$status'\n\n";
            }

            return "\n$out" if ($return_text);
            print "\n$out";
            close $fh;
        }
    }
    else {
        Pod::Usage::pod2usage(
            -noperldoc => 1,
            -verbose   => $verbose || 0,
            -exitval   => ( defined $status ? $status : 1 )
        );
    }
}

# introspection for compgen
my %comp_installed = (
    use    => 1,
    switch => 1,
);

sub run_command_compgen {
    my ( $self, $cur, @args ) = @_;

    $cur = 0 unless defined($cur);

    # do `tail -f bashcomp.log` for debugging
    if ( $self->env('PERLBREW_DEBUG_COMPLETION') ) {
        open my $log, '>>', 'bashcomp.log';
        print $log "[$$] $cur of [@args]\n";
    }
    my $subcommand           = $args[1];
    my $subcommand_completed = ( $cur >= 2 );

    if ( !$subcommand_completed ) {
        $self->_compgen( $subcommand, $self->commands );
    }
    else {    # complete args of a subcommand
        if ( $comp_installed{$subcommand} ) {
            if ( $cur <= 2 ) {
                my $part;
                if ( defined( $part = $args[2] ) ) {
                    $part = qr/ \Q$part\E /xms;
                }
                $self->_compgen( $part, map { $_->{name} } $self->installed_perls() );
            }
        }
        elsif ( $subcommand eq 'help' ) {
            if ( $cur <= 2 ) {
                $self->_compgen( $args[2], $self->commands() );
            }
        }
        else {
            # TODO
        }
    }
}

sub _firstrcfile {
    my ( $self, @files ) = @_;
    foreach my $path (@files) {
        return $path if -f App::Perlbrew::Path->new( $self->env('HOME'), $path );
    }
    return;
}

sub _compgen {
    my ( $self, $part, @reply ) = @_;
    if ( defined $part ) {
        $part  = qr/\A \Q$part\E /xms if ref($part) ne ref(qr//);
        @reply = grep { /$part/ } @reply;
    }
    foreach my $word (@reply) {
        print $word, "\n";
    }
}

# Internal utility function.
# Given a specific perl version, e.g., perl-5.27.4
# returns a string with a formatted version number such
# as 05027004. Such string can be used as a number
# in order to make either a string comparison
# or a numeric comparison.
#
# In the case of cperl the major number is added by 6
# so that it would match the project claim of being
# Perl 5+6 = 11. The final result is then
# multiplied by a negative factor (-1) in order
# to make cperl being "less" in the ordered list
# than a normal Perl installation.
#
# The returned string is made by four pieces of two digits each:
# MMmmppbb
# where:
# MM is the major Perl version (e.g., 5 -> 05)
# mm is the minor Perl version (e.g. 27 -> 27)
# pp is the patch level (e.g., 4 -> 04)
# bb is the blead flag: it is 00 for a "normal" release, or 01 for a blead one
sub comparable_perl_version {
    my ( $self, $perl_version )   = @_;
    my ( $is_cperl, $is_blead )   = ( 0, 0 );
    my ( $major, $minor, $patch ) = ( 0, 0, 0 );
    if ( $perl_version =~ /^(?:(c?perl)-?)?(\d)\.(\d+).(\d+).*/ ) {
        $is_cperl = $1 && ( $1 eq 'cperl' );
        $major    = $2 + ( $is_cperl ? 6 : 0 );    # major version
        $minor    = $3;                            # minor version
        $patch    = $4;                            # patch level

    }
    elsif ( $perl_version =~ /^(?:(c?perl)-?)?-?(blead)$/ ) {

        # in the case of a blead release use a fake high number
        # to assume it is the "latest" release number available
        $is_cperl = $1 && ( $1 eq 'cperl' );
        $is_blead = $2 && ( $2 eq 'blead' );
        ( $major, $minor, $patch ) = ( 5, 99, 99 );
    }

    return ( $is_cperl ? -1 : 1 ) * sprintf(
        '%02d%02d%02d%02d',
        $major + ( $is_cperl ? 6 : 0 ),    # major version
        $minor,                            # minor version
        $patch,                            # patch level
        $is_blead
    );                                     # blead
}

# Internal method.
# Performs a comparable sort of the perl versions specified as
# list.
sub sort_perl_versions {
    my ( $self, @perls ) = @_;

    return map { $_->[0] }
        sort   { ( $self->{reverse} ? $a->[1] <=> $b->[1] : $b->[1] <=> $a->[1] ) }
        map    { [$_, $self->comparable_perl_version($_)] } @perls;
}

sub run_command_available {
    my ($self) = @_;

    my @installed  = $self->installed_perls(@_);
    my $is_verbose = $self->{verbose};

    my @sections = ( ['perl', 'available_perl_distributions'], ['cperl', 'available_cperl_distributions'], );

    for (@sections) {
        my ( $header, $method ) = @$_;

        print "# $header\n";

        my $perls = $self->$method;

        # sort the keys of Perl installation (Randal to the rescue!)
        my @sorted_perls = $self->sort_perl_versions( keys %$perls );

        for my $available (@sorted_perls) {
            my $url = $perls->{$available};
            my $ctime;

            for my $installed (@installed) {
                my $name = $installed->{name};
                my $cur  = $installed->{is_current};
                if ( $available eq $installed->{name} ) {
                    $ctime = $installed->{ctime};
                    last;
                }
            }

            printf "%1s %12s  %s %s\n", $ctime ? 'i' : '', $available,
                (
                  $is_verbose
                ? $ctime
                        ? "INSTALLED on $ctime via"
                        : 'available from '
                : ''
                ),
                ( $is_verbose ? "<$url>" : '' );
        }
        print "\n\n";
    }

    return;
}

sub available_perls {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my %dists = ( %{ $self->available_perl_distributions }, %{ $self->available_cperl_distributions }, );
    return $self->sort_perl_versions( keys %dists );
}

# -> Map[ NameVersion =>  URL ]
sub available_perl_distributions {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my $perls = {};
    my @perllist;

    # we got impatient waiting for cpan.org to get updated to show 5.28...
    # So, we also fetch from metacpan for anything that looks perlish,
    # and we do our own processing to filter out the development
    # releases and minor versions when needed (using
    # filter_perl_available)
    my $url  = 'https://fastapi.metacpan.org/v1/release/versions/perl';
    my $json = http_get( $url, undef, undef );
    unless ($json) {
        die "\nERROR: Unable to retrieve list of perls from Metacpan.\n\n";
    }

    my $decoded = decode_json($json);
    for my $release ( @{ $decoded->{releases} } ) {
        push @perllist, [$release->{name}, $release->{download_url}];
    }
    foreach my $perl ( $self->filter_perl_available( \@perllist ) ) {
        $perls->{ $perl->[0] } = $perl->[1];
    }

    return $perls;
}

# -> Map[ NameVersion =>  URL ]
sub available_cperl_distributions {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my %dist;

    # cperl releases: https://github.com/perl11/cperl/tags
    my $cperl_remote           = 'https://github.com';
    my $url_cperl_release_list = $cperl_remote . '/perl11/cperl/releases';

    my $html = http_get($url_cperl_release_list);

    unless ($html) {
        die "\nERROR: Unable to retrieve the list of cperl releases from ${url_cperl_release_list}\n";
    }

    if ($html) {
        while ( $html =~ m{href="(/perl11/cperl/releases/download/cperl-(5.+?)/cperl-.+?\.tar\.gz)"}g ) {
            $dist{"cperl-$2"} = $cperl_remote . $1;
        }
    }

    return \%dist;
}

# $perllist is an arrayref of arrayrefs.  The inner arrayrefs are of the
# format: [ <perl_name>, <perl_url> ]
#   perl_name = something like perl-5.28.0
#   perl_url  = URL the Perl is available from.
#
# If $self->{all} is true, this just returns a list of the contents of
# the list referenced by $perllist
#
# Otherwise, this looks for even middle numbers in the version and no
# suffix (like -RC1) following the URL, and returns the list of
# arrayrefs that so match
#
# If any "newest" Perl has a
sub filter_perl_available {
    my ( $self, $perllist ) = @_;

    if ( $self->{all} ) { return @$perllist; }

    my %max_release;
    foreach my $perl (@$perllist) {
        my $ver = $perl->[0];
        if ( $ver !~ m/^perl-5\.[0-9]*[02468]\.[0-9]+$/ ) { next; }    # most likely TRIAL or RC, or a DEV release

        my ( $release_line, $minor ) = $ver =~ m/^perl-5\.([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)/;
        if ( exists $max_release{$release_line} ) {
            if ( $max_release{$release_line}->[0] > $minor ) { next; }    # We have a newer release
        }

        $max_release{$release_line} = [$minor, $perl];
    }

    return map { $_->[1] } values %max_release;
}

sub perl_release {
    my ( $self, $version ) = @_;
    my $mirror = $self->cpan_mirror();

    # try CPAN::Perl::Releases
    my $tarballs = CPAN::Perl::Releases::perl_tarballs($version);

    my $x = ( values %$tarballs )[0];
    if ($x) {
        my $dist_tarball     = ( split( "/", $x ) )[-1];
        my $dist_tarball_url = "$mirror/authors/id/$x";
        return ( $dist_tarball, $dist_tarball_url );
    }

    # try src/5.0 symlinks, either perl-5.X or perl5.X; favor .tar.bz2 over .tar.gz
    my $index = http_get("https://cpan.metacpan.org/src/5.0/");
    if ($index) {
        for my $prefix ( "perl-", "perl" ) {
            for my $suffix ( ".tar.bz2", ".tar.gz" ) {
                my $dist_tarball     = "$prefix$version$suffix";
                my $dist_tarball_url = "$mirror/src/5.0/$dist_tarball";
                return ( $dist_tarball, $dist_tarball_url )
                    if ( $index =~ /href\s*=\s*"\Q$dist_tarball\E"/ms );
            }
        }
    }

    my $json = http_get("'https://fastapi.metacpan.org/v1/release/_search?size=1&q=name:perl-${version}'");

    my $result;
    unless ( $json and $result = decode_json($json)->{hits}{hits}[0] ) {
        die "ERROR: Failed to locate perl-${version} tarball.";
    }

    my ( $dist_path, $dist_tarball ) =
        $result->{_source}{download_url} =~ m[(/authors/id/.+/(perl-${version}.tar.(gz|bz2|xz)))$];
    die "ERROR: Cannot find the tarball for perl-$version\n"
        if !$dist_path and !$dist_tarball;
    my $dist_tarball_url = "https://cpan.metacpan.org${dist_path}";
    return ( $dist_tarball, $dist_tarball_url );
}

sub cperl_release {
    my ( $self, $version ) = @_;
    my %url = (
        "5.22.3"     => "https://github.com/perl11/cperl/releases/download/cperl-5.22.3/cperl-5.22.3.tar.gz",
        "5.22.2"     => "https://github.com/perl11/cperl/releases/download/cperl-5.22.2/cperl-5.22.2.tar.gz",
        "5.24.0-RC1" => "https://github.com/perl11/cperl/releases/download/cperl-5.24.0-RC1/cperl-5.24.0-RC1.tar.gz",
    );

    # my %digest => {
    #     "5.22.3" => "bcf494a6b12643fa5e803f8e0d9cef26312b88fc",
    #     "5.22.2" => "8615964b0a519cf70d69a155b497de98e6a500d0",
    # };

    my $dist_tarball_url = $url{$version} or die "ERROR: Cannot find the tarball for cperl-$version\n";
    my $dist_tarball     = "cperl-${version}.tar.gz";
    return ( $dist_tarball, $dist_tarball_url );
}

sub release_detail_perl_local {
    my ( $self, $dist, $rd ) = @_;
    $rd ||= {};
    my $error    = 1;
    my $mirror   = $self->cpan_mirror();
    my $tarballs = CPAN::Perl::Releases::perl_tarballs( $rd->{version} );
    if ( keys %$tarballs ) {
        for ( "tar.bz2", "tar.gz" ) {
            if ( my $x = $tarballs->{$_} ) {
                $rd->{tarball_name} = ( split( "/", $x ) )[-1];
                $rd->{tarball_url}  = "$mirror/authors/id/$x";
                $error              = 0;
                last;
            }
        }
    }
    return ( $error, $rd );
}

sub release_detail_perl_remote {
    my ( $self, $dist, $rd ) = @_;
    $rd ||= {};
    my $error  = 1;
    my $mirror = $self->cpan_mirror();

    my $version = $rd->{version};

    # try src/5.0 symlinks, either perl-5.X or perl5.X; favor .tar.bz2 over .tar.gz
    my $index = http_get("https://cpan.metacpan.org/src/5.0/");
    if ($index) {
        for my $prefix ( "perl-", "perl" ) {
            for my $suffix ( ".tar.bz2", ".tar.gz" ) {
                my $dist_tarball     = "$prefix$version$suffix";
                my $dist_tarball_url = "$mirror/src/5.0/$dist_tarball";
                if ( $index =~ /href\s*=\s*"\Q$dist_tarball\E"/ms ) {
                    $rd->{tarball_url}  = $dist_tarball_url;
                    $rd->{tarball_name} = $dist_tarball;
                    $error              = 0;
                    return ( $error, $rd );
                }
            }
        }
    }

    my $json = http_get("'https://fastapi.metacpan.org/v1/release/_search?size=1&q=name:perl-${version}'");

    my $result;
    unless ( $json and $result = decode_json($json)->{hits}{hits}[0] ) {
        die "ERROR: Failed to locate perl-${version} tarball.";
    }

    my ( $dist_path, $dist_tarball ) =
        $result->{_source}{download_url} =~ m[(/authors/id/.+/(perl-${version}.tar.(gz|bz2|xz)))$];
    die "ERROR: Cannot find the tarball for perl-$version\n"
        if !$dist_path and !$dist_tarball;
    my $dist_tarball_url = "https://cpan.metacpan.org${dist_path}";

    $rd->{tarball_name} = $dist_tarball;
    $rd->{tarball_url}  = $dist_tarball_url;
    $error              = 0;

    return ( $error, $rd );
}

sub release_detail_cperl_local {
    my ( $self, $dist, $rd ) = @_;
    $rd ||= {};
    my %url = (
        "cperl-5.22.3"     => "https://github.com/perl11/cperl/releases/download/cperl-5.22.3/cperl-5.22.3.tar.gz",
        "cperl-5.22.2"     => "https://github.com/perl11/cperl/releases/download/cperl-5.22.2/cperl-5.22.2.tar.gz",
        "cperl-5.24.0-RC1" =>
            "https://github.com/perl11/cperl/releases/download/cperl-5.24.0-RC1/cperl-5.24.0-RC1.tar.gz",
        "cperl-5.24.2" => "https://github.com/perl11/cperl/releases/download/cperl-5.24.2/cperl-5.24.2.tar.gz",
        "cperl-5.25.2" => "https://github.com/perl11/cperl/releases/download/cperl-5.24.2/cperl-5.25.2.tar.gz",
        "cperl-5.26.4" => "https://github.com/perl11/cperl/releases/download/cperl-5.26.4/cperl-5.26.4.tar.gz",
        "cperl-5.26.5" => "https://github.com/perl11/cperl/releases/download/cperl-5.26.5/cperl-5.26.5.tar.gz",
        "cperl-5.28.2" => "https://github.com/perl11/cperl/releases/download/cperl-5.28.2/cperl-5.28.2.tar.gz",
        "cperl-5.29.0" => "https://github.com/perl11/cperl/releases/download/cperl-5.29.0/cperl-5.29.0.tar.gz",
        "cperl-5.29.1" => "https://github.com/perl11/cperl/releases/download/cperl-5.29.1/cperl-5.29.1.tar.gz",
        "cperl-5.30.0" => "https://github.com/perl11/cperl/releases/download/cperl-5.30.0/cperl-5.30.0.tar.gz",
    );

    my $error = 1;
    if ( my $u = $url{$dist} ) {
        $rd->{tarball_name} = "${dist}.tar.gz";
        $rd->{tarball_url}  = $u;
        $error              = 0;
    }
    return ( $error, $rd );
}

sub release_detail_cperl_remote {
    my ( $self, $dist, $rd ) = @_;
    $rd ||= {};

    my $expect_href = "/perl11/cperl/releases/download/${dist}/${dist}.tar.gz";
    my $error       = 1;

    my $html = eval { http_get( 'https://github.com/perl11/cperl/releases/tag/' . $dist ); } || "";

    if ( $html =~ m{ <a \s+ href="($expect_href)" }xsi ) {
        $rd->{tarball_name} = "${dist}.tar.gz";
        $rd->{tarball_url}  = "https://github.com" . $1;
        $error              = 0;
    }

    return ( $error, $rd );
}

sub release_detail {
    my ( $self, $dist ) = @_;
    my ( $dist_type, $dist_version );

    ( $dist_type, $dist_version ) = $dist =~ /^ (?: (c?perl) -? )? ( [\d._]+ (?:-RC\d+)? |git|stable|blead)$/x;
    $dist_type = "perl" if $dist_version && !$dist_type;

    my $rd = {
        type         => $dist_type,
        version      => $dist_version,
        tarball_url  => undef,
        tarball_name => undef,
    };

# dynamic methods: release_detail_perl_local, release_detail_cperl_local, release_detail_perl_remote, release_detail_cperl_remote
    my $m_local  = "release_detail_${dist_type}_local";
    my $m_remote = "release_detail_${dist_type}_remote";

    my ($error) = $self->$m_local( $dist, $rd );
    ($error) = $self->$m_remote( $dist, $rd ) if $error;

    if ($error) {
        die "ERROR: Fail to get the tarball URL for dist: $dist\n";
    }

    return $rd;
}

sub run_command_init {
    my $self = shift;
    my @args = @_;

    if ( @args && $args[0] eq '-' ) {
        if ( $self->current_shell_is_bashish ) {
            $self->run_command_init_in_bash;
        }
        exit 0;
    }

    $_->mkpath for ( grep { !-d $_ } map { $self->root->$_ } qw(perls dists build etc bin) );

    my ( $f, $fh ) = @_;

    my $etc_dir = $self->root->etc;

    for (
        ["bashrc",                   "BASHRC_CONTENT"],
        ["cshrc",                    "CSHRC_CONTENT"],
        ["csh_reinit",               "CSH_REINIT_CONTENT"],
        ["csh_wrapper",              "CSH_WRAPPER_CONTENT"],
        ["csh_set_path",             "CSH_SET_PATH_CONTENT"],
        ["perlbrew-completion.bash", "BASH_COMPLETION_CONTENT"],
        ["perlbrew.fish",            "PERLBREW_FISH_CONTENT"],
        )
    {
        my ( $file_name, $method ) = @$_;
        my $path = $etc_dir->child($file_name);
        if ( !-f $path ) {
            open( $fh, ">", $path )
                or die "Fail to create $path. Please check the permission of $etc_dir and try `perlbrew init` again.";
            print $fh $self->$method;
            close $fh;
        }
        else {
            if ( -w $path && open( $fh, ">", $path ) ) {
                print $fh $self->$method;
                close $fh;
            }
            else {
                print "NOTICE: $path already exists and not updated.\n" unless $self->{quiet};
            }
        }
    }

    my $root_dir = $self->root->stringify_with_tilde;

    # Skip this if we are running in a shell that already 'source's perlbrew.
    # This is true during a self-install/self-init.
    # Ref. https://github.com/gugod/App-perlbrew/issues/525
    if ( $ENV{PERLBREW_SHELLRC_VERSION} ) {
        print("\nperlbrew root ($root_dir) is initialized.\n");
    }
    else {
        my $shell = $self->current_shell;
        my ( $code, $yourshrc );
        if ( $shell =~ m/(t?csh)/ ) {
            $code     = "source $root_dir/etc/cshrc";
            $yourshrc = $1 . "rc";
        }
        elsif ( $shell =~ m/zsh\d?$/ ) {
            $code     = "source $root_dir/etc/bashrc";
            $yourshrc = $self->_firstrcfile(
                qw(
                    .zshenv
                    .bash_profile
                    .bash_login
                    .profile
                )
            ) || ".zshenv";
        }
        elsif ( $shell =~ m/fish/ ) {
            $code     = ". $root_dir/etc/perlbrew.fish";
            $yourshrc = '.config/fish/config.fish';
        }
        else {
            $code     = "source $root_dir/etc/bashrc";
            $yourshrc = $self->_firstrcfile(
                qw(
                    .bash_profile
                    .bash_login
                    .profile
                )
            ) || ".bash_profile";
        }

        if ( $self->home ne App::Perlbrew::Path->new( $self->env('HOME'), ".perlbrew" ) ) {
            my $pb_home_dir = $self->home->stringify_with_tilde;
            if ( $shell =~ m/fish/ ) {
                $code = "set -x PERLBREW_HOME $pb_home_dir\n    $code";
            }
            else {
                $code = "export PERLBREW_HOME=$pb_home_dir\n    $code";
            }
        }

        print <<INSTRUCTION;

perlbrew root ($root_dir) is initialized.

Append the following piece of code to the end of your ~/${yourshrc} and start a
new shell, perlbrew should be up and fully functional from there:

    $code

Simply run `perlbrew` for usage details.

Happy brewing!

INSTRUCTION
    }

}

sub run_command_init_in_bash {
    print BASHRC_CONTENT();
}

sub run_command_self_install {
    my $self = shift;

    my $executable = $0;
    my $target     = $self->root->bin("perlbrew");

    if ( files_are_the_same( $executable, $target ) ) {
        print "You are already running the installed perlbrew:\n\n    $executable\n";
        exit;
    }

    $self->root->bin->mkpath;

    open my $fh, "<", $executable;

    my $head;
    read( $fh, $head, 3, 0 );

    if ( $head eq "#!/" ) {
        seek( $fh, 0, 0 );
        my @lines = <$fh>;
        close $fh;

        $lines[0] = $self->system_perl_shebang . "\n";

        open $fh, ">", $target;
        print $fh $_ for @lines;
        close $fh;
    }
    else {
        close($fh);

        copy( $executable, $target );
    }

    chmod( 0755, $target );

    my $path = $target->stringify_with_tilde;

    print "perlbrew is installed: $path\n" unless $self->{quiet};

    $self->run_command_init();
    return;
}

sub do_install_git {
    my ( $self, $dist ) = @_;
    my $dist_name;
    my $dist_git_describe;
    my $dist_version;

    opendir my $cwd_orig, ".";

    chdir $dist;

    if ( `git describe` =~ /v((5\.\d+\.\d+(?:-RC\d)?)(-\d+-\w+)?)$/ ) {
        $dist_name         = 'perl';
        $dist_git_describe = "v$1";
        $dist_version      = $2;
    }

    chdir $cwd_orig;

    require File::Spec;
    my $dist_extracted_dir = File::Spec->rel2abs($dist);
    $self->do_install_this( App::Perlbrew::Path->new($dist_extracted_dir), $dist_version, "$dist_name-$dist_version" );
    return;
}

sub do_install_url {
    my ( $self, $dist ) = @_;
    my $dist_name = 'perl';

    # need the period to account for the file extension
    my ($dist_version) = $dist =~ m/-([\d.]+(?:-RC\d+)?|git)\./;
    my ($dist_tarball) = $dist =~ m{/([^/]*)$};

    if ( !$dist_version && $dist =~ /blead\.tar.gz$/ ) {
        $dist_version = "blead";
    }

    my $dist_tarball_path = $self->root->dists($dist_tarball);
    my $dist_tarball_url  = $dist;
    $dist = "$dist_name-$dist_version";    # we install it as this name later

    if ( $dist_tarball_url =~ m/^file/ ) {
        print "Installing $dist from local archive $dist_tarball_url\n";
        $dist_tarball_url =~ s/^file:\/+/\//;
        $dist_tarball_path = $dist_tarball_url;
    }
    else {
        print "Fetching $dist as $dist_tarball_path\n";
        my $error = http_download( $dist_tarball_url, $dist_tarball_path );
        die "ERROR: Failed to download $dist_tarball_url\n$error\n" if $error;
    }

    my $dist_extracted_path = $self->do_extract_tarball($dist_tarball_path);
    $self->do_install_this( $dist_extracted_path, $dist_version, $dist );
    return;
}

sub do_extract_tarball {
    my ( $self, $dist_tarball ) = @_;

    # Assuming the dir extracted from the tarball is named after the tarball.
    my $dist_tarball_basename = $dist_tarball->basename(qr/\.tar\.(?:gz|bz2|xz)$/);

    my $workdir;
    if ( $self->{as} ) {

        # TODO: Should we instead use the installation_name (see run_command_install()):
        #    $destdir = $self->{as} . $self->{variation} . $self->{append};
        $workdir = $self->builddir->child( $self->{as} );
    }
    else {
        # Note that this is incorrect for blead.
        $workdir = $self->builddir->child($dist_tarball_basename);
    }
    $workdir->rmpath;
    $workdir->mkpath;
    my $extracted_dir;

    # Was broken on Solaris, where GNU tar is probably
    # installed as 'gtar' - RT #61042
    my $tarx = ( $^O =~ /solaris|aix/ ? 'gtar ' : 'tar ' )
        . (
          $dist_tarball =~ m/xz$/  ? 'xJf'
        : $dist_tarball =~ m/bz2$/ ? 'xjf'
        :                            'xzf'
        );

    my $extract_command = "cd $workdir; $tarx $dist_tarball";
    die "Failed to extract $dist_tarball" if system($extract_command);

    my @things = $workdir->children;
    if ( @things == 1 ) {
        $extracted_dir = App::Perlbrew::Path->new( $things[0] );
    }

    unless ( defined($extracted_dir) && -d $extracted_dir ) {
        die "Failed to find the extracted directory under $workdir";
    }

    return $extracted_dir;
}

sub do_install_blead {
    my ($self) = @_;

    # We always blindly overwrite anything that's already there,
    # because blead is a moving target.
    my $dist_tarball_path = $self->root->dists("blead.tar.gz");
    unlink($dist_tarball_path) if -f $dist_tarball_path;

    $self->do_install_url("https://github.com/Perl/perl5/archive/blead.tar.gz");
}

sub resolve_stable_version {
    my ($self) = @_;

    my ( $latest_ver, $latest_minor );
    for my $cand ( $self->available_perls ) {
        my ( $ver, $minor ) = $cand =~ m/^perl-(5\.(6|8|[0-9]+[02468])\.[0-9]+)$/
            or next;
        ( $latest_ver, $latest_minor ) = ( $ver, $minor )
            if !defined $latest_minor
            || $latest_minor < $minor;
    }

    die "Can't determine latest stable Perl release\n"
        if !defined $latest_ver;

    return $latest_ver;
}

sub do_install_release {
    my ( $self, $dist, $dist_version ) = @_;

    my $rd        = $self->release_detail($dist);
    my $dist_type = $rd->{type};

    die "\"$dist\" does not look like a perl distribution name. " unless $dist_type && $dist_version =~ /^\d\./;

    my $dist_tarball      = $rd->{tarball_name};
    my $dist_tarball_url  = $rd->{tarball_url};
    my $dist_tarball_path = $self->root->dists($dist_tarball);

    if ( -f $dist_tarball_path ) {
        print "Using the previously fetched ${dist_tarball}\n"
            if $self->{verbose};
    }
    else {
        print "Fetching perl $dist_version as $dist_tarball_path\n" unless $self->{quiet};
        $self->run_command_download($dist);
    }

    my $dist_extracted_path = $self->do_extract_tarball($dist_tarball_path);
    $self->do_install_this( $dist_extracted_path, $dist_version, $dist );
    return;
}

sub run_command_install {
    my ( $self, $dist, $opts ) = @_;

    unless ( $self->root->exists ) {
        die( "ERROR: perlbrew root " . $self->root . " does not exist. Run `perlbrew init` to prepare it first.\n" );
    }

    unless ($dist) {
        $self->run_command_help("install");
        exit(-1);
    }

    $self->{dist_name} = $dist;    # for help msg generation, set to non
                                   # normalized name

    my ( $dist_type, $dist_version );
    if ( ( $dist_type, $dist_version ) = $dist =~ /^(?:(c?perl)-?)?([\d._]+(?:-RC\d+)?|git|stable|blead)$/ ) {
        $dist_version = $self->resolve_stable_version if $dist_version eq 'stable';
        $dist_type ||= "perl";
        $dist = "${dist_type}-${dist_version}";    # normalize dist name

        my $installation_name = ( $self->{as} || $dist ) . $self->{variation} . $self->{append};
        if ( not $self->{force} and $self->is_installed($installation_name) ) {
            die "\nABORT: $installation_name is already installed.\n\n";
        }

        if ( $dist_type eq 'perl' && $dist_version eq 'blead' ) {
            $self->do_install_blead();
        }
        else {
            $self->do_install_release( $dist, $dist_version );
        }

    }

    # else it is some kind of special install:
    elsif ( -d "$dist/.git" ) {
        $self->do_install_git($dist);
    }
    elsif ( -f $dist ) {
        $self->do_install_archive( App::Perlbrew::Path->new($dist) );
    }
    elsif ( $dist =~ m/^(?:https?|ftp|file)/ ) {    # more protocols needed?
        $self->do_install_url($dist);
    }
    else {
        die "Unknown installation target \"$dist\", abort.\nPlease see `perlbrew help` "
            . "for the instruction on using the install command.\n\n";
    }

    if ( $self->{switch} ) {
        if ( defined( my $installation_name = $self->{installation_name} ) ) {
            $self->switch_to($installation_name);
        }
        else {
            warn "can't switch, unable to infer final destination name.\n\n";
        }
    }
    return;
}

sub check_and_calculate_variations {
    my $self = shift;
    my @both = @{ $self->{both} };

    if ( $self->{'all-variations'} ) {
        @both = keys %flavor;
    }
    elsif ( $self->{'common-variations'} ) {
        push @both, grep $flavor{$_}{common}, keys %flavor;
    }

    # check the validity of the varitions given via 'both'
    for my $both (@both) {
        $flavor{$both} or die "$both is not a supported flavor.\n\n";
        $self->{$both} and die "options --both $both and --$both can not be used together";
        if ( my $implied_by = $flavor{$both}{implied_by} ) {
            $self->{$implied_by} and die "options --both $both and --$implied_by can not be used together";
        }
    }

    # flavors selected always
    my $start = '';
    $start .= "-$_" for grep $self->{$_}, keys %flavor;

    # make variations
    my @var = $start;
    for my $both (@both) {
        my $append = join( '-', $both, grep defined, $flavor{$both}{implies} );
        push @var, map "$_-$append", @var;
    }

    # normalize the variation names
    @var = map {
        join '-', '', sort { $flavor{$a}{ix} <=> $flavor{$b}{ix} } grep length, split /-+/, $_
    } @var;
    s/(\b\w+\b)(?:-\1)+/$1/g for @var;    # remove duplicate flavors

    # After inspecting perl Configure script this seems to be the most
    # reliable heuristic to determine if perl would have 64bit IVs by
    # default or not:
    if ( $Config::Config{longsize} >= 8 ) {

        # We are in a 64bit platform. 64int and 64all are always set but
        # we don't want them to appear on the final perl name
        s/-64\w+//g for @var;
    }

    # remove duplicated variations
    my %var = map { $_ => 1 } @var;
    sort keys %var;
}

sub run_command_install_multiple {
    my ( $self, @dists ) = @_;

    unless (@dists) {
        $self->run_command_help("install-multiple");
        exit(-1);
    }

    die "--switch can not be used with command install-multiple.\n\n"
        if $self->{switch};
    die "--as can not be used when more than one distribution is given.\n\n"
        if $self->{as} and @dists > 1;

    my @variations = $self->check_and_calculate_variations;
    print join( "\n",
        "Compiling the following distributions:",
        map( "    $_$self->{append}", @dists ),
        "  with the following variations:",
        map( ( /-(.*)/ ? "    $1" : "    default" ), @variations ),
        "", "" );

    my @ok;
    for my $dist (@dists) {
        for my $variation (@variations) {
            local $@;
            eval {
                $self->{$_}                = '' for keys %flavor;
                $self->{$_}                = 1  for split /-/, $variation;
                $self->{variation}         = $variation;
                $self->{installation_name} = undef;

                $self->run_command_install($dist);
                push @ok, $self->{installation_name};
            };
            if ($@) {
                $@ =~ s/\n+$/\n/;
                print "Installation of $dist$variation failed: $@";
            }
        }
    }

    print join( "\n", "", "The following perls have been installed:", map ( "    $_", grep defined, @ok ), "", "" );
    return;
}

sub run_command_download {
    my ( $self, $dist ) = @_;

    $dist = $self->resolve_stable_version
        if $dist && $dist eq 'stable';

    my $rd = $self->release_detail($dist);

    my $dist_tarball      = $rd->{tarball_name};
    my $dist_tarball_url  = $rd->{tarball_url};
    my $dist_tarball_path = $self->root->dists($dist_tarball);

    if ( -f $dist_tarball_path && !$self->{force} ) {
        print "$dist_tarball already exists\n";
    }
    else {
        print "Download $dist_tarball_url to $dist_tarball_path\n" unless $self->{quiet};
        my $error = http_download( $dist_tarball_url, $dist_tarball_path );
        if ($error) {
            die "ERROR: Failed to download $dist_tarball_url\n$error\n";
        }
    }
}

sub purify {
    my ( $self, $envname ) = @_;
    my @paths = grep { index( $_, $self->home ) < 0 && index( $_, $self->root ) < 0 } split /:/, $self->env($envname);
    return wantarray ? @paths : join( ":", @paths );
}

sub system_perl_executable {
    my ($self) = @_;

    my $system_perl_executable = do {
        local $ENV{PATH} = $self->pristine_path;
        `perl -MConfig -e 'print \$Config{perlpath}'`;
    };

    return $system_perl_executable;
}

sub system_perl_shebang {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $Config{sharpbang} . $self->system_perl_executable;
}

sub pristine_path {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->purify("PATH");
}

sub pristine_manpath {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return $self->purify("MANPATH");
}

sub run_command_display_system_perl_executable {
    print $_[0]->system_perl_executable . "\n";
}

sub run_command_display_system_perl_shebang {
    print $_[0]->system_perl_shebang . "\n";
}

sub run_command_display_pristine_path {
    print $_[0]->pristine_path . "\n";
}

sub run_command_display_pristine_manpath {
    print $_[0]->pristine_manpath . "\n";
}

sub do_install_archive {
    require File::Basename;

    my $self              = shift;
    my $dist_tarball_path = shift;
    my $dist_version;
    my $installation_name;

    if ( $dist_tarball_path->basename =~ m{(c?perl)-?(5.+)\.tar\.(gz|bz2|xz)\Z} ) {
        my $perl_variant = $1;
        $dist_version      = $2;
        $installation_name = "${perl_variant}-${dist_version}";
    }

    unless ( $dist_version && $installation_name ) {
        die
"Unable to determine perl version from archive filename.\n\nThe archive name should look like perl-5.x.y.tar.gz or perl-5.x.y.tar.bz2 or perl-5.x.y.tar.xz\n";
    }

    my $dist_extracted_path = $self->do_extract_tarball($dist_tarball_path);

    $self->do_install_this( $dist_extracted_path, $dist_version, $installation_name );
}

sub do_install_this {
    my ( $self, $dist_extracted_dir, $dist_version, $installation_name ) = @_;

    my $variation                          = $self->{variation};
    my $append                             = $self->{append};
    my $looks_like_we_are_installing_cperl = $dist_extracted_dir =~ /\/ cperl- /x;

    $self->{dist_extracted_dir} = $dist_extracted_dir;
    $self->{log_file}           = $self->root->child("build.${installation_name}${variation}${append}.log");

    my @d_options     = @{ $self->{D} };
    my @u_options     = @{ $self->{U} };
    my @a_options     = @{ $self->{A} };
    my $sitecustomize = $self->{sitecustomize};
    my $destdir       = $self->{destdir};
    $installation_name = $self->{as} if $self->{as};
    $installation_name .= "$variation$append";

    $self->{installation_name} = $installation_name;

    if ($sitecustomize) {
        die "Could not read sitecustomize file '$sitecustomize'\n"
            unless -r $sitecustomize;
        push @d_options, "usesitecustomize";
    }

    if ( $self->{noman} ) {
        push @d_options, qw/man1dir=none man3dir=none/;
    }

    for my $flavor ( keys %flavor ) {
        $self->{$flavor} and push @d_options, $flavor{$flavor}{d_option};
    }

    my $perlpath = $self->root->perls($installation_name);

    unshift @d_options, qq(prefix=$perlpath);
    push @d_options, "usedevel" if $dist_version =~ /5\.\d[13579]|git|blead/;

    push @d_options, "usecperl" if $looks_like_we_are_installing_cperl;

    my $version = $self->comparable_perl_version($dist_version);
    if ( defined $version and $version < $self->comparable_perl_version('5.6.0') ) {

        # ancient perls do not support -A for Configure
        @a_options = ();
    }
    else {
        unless ( grep { /eval:scriptdir=/ } @a_options ) {
            push @a_options, "'eval:scriptdir=${perlpath}/bin'";
        }
    }

    print "Installing $dist_extracted_dir into "
        . $self->root->perls($installation_name)->stringify_with_tilde . "\n\n";
    print <<INSTALL if !$self->{verbose};
This could take a while. You can run the following command on another shell to track the status:

  tail -f ${\ $self->{log_file}->stringify_with_tilde }

INSTALL

    my @preconfigure_commands = ( "cd $dist_extracted_dir", "rm -f config.sh Policy.sh", );

    unless ( $self->{"no-patchperl"} || $looks_like_we_are_installing_cperl ) {
        my $patchperl = $self->root->bin("patchperl");

        unless ( -x $patchperl && -f _ ) {
            $patchperl = "patchperl";
        }

        push @preconfigure_commands, 'chmod -R +w .', $patchperl;
    }

    my $configure_flags = $self->env("PERLBREW_CONFIGURE_FLAGS") || '-de';

    my @configure_commands = (
        "sh Configure $configure_flags "
            . join( ' ',
            ( map { qq{'-D$_'} } @d_options ),
            ( map { qq{'-U$_'} } @u_options ),
            ( map { qq{'-A$_'} } @a_options ),
            ),
        ( defined $version and $version < $self->comparable_perl_version('5.8.9') )
        ? ("$^X -i -nle 'print unless /command-line/' makefile x2p/makefile")
        : ()
    );

    my $make           = $ENV{MAKE} || ( $^O eq "solaris" ? 'gmake' : 'make' );
    my @build_commands = ( $make . ' ' . ( $self->{j} ? "-j$self->{j}" : "" ) );

    # Test via "make test_harness" if available so we'll get
    # automatic parallel testing via $HARNESS_OPTIONS. The
    # "test_harness" target was added in 5.7.3, which was the last
    # development release before 5.8.0.
    my $use_harness = ( $dist_version =~ /^5\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/
                        && ( $1 >= 8 || $1 == 7 && $2 == 3 ) )
        || $dist_version eq "blead";
    my $test_target = $use_harness ? "test_harness" : "test";

    local $ENV{TEST_JOBS} = $self->{j}
        if $test_target eq "test_harness" && ( $self->{j} || 1 ) > 1;

    my @install_commands = ( "${make} install" . ( $destdir ? " DESTDIR=$destdir" : q|| ) );
    unshift @install_commands, "${make} $test_target" unless $self->{notest};

  # Whats happening here? we optionally join with && based on $self->{force}, but then subsequently join with && anyway?
    @install_commands = join " && ", @install_commands unless ( $self->{force} );

    my $cmd = join " && ", ( @preconfigure_commands, @configure_commands, @build_commands, @install_commands );

    $self->{log_file}->unlink;

    if ( $self->{verbose} ) {
        $cmd = "($cmd) 2>&1 | tee $self->{log_file}";
        print "$cmd\n" if $self->{verbose};
    }
    else {
        $cmd = "($cmd) >> '$self->{log_file}' 2>&1 ";
    }

    delete $ENV{$_} for qw(PERL5LIB PERL5OPT AWKPATH NO_COLOR);

    if ( $self->do_system($cmd) ) {
        my $newperl = $self->root->perls($installation_name)->perl;
        unless ( -e $newperl ) {
            $self->run_command_symlink_executables($installation_name);
        }

        eval { $self->append_log('##### Brew Finished #####') };

        if ($sitecustomize) {
            my $capture = $self->do_capture("$newperl -V:sitelib");
            my ($sitelib) = $capture =~ m/sitelib='([^']*)';/;
            $sitelib = $destdir . $sitelib if $destdir;
            $sitelib = App::Perlbrew::Path->new($sitelib);
            $sitelib->mkpath;
            my $target = $sitelib->child("sitecustomize.pl");
            open my $dst, ">", $target
                or die "Could not open '$target' for writing: $!\n";
            open my $src, "<", $sitecustomize
                or die "Could not open '$sitecustomize' for reading: $!\n";
            print {$dst} do { local $/; <$src> };
        }

        my $version_file = $self->root->perls($installation_name)->version_file;

        if ( -e $version_file ) {
            $version_file->unlink()
                or die "Could not unlink $version_file file: $!\n";
        }

        print "$installation_name is successfully installed.\n";
    }
    else {
        eval { $self->append_log('##### Brew Failed #####') };
        die $self->INSTALLATION_FAILURE_MESSAGE;
    }
    return;
}

sub do_install_program_from_url {
    my ( $self, $url, $program_name, $body_filter ) = @_;

    my $out = $self->root->bin($program_name);

    if ( -f $out && !$self->{force} && !$self->{yes} ) {
        require ExtUtils::MakeMaker;

        my $ans = ExtUtils::MakeMaker::prompt( "\n$out already exists, are you sure to override ? [y/N]", "N" );

        if ( $ans !~ /^Y/i ) {
            print "\n$program_name installation skipped.\n\n" unless $self->{quiet};
            return;
        }
    }

    my $body = http_get($url) or die "\nERROR: Failed to retrieve $program_name executable.\n\n";

    unless ( $body =~ m{\A#!/}s ) {
        my $x = App::Perlbrew::Path->new( $self->env('TMPDIR') || "/tmp", "${program_name}.downloaded.$$" );
        my $message =
"\nERROR: The downloaded $program_name program seem to be invalid. Please check if the following URL can be reached correctly\n\n\t$url\n\n...and try again latter.";

        unless ( -f $x ) {
            open my $OUT, ">", $x;
            print $OUT $body;
            close($OUT);
            $message .= "\n\nThe previously downloaded file is saved at $x for manual inspection.\n\n";
        }

        die $message;
    }

    if ( $body_filter && ref($body_filter) eq "CODE" ) {
        $body = $body_filter->($body);
    }

    $self->root->bin->mkpath;
    open my $OUT, '>', $out or die "cannot open file($out): $!";
    print $OUT $body;
    close $OUT;
    chmod 0755, $out;
    print "\n$program_name is installed to\n\n    $out\n\n" unless $self->{quiet};
}

sub do_exit_with_error_code {
    my ( $self, $code ) = @_;
    exit($code);
}

sub do_system_with_exit_code {
    my ( $self, @cmd ) = @_;
    return system(@cmd);
}

sub do_system {
    my ( $self, @cmd ) = @_;
    return !$self->do_system_with_exit_code(@cmd);
}

sub do_capture {
    my ( $self, @cmd ) = @_;
    return Capture::Tiny::capture(
        sub {
            $self->do_system(@cmd);
        }
    );
}

sub format_perl_version {
    my $self    = shift;
    my $version = shift;
    return sprintf "%d.%d.%d", substr( $version, 0, 1 ), substr( $version, 2, 3 ), substr( $version, 5 ) || 0;
}

sub installed_perls {
    my $self = shift;

    my @result;
    my $root = $self->root;

    for my $installation ( $root->perls->list ) {
        my $name       = $installation->name;
        my $executable = $installation->perl;
        next unless -f $executable;

        my $version_file = $installation->version_file;
        my $ctime        = localtime( ( stat $executable )[10] );    # localtime in scalar context!

        my $orig_version;
        if ( -e $version_file ) {
            open my $fh, '<', $version_file;
            local $/;
            $orig_version = <$fh>;
            chomp $orig_version;
        }
        else {
            $orig_version = `$executable -e 'print \$]'`;
            if ( defined $orig_version and length $orig_version ) {
                if ( open my $fh, '>', $version_file ) {
                    print {$fh} $orig_version;
                }
            }
        }

        push @result,
            {
            name               => $name,
            orig_version       => $orig_version,
            version            => $self->format_perl_version($orig_version),
            is_current         => ( $self->current_perl eq $name ) && !( $self->current_lib ),
            libs               => [$self->local_libs($name)],
            executable         => $executable,
            dir                => $installation,
            comparable_version => $self->comparable_perl_version($orig_version),
            ctime              => $ctime,
            };
    }

    return sort {
        (
            $self->{reverse}
            ? ( $a->{comparable_version} <=> $b->{comparable_version} or $b->{name} cmp $a->{name} )
            : ( $b->{comparable_version} <=> $a->{comparable_version} or $a->{name} cmp $b->{name} )
        )
    } @result;
}

sub compose_locallib {
    my ( $self, $perl_name, $lib_name ) = @_;
    return join '@', $perl_name, $lib_name;
}

sub decompose_locallib {
    my ( $self, $name ) = @_;
    return split '@', $name;
}

sub enforce_localib {
    my ( $self, $name ) = @_;
    $name =~ s/^/@/ unless $name =~ m/@/;
    return $name;
}

sub local_libs {
    my ( $self, $perl_name ) = @_;

    my $current = $self->current_env;
    my @libs    = map {
        my $name = $_->basename;
        my ( $p, $l ) = $self->decompose_locallib($name);
        +{
            name       => $name,
            is_current => $name eq $current,
            perl_name  => $p,
            lib_name   => $l,
            dir        => $_,
        }
    } $self->home->child("libs")->children;
    if ($perl_name) {
        @libs = grep { $perl_name eq $_->{perl_name} } @libs;
    }
    return @libs;
}

sub is_installed {
    my ( $self, $name ) = @_;

    return grep { $name eq $_->{name} } $self->installed_perls;
}

sub assert_known_installation {
    my ( $self, $name ) = @_;
    return 1 if $self->is_installed($name);
    die "ERROR: The installation \"$name\" is unknown\n\n";
}

# Return a hash of PERLBREW_* variables
sub perlbrew_env {
    my ( $self, $name ) = @_;
    my ( $perl_name, $lib_name );

    if ($name) {
        ( $perl_name, $lib_name ) = $self->resolve_installation_name($name);

        unless ($perl_name) {
            die "\nERROR: The installation \"$name\" is unknown.\n\n";
        }

        unless ( !$lib_name || grep { $_->{lib_name} eq $lib_name } $self->local_libs($perl_name) ) {
            die "\nERROR: The lib name \"$lib_name\" is unknown.\n\n";
        }
    }

    my %env = (
        PERLBREW_VERSION => $VERSION,
        PERLBREW_PATH    => $self->root->bin,
        PERLBREW_MANPATH => "",
        PERLBREW_ROOT    => $self->root
    );

    require local::lib;
    my $pb_home                   = $self->home;
    my $current_local_lib_root    = $self->env("PERL_LOCAL_LIB_ROOT") || "";
    my $current_local_lib_context = local::lib->new;
    my @perlbrew_local_lib_root   = uniq( grep { /\Q${pb_home}\E/ } split( /:/, $current_local_lib_root ) );
    if ( $current_local_lib_root =~ /^\Q${pb_home}\E/ ) {
        $current_local_lib_context = $current_local_lib_context->activate($_) for @perlbrew_local_lib_root;
    }

    if ($perl_name) {
        my $installation = $self->root->perls($perl_name);
        if ( -d $installation->child("bin") ) {
            $env{PERLBREW_PERL} = $perl_name;
            $env{PERLBREW_PATH} .= ":" . $installation->child("bin");
            $env{PERLBREW_MANPATH} = $installation->child("man");
        }

        if ($lib_name) {
            $current_local_lib_context = $current_local_lib_context->deactivate($_) for @perlbrew_local_lib_root;

            my $base = $self->home->child( "libs", "${perl_name}\@${lib_name}" );

            if ( -d $base ) {
                $current_local_lib_context = $current_local_lib_context->activate($base);

                if ( $self->env('PERLBREW_LIB_PREFIX') ) {
                    unshift
                        @{ $current_local_lib_context->libs },
                        $self->env('PERLBREW_LIB_PREFIX');
                }

                $env{PERLBREW_PATH}    = $base->child("bin") . ":" . $env{PERLBREW_PATH};
                $env{PERLBREW_MANPATH} = $base->child("man") . ":" . $env{PERLBREW_MANPATH};
                $env{PERLBREW_LIB}     = $lib_name;
            }
        }
        else {
            $current_local_lib_context = $current_local_lib_context->deactivate($_) for @perlbrew_local_lib_root;
            $env{PERLBREW_LIB} = undef;
        }

        my %ll_env = $current_local_lib_context->build_environment_vars;
        delete $ll_env{PATH};
        for my $key ( keys %ll_env ) {
            $env{$key} = $ll_env{$key};
        }
    }
    else {
        $current_local_lib_context = $current_local_lib_context->deactivate($_) for @perlbrew_local_lib_root;

        my %ll_env = $current_local_lib_context->build_environment_vars;
        delete $ll_env{PATH};
        for my $key ( keys %ll_env ) {
            $env{$key} = $ll_env{$key};
        }
        $env{PERLBREW_LIB}  = undef;
        $env{PERLBREW_PERL} = undef;
    }

    return %env;
}

sub run_command_list {
    my $self       = shift;
    my $is_verbose = $self->{verbose};

    if ( $self->{'no-decoration'} ) {
        for my $i ( $self->installed_perls ) {
            print $i->{name} . "\n";
            for my $lib ( @{ $i->{libs} } ) {
                print $lib->{name} . "\n";
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        for my $i ( $self->installed_perls ) {
            printf "%-2s%-20s %-20s %s\n", $i->{is_current} ? '*' : '', $i->{name},
                (
                  $is_verbose
                ? ( index( $i->{name}, $i->{version} ) < 0 )
                        ? "($i->{version})"
                        : ''
                : ''
                ),
                ( $is_verbose ? "(installed on $i->{ctime})" : '' );

            for my $lib ( @{ $i->{libs} } ) {
                print $lib->{is_current} ? "* " : "  ", $lib->{name}, "\n";
            }
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

sub launch_sub_shell {
    my ( $self, $name ) = @_;
    my $shell = $self->env('SHELL');

    my $shell_opt = "";

    if ( $shell =~ /\/zsh\d?$/ ) {
        $shell_opt = "-d -f";

        if ( $^O eq 'darwin' ) {
            my $root_dir = $self->root;
            print <<"WARNINGONMAC";
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WARNING: zsh perlbrew sub-shell is not working on Mac OSX Lion.

It is known that on MacOS Lion, zsh always resets the value of PATH on launching
a sub-shell. Effectively nullify the changes required by perlbrew sub-shell. You
may `echo \$PATH` to examine it and if you see perlbrew related paths are in the
end, instead of in the beginning, you are unfortunate.

You are advised to include the following line to your ~/.zshenv as a better
way to work with perlbrew:

    source $root_dir/etc/bashrc

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WARNINGONMAC

        }
    }

    my %env = ( $self->perlbrew_env($name), PERLBREW_SKIP_INIT => 1 );

    unless ( $ENV{PERLBREW_VERSION} ) {
        my $root = $self->root;

        # The user does not source bashrc/csh in their shell initialization.
        $env{PATH}    = $env{PERLBREW_PATH} . ":" . join ":", grep { !/$root\/bin/ } split ":", $ENV{PATH};
        $env{MANPATH} = $env{PERLBREW_MANPATH} . ":" . join ":",
            grep { !/$root\/man/ } ( defined( $ENV{MANPATH} ) ? split( ":", $ENV{MANPATH} ) : () );
    }

    my $command = "env ";
    while ( my ( $k, $v ) = each(%env) ) {
        no warnings "uninitialized";
        $command .= "$k=\"$v\" ";
    }
    $command .= " $shell $shell_opt";

    my $pretty_name = defined($name) ? $name : "the default perl";
    print "\nA sub-shell is launched with $pretty_name as the activated perl. Run 'exit' to finish it.\n\n";
    exec($command);
}

sub run_command_use {
    my $self = shift;
    my $perl = shift;

    if ( !$perl ) {
        my $current = $self->current_env;
        if ($current) {
            print "Currently using $current\n";
        }
        else {
            print "No version in use; defaulting to system\n";
        }
        return;
    }

    $self->launch_sub_shell($perl);

}

sub run_command_switch {
    my ( $self, $dist, $alias ) = @_;

    unless ($dist) {
        my $current = $self->current_env;
        printf "Currently switched %s\n", ( $current ? "to $current" : 'off' );
        return;
    }

    $self->switch_to( $dist, $alias );
}

sub switch_to {
    my ( $self, $dist, $alias ) = @_;

    die "Cannot use for alias something that starts with 'perl-'\n"
        if $alias && $alias =~ /^perl-/;

    die "${dist} is not installed\n" unless -d $self->root->perls($dist);

    if ( $self->env("PERLBREW_SHELLRC_VERSION") && $self->current_shell_is_bashish ) {
        local $ENV{PERLBREW_PERL} = $dist;
        my $HOME    = $self->env('HOME');
        my $pb_home = $self->home;

        $pb_home->mkpath;
        system( "$0 env $dist > " . $pb_home->child("init") );

        print "Switched to $dist.\n\n";
    }
    else {
        $self->launch_sub_shell($dist);
    }
}

sub run_command_off {
    my $self = shift;
    $self->launch_sub_shell;
}

sub run_command_switch_off {
    my $self    = shift;
    my $pb_home = $self->home;

    $pb_home->mkpath;
    system( "env PERLBREW_PERL= $0 env > " . $pb_home->child("init") );

    print "\nperlbrew is switched off. Please exit this shell and start a new one to make it effective.\n";
    print
        "To immediately make it effective, run this line in this terminal:\n\n    exec @{[ $self->env('SHELL') ]}\n\n";
}

sub shell_env {
    my ( $self, $env ) = @_;
    my %env = %$env;

    my @statements;
    for my $k ( sort keys %env ) {
        my $v = $env{$k};
        if ( defined($v) && $v ne '' ) {
            $v =~ s/(\\")/\\$1/g;
            push @statements, ["set", $k, $v];
        }
        else {
            push @statements, ["unset", $k];
        }
    }

    my $statements = "";

    if ( $self->env('SHELL') =~ /(ba|k|z|\/)sh\d?$/ ) {
        for (@statements) {
            my ( $o, $k, $v ) = @$_;
            if ( $o eq 'unset' ) {
                $statements .= "unset $k\n";
            }
            else {
                $v =~ s/(\\")/\\$1/g;
                $statements .= "export $k=\"$v\"\n";
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        for (@statements) {
            my ( $o, $k, $v ) = @$_;
            if ( $o eq 'unset' ) {
                $statements .= "unsetenv $k\n";
            }
            else {
                $statements .= "setenv $k \"$v\"\n";
            }
        }
    }

    return $statements;
}

sub run_command_env {
    my ( $self, $name ) = @_;

    print $self->shell_env({ $self->perlbrew_env($name) });
}

sub run_command_symlink_executables {
    my ( $self, @perls ) = @_;
    my $root = $self->root;

    unless (@perls) {
        @perls = map { $_->name } grep { -d $_ && !-l $_ } $root->perls->list;
    }

    for my $perl (@perls) {
        for my $executable ( $root->perls($perl)->bin->children ) {
            my ( $name, $version ) = $executable =~ m/bin\/(.+?)(5\.\d.*)?$/;
            next unless $version;

            $executable->symlink( $root->perls($perl)->bin($name) );
            $executable->symlink( $root->perls($perl)->perl ) if $name eq "cperl";
        }
    }
}

sub run_command_install_patchperl {
    my ($self) = @_;
    $self->do_install_program_from_url(
        'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gugod/patchperl-packing/master/patchperl',
        'patchperl',
        sub {
            my ($body) = @_;
            $body =~ s/\A#!.+?\n/ $self->system_perl_shebang . "\n" /se;
            return $body;
        }
    );
}

sub run_command_install_cpanm {
    my ($self) = @_;
    $self->do_install_program_from_url(
        'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/miyagawa/cpanminus/master/cpanm' => 'cpanm' );
}

sub run_command_install_cpm {
    my ($self) = @_;
    $self->do_install_program_from_url( 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/skaji/cpm/main/cpm' => 'cpm' );
}

sub run_command_self_upgrade {
    my ($self) = @_;

    require FindBin;
    unless ( -w $FindBin::Bin ) {
        die "Your perlbrew installation appears to be system-wide.  Please upgrade through your package manager.\n";
    }

    my $TMPDIR       = $ENV{TMPDIR} || "/tmp";
    my $TMP_PERLBREW = App::Perlbrew::Path->new( $TMPDIR, "perlbrew" );

    http_download( 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gugod/App-perlbrew/master/perlbrew', $TMP_PERLBREW );

    chmod 0755, $TMP_PERLBREW;
    my $new_version = qx($TMP_PERLBREW version);
    chomp $new_version;
    if ( $new_version =~ /App::perlbrew\/(\d+\.\d+)$/ ) {
        $new_version = $1;
    }
    else {
        $TMP_PERLBREW->unlink;
        die "Unable to detect version of new perlbrew!\n";
    }

    if ( $new_version <= $VERSION ) {
        print "Your perlbrew is up-to-date (version $VERSION).\n" unless $self->{quiet};
        $TMP_PERLBREW->unlink;
        return;
    }

    print "Upgrading from $VERSION to $new_version\n" unless $self->{quiet};

    system $TMP_PERLBREW, "self-install";
    $TMP_PERLBREW->unlink;
}

sub run_command_uninstall {
    my ( $self, $target ) = @_;

    unless ($target) {
        $self->run_command_help("uninstall");
        exit(-1);
    }

    my @installed = $self->installed_perls(@_);

    my ($to_delete) = grep { $_->{name} eq $target } @installed;

    die "'$target' is not installed\n" unless $to_delete;

    my @dir_to_delete;
    for ( @{ $to_delete->{libs} } ) {
        push @dir_to_delete, $_->{dir};
    }
    push @dir_to_delete, $to_delete->{dir};

    my $ans = ( $self->{yes} ) ? "Y" : undef;
    if ( !defined($ans) ) {
        require ExtUtils::MakeMaker;
        $ans = ExtUtils::MakeMaker::prompt(
            "\nThe following perl+lib installation(s) will be deleted:\n\n\t"
                . join( "\n\t", @dir_to_delete )
                . "\n\n... are you sure ? [y/N]",
            "N"
        );
    }

    if ( $ans =~ /^Y/i ) {
        for (@dir_to_delete) {
            print "Deleting: $_\n" unless $self->{quiet};
            App::Perlbrew::Path->new($_)->rmpath;
            print "Deleted:  $_\n" unless $self->{quiet};
        }
    }
    else {
        print "\nOK. Not deleting anything.\n\n";
        return;
    }
}

sub run_command_exec {
    my $self = shift;
    my %opts;

    local (@ARGV) = @{ $self->{original_argv} };

    Getopt::Long::Configure('require_order');
    my @command_options = ( 'with=s', 'halt-on-error', 'min=s', 'max=s' );

    $self->parse_cmdline( \%opts, @command_options );
    shift @ARGV;    # "exec"
    $self->parse_cmdline( \%opts, @command_options );

    my @exec_with;
    if ( $opts{with} ) {
        my %installed = map { $_->{name} => $_ } map { ( $_, @{ $_->{libs} } ) } $self->installed_perls;

        my $d    = ( $opts{with} =~ m/ / ) ? qr( +) : qr(,+);
        my @with = grep { $_ } map {
            my ( $p, $l ) = $self->resolve_installation_name($_);
            $p .= "\@$l" if $l;
            $p;
        } split $d, $opts{with};

        @exec_with = map { $installed{$_} } @with;
    }
    else {
        @exec_with = grep {
            not -l $self->root->perls( $_->{name} );    # Skip Aliases
        } map { ( $_, @{ $_->{libs} } ) } $self->installed_perls;
    }

    if ( $opts{min} ) {

        # TODO use comparable version.
        # For now, it doesn't produce consistent results for 5.026001 and 5.26.1
        @exec_with = grep { $_->{orig_version} >= $opts{min} } @exec_with;
    }

    if ( $opts{max} ) {
        @exec_with = grep { $_->{orig_version} <= $opts{max} } @exec_with;
    }

    if ( 0 == @exec_with ) {
        print "No perl installation found.\n" unless $self->{quiet};
    }

    my $no_header = 0;
    if ( 1 == @exec_with ) {
        $no_header = 1;
    }

    my $overall_success = 1;
    for my $i (@exec_with) {
        my %env = $self->perlbrew_env( $i->{name} );
        next if !$env{PERLBREW_PERL};

        local %ENV = %ENV;
        $ENV{$_}       = defined $env{$_} ? $env{$_} : '' for keys %env;
        $ENV{PATH}     = join( ':', $env{PERLBREW_PATH},    $ENV{PATH} );
        $ENV{MANPATH}  = join( ':', $env{PERLBREW_MANPATH}, $ENV{MANPATH} || "" );
        $ENV{PERL5LIB} = $env{PERL5LIB} || "";

        print "$i->{name}\n==========\n" unless $no_header || $self->{quiet};

        if ( my $err = $self->do_system_with_exit_code(@ARGV) ) {
            my $exit_code = $err >> 8;

         # return 255 for case when process was terminated with signal, in that case real exit code is useless and weird
            $exit_code       = 255 if $exit_code > 255;
            $overall_success = 0;

            unless ( $self->{quiet} ) {
                print "Command terminated with non-zero status.\n";

                print STDERR "Command ["
                    . join( ' ', map { /\s/ ? "'$_'" : $_ } @ARGV )
                    .    # trying reverse shell escapes - quote arguments containing spaces
                    "] terminated with exit code $exit_code (\$? = $err) under the following perl environment:\n";
                print STDERR $self->format_info_output;
            }

            $self->do_exit_with_error_code($exit_code) if ( $opts{'halt-on-error'} );
        }
        print "\n" unless $self->{quiet} || $no_header;
    }
    $self->do_exit_with_error_code(1) unless $overall_success;
}

sub run_command_clean {
    my ($self)     = @_;
    my $root       = $self->root;
    my @build_dirs = $root->build->children;

    for my $dir (@build_dirs) {
        print "Removing $dir\n";
        App::Perlbrew::Path->new($dir)->rmpath;
    }

    my @tarballs = $root->dists->children;
    for my $file (@tarballs) {
        print "Removing $file\n";
        $file->unlink;
    }

    print "\nDone\n";
}

sub run_command_alias {
    my ( $self, $cmd, $name, $alias ) = @_;

    unless ($cmd) {
        $self->run_command_help("alias");
        exit(-1);
    }

    my $path_name  = $self->root->perls($name)  if $name;
    my $path_alias = $self->root->perls($alias) if $alias;

    if ( $alias && -e $path_alias && !-l $path_alias ) {
        die "\nABORT: The installation name `$alias` is not an alias, cannot override.\n\n";
    }

    if ( $cmd eq 'create' ) {
        $self->assert_known_installation($name);

        if ( $self->is_installed($alias) && !$self->{force} ) {
            die "\nABORT: The installation `${alias}` already exists. Cannot override.\n\n";
        }

        $path_alias->unlink;
        $path_name->symlink($path_alias);
    }
    elsif ( $cmd eq 'delete' ) {
        $self->assert_known_installation($name);

        unless ( -l $path_name ) {
            die "\nABORT: The installation name `$name` is not an alias, cannot remove.\n\n";
        }

        $path_name->unlink;
    }
    elsif ( $cmd eq 'rename' ) {
        $self->assert_known_installation($name);

        unless ( -l $path_name ) {
            die "\nABORT: The installation name `$name` is not an alias, cannot rename.\n\n";
        }

        if ( -l $path_alias && !$self->{force} ) {
            die "\nABORT: The alias `$alias` already exists, cannot rename to it.\n\n";
        }

        rename( $path_name, $path_alias );
    }
    elsif ( $cmd eq 'help' ) {
        $self->run_command_help("alias");
    }
    else {
        die "\nERROR: Unrecognized action: `${cmd}`.\n\n";
    }
}

sub run_command_display_bashrc {
    print BASHRC_CONTENT();
}

sub run_command_display_cshrc {
    print CSHRC_CONTENT();
}

sub run_command_display_installation_failure_message {
    my ($self) = @_;
}

sub run_command_lib {
    my ( $self, $subcommand, @args ) = @_;

    unless ($subcommand) {
        $self->run_command_help("lib");
        exit(-1);
    }

    my $sub = "run_command_lib_$subcommand";
    if ( $self->can($sub) ) {
        $self->$sub(@args);
    }
    else {
        print "Unknown command: $subcommand\n";
    }
}

sub run_command_lib_create {
    my ( $self, $name ) = @_;

    die "ERROR: No lib name\n", $self->run_command_help( "lib", undef, 'return_text' ) unless $name;

    $name = $self->enforce_localib($name);

    my ( $perl_name, $lib_name ) = $self->resolve_installation_name($name);

    if ( !$perl_name ) {
        my ( $perl_name, $lib_name ) = $self->decompose_locallib($name);
        die "ERROR: '$perl_name' is not installed yet, '$name' cannot be created.\n";
    }

    my $fullname = $self->compose_locallib( $perl_name, $lib_name );
    my $dir      = $self->home->child( "libs", $fullname );

    if ( -d $dir ) {
        die "$fullname is already there.\n";
    }

    $dir->mkpath;

    print "lib '$fullname' is created.\n" unless $self->{quiet};

    return;
}

sub run_command_lib_delete {
    my ( $self, $name ) = @_;

    die "ERROR: No lib to delete\n", $self->run_command_help( "lib", undef, 'return_text' ) unless $name;

    $name = $self->enforce_localib($name);

    my ( $perl_name, $lib_name ) = $self->resolve_installation_name($name);

    my $fullname = $self->compose_locallib( $perl_name, $lib_name );

    my $current = $self->current_env;

    my $dir = $self->home->child( "libs", $fullname );

    if ( -d $dir ) {

        if ( $fullname eq $current ) {
            die "$fullname is currently being used in the current shell, it cannot be deleted.\n";
        }

        $dir->rmpath;

        print "lib '$fullname' is deleted.\n"
            unless $self->{quiet};
    }
    else {
        die "ERROR: '$fullname' does not exist.\n";
    }

    return;
}

sub run_command_lib_list {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my $dir = $self->home->child("libs");
    return unless -d $dir;

    opendir my $dh, $dir or die "open $dir failed: $!";
    my @libs = grep { !/^\./ && /\@/ } readdir($dh);

    my $current = $self->current_env;
    for (@libs) {
        print $current eq $_ ? "* " : "  ";
        print "$_\n";
    }
}

sub run_command_upgrade_perl {
    my ($self) = @_;

    my $PERL_VERSION_RE = qr/(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/;

    my ($current) = grep { $_->{is_current} } $self->installed_perls;

    unless ( defined $current ) {
        print "no perlbrew environment is currently in use\n";
        exit(1);
    }

    my ( $major, $minor, $release );

    if ( $current->{version} =~ /^$PERL_VERSION_RE$/ ) {
        ( $major, $minor, $release ) = ( $1, $2, $3 );
    }
    else {
        print "unable to parse version '$current->{version}'\n";
        exit(1);
    }

    my @available = grep { /^perl-$major\.$minor/ } $self->available_perls;

    my $latest_available_perl = $release;

    foreach my $perl (@available) {
        if ( $perl =~ /^perl-$PERL_VERSION_RE$/ ) {
            my $this_release = $3;
            if ( $this_release > $latest_available_perl ) {
                $latest_available_perl = $this_release;
            }
        }
    }

    if ( $latest_available_perl == $release ) {
        print "This perlbrew environment ($current->{name}) is already up-to-date.\n";
        exit(0);
    }

    my $dist_version = "$major.$minor.$latest_available_perl";
    my $dist         = "perl-$dist_version";

    print "Upgrading $current->{name} to $dist_version\n" unless $self->{quiet};
    local $self->{as}        = $current->{name};
    local $self->{dist_name} = $dist;

    my @d_options  = map { '-D' . $flavor{$_}->{d_option} } keys %flavor;
    my %sub_config = map { $_ => $Config{$_} } grep { /^config_arg\d/ } keys %Config;
    for my $value ( values %sub_config ) {
        my $value_wo_D = $value;
        $value_wo_D =~ s/^-D//;
        push @{ $self->{D} }, $value_wo_D if grep { /$value/ } @d_options;
    }

    $self->do_install_release( $dist, $dist_version );
}

sub list_modules {
    my ( $self, $env ) = @_;

    $env ||= $self->current_env;
    my ( $stdout, $stderr, $success ) = Capture::Tiny::capture(
        sub {
            __PACKAGE__->new( "--quiet", "exec", "--with", $env, 'perl', '-MExtUtils::Installed', '-le',
                'BEGIN{@INC=grep {$_ ne q!.!} @INC}; print for ExtUtils::Installed->new->modules;',
            )->run;
        }
    );

    unless ($success) {
        unless ( $self->{quiet} ) {
            print STDERR "Failed to retrive the list of installed modules.\n";
            if ( $self->{verbose} ) {
                print STDERR "STDOUT\n======\n$stdout\nSTDERR\n======\n$stderr\n";
            }
        }
        return [];
    }

    my %rename = (
        "ack"                    => "App::Ack",
        "libwww::perl"           => "LWP",
        "libintl-perl"           => "Locale::Messages",
        "Role::Identifiable"     => "Role::Identifiable::HasTags",
        "TAP::Harness::Multiple" => "TAP::Harness::ReportByDescription",
    );

    return [map { $rename{$_} || $_ } grep { $_ ne "Perl" } split( /\n/, $stdout )];
}

sub run_command_list_modules {
    my ($self) = @_;
    my ( $modules, $error ) = $self->list_modules();
    print "$_\n" for @$modules;
}

sub resolve_installation_name {
    my ( $self, $name ) = @_;
    die "App::perlbrew->resolve_installation_name requires one argument." unless $name;

    my ( $perl_name, $lib_name ) = $self->decompose_locallib($name);
    $perl_name = $name unless $lib_name;
    $perl_name ||= $self->current_perl;

    if ( !$self->is_installed($perl_name) ) {
        if ( $self->is_installed("perl-${perl_name}") ) {
            $perl_name = "perl-${perl_name}";
        }
        else {
            return undef;
        }
    }

    return wantarray ? ( $perl_name, $lib_name ) : $perl_name;
}

# Implementation of the 'clone-modules' command.
#
# This method accepts a destination and source installation
# of Perl to clone modules from and into.
# For instance calling
# $app->run_command_clone_modules($perl_a, $perl_b);
# installs all modules that have been installed on Perl A
# to the instance of Perl B.
# The source instance is optional, that is if the method
# is invoked with a single argument, the currently
# running instance is used as source. Therefore the
# two following calls are the same:
#
# $app->run_command_clone_modules( $self->current_perl, $perl_b );
# $app->run_command_clone_modules( $perl_b );
#
# Of course, both Perl installation must exist on this
# perlbrew enviroment.
#
# The method extracts the modules installed on the source Perl
# instance and put them on a temporary file, such file is then
# passed to another instance of the application to
# execute cpanm on it. The final result is the installation
# of source modules into the destination instance.
sub run_command_clone_modules {
    my $self = shift;

    # default to use the currently installation
    my ( $dst_perl, $src_perl );

    # the first argument is the destination, the second
    # optional argument is the source version, default
    # to use the current installation
    $dst_perl = pop || $self->current_env;
    $src_perl = pop || $self->current_env;

    # check source and destination do exist
    undef $src_perl if ( !$self->resolve_installation_name($src_perl) );
    undef $dst_perl if ( !$self->resolve_installation_name($dst_perl) );

    if (   !$src_perl
        || !$dst_perl
        || $src_perl eq $dst_perl )
    {
        # cannot understand from where to where or
        # the user did specify the same versions
        $self->run_command_help('clone-modules');
        exit(-1);
    }

    my @modules_to_install = @{ $self->list_modules($src_perl) };

    unless (@modules_to_install) {
        print "\nNo modules installed on $src_perl !\n" unless $self->{quiet};
        return;
    }

    print "\nInstalling $#modules_to_install modules from $src_perl to $dst_perl ...\n"
        unless $self->{quiet};

    # create a new application to 'exec' the 'cpanm'
    # with the specified module list

    my @args = ( qw(--quiet exec --with), $dst_perl, 'cpanm' );
    push @args, '--notest' if $self->{notest};
    push @args, @modules_to_install;

    __PACKAGE__->new(@args)->run;
}

sub format_info_output {
    my ( $self, $module ) = @_;

    my $out = '';

    $out .= "Current perl:\n";
    if ( $self->current_perl ) {
        $out .= "  Name: " . $self->current_env . "\n";
        $out .= "  Path: " . $self->installed_perl_executable( $self->current_perl ) . "\n";
        $out .= "  Config: " . $self->configure_args( $self->current_perl ) . "\n";
        $out .= join(
            '',
            "  Compiled at: ",
            (
                map { /  Compiled at (.+)\n/ ? $1 : () }
                    `@{[ $self->installed_perl_executable($self->current_perl) ]} -V`
            ),
            "\n"
        );
    }
    else {
        $out .= "Using system perl." . "\n";
        $out .= "Shebang: " . $self->system_perl_shebang . "\n";
    }

    $out .= "\nperlbrew:\n";
    $out .= "  version: " . $self->VERSION . "\n";
    $out .= "  ENV:\n";
    for ( map { "PERLBREW_$_" } qw(ROOT HOME PATH MANPATH) ) {
        $out .= "    $_: " . ( $self->env($_) || "" ) . "\n";
    }

    if ($module) {
        my $code =
qq{eval "require $module" and do { (my \$f = "$module") =~ s<::></>g; \$f .= ".pm"; print "$module\n  Location: \$INC{\$f}\n  Version: " . ($module->VERSION ? $module->VERSION : "no VERSION specified" ) } or do { print "$module could not be found, is it installed?" } };
        $out .=
            "\nModule: " . $self->do_capture( $self->installed_perl_executable( $self->current_perl ), "-le", $code );
    }

    $out;
}

sub run_command_info {
    my ($self) = shift;
    print $self->format_info_output(@_);
}

sub run_command_make_shim {
    my ($self, $program) = @_;

    if (-f $program) {
        die "ERROR: $program already exists under current directory.\n";
    }

    my $current_env = $self->current_env
        or die "ERROR: perlbrew is current off. make-shim requires an perlbrew environment to be activated.\nRead the usage by running: perlbrew help make-shim\n";

    my %env = $self->perlbrew_env( $current_env );

    my $shebang = '#!' . $self->env('SHELL');
    my $preemble = $self->shell_env(\%env);
    my $path = $self->shell_env({ PATH => $env{"PERLBREW_PATH"} . ":" . $self->env("PATH") });
    my $shim = join(
        "\n",
        $shebang,
        $preemble,
        $path,
        'exec ' . $program . ' "$@"',
        "\n"
    );

    open my $fh, ">", "$program" or die $!;
    print $fh $shim;
    close $fh;
    chmod 0755, $program;

    if ( $self->{verbose} ) {
        print "A shim of $program is made.\n";
    }
}

sub BASHRC_CONTENT() {
    return
          "export PERLBREW_SHELLRC_VERSION=$VERSION\n"
        . ( exists $ENV{PERLBREW_ROOT} ? "export PERLBREW_ROOT=$PERLBREW_ROOT\n" : "" ) . "\n"
        . <<'RC';

__perlbrew_reinit() {
    if [[ ! -d "$PERLBREW_HOME" ]]; then
        mkdir -p "$PERLBREW_HOME"
    fi

    [ -f "$PERLBREW_HOME/init" ] && rm "$PERLBREW_HOME/init"
    echo '# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE' > "$PERLBREW_HOME/init"
    command perlbrew env $1 | \grep PERLBREW_ >> "$PERLBREW_HOME/init"
    . "$PERLBREW_HOME/init"
    __perlbrew_set_path
}

__perlbrew_purify () {
    local path patharray outsep
    IFS=: read -r${BASH_VERSION+a}${ZSH_VERSION+A} patharray <<< "$1"
    for path in "${patharray[@]}" ; do
        case "$path" in
            (*"$PERLBREW_HOME"*) ;;
            (*"$PERLBREW_ROOT"*) ;;
            (*) printf '%s' "$outsep$path" ; outsep=: ;;
        esac
    done
}

__perlbrew_set_path () {
    export MANPATH=${PERLBREW_MANPATH:-}${PERLBREW_MANPATH:+:}$(__perlbrew_purify "$(manpath 2>/dev/null)")
    export PATH=${PERLBREW_PATH:-$PERLBREW_ROOT/bin}:$(__perlbrew_purify "$PATH")
    hash -r
}

__perlbrew_set_env() {
    local code
    code="$($perlbrew_command env $@)" || return $?
    eval "$code"
}

__perlbrew_activate() {
    [[ -n $(alias perl 2>/dev/null) ]] && unalias perl 2>/dev/null

    if [[ -n "${PERLBREW_PERL:-}" ]]; then
          __perlbrew_set_env "${PERLBREW_PERL:-}${PERLBREW_LIB:+@}$PERLBREW_LIB"
    fi

    __perlbrew_set_path
}

__perlbrew_deactivate() {
    __perlbrew_set_env
    unset PERLBREW_PERL
    unset PERLBREW_LIB
    __perlbrew_set_path
}

perlbrew () {
    local exit_status
    local short_option
    export SHELL

    if [[ $1 == -* ]]; then
        short_option=$1
        shift
    else
        short_option=""
    fi

    case $1 in
        (use)
            if [[ -z "$2" ]] ; then
                echo -n "Currently using ${PERLBREW_PERL:-system perl}"
                [ -n "$PERLBREW_LIB" ] && echo -n "@$PERLBREW_LIB"
                echo
            else
                __perlbrew_set_env "$2" && { __perlbrew_set_path ; true ; }
                exit_status="$?"
            fi
            ;;

        (switch)
              if [[ -z "$2" ]] ; then
                  command perlbrew switch
              else
                  perlbrew use $2 && { __perlbrew_reinit $2 ; true ; }
                  exit_status=$?
              fi
              ;;

        (off)
            __perlbrew_deactivate
            echo "perlbrew is turned off."
            ;;

        (switch-off)
            __perlbrew_deactivate
            __perlbrew_reinit
            echo "perlbrew is switched off."
            ;;

        (*)
            command perlbrew $short_option "$@"
            exit_status=$?
            ;;
    esac
    hash -r
    return ${exit_status:-0}
}

[[ -z "${PERLBREW_ROOT:-}" ]] && export PERLBREW_ROOT="$HOME/perl5/perlbrew"
[[ -z "${PERLBREW_HOME:-}" ]] && export PERLBREW_HOME="$HOME/.perlbrew"

if [[ ! -n "${PERLBREW_SKIP_INIT:-}" ]]; then
    if [[ -f "${PERLBREW_HOME:-}/init" ]]; then
        . "$PERLBREW_HOME/init"
    fi
fi

if [[ -f "${PERLBREW_ROOT:-}/bin/perlbrew" ]]; then
    perlbrew_command="${PERLBREW_ROOT:-}/bin/perlbrew"
else
    perlbrew_command="perlbrew"
fi

__perlbrew_activate

RC

}

sub BASH_COMPLETION_CONTENT() {
    return <<'COMPLETION';
if [[ -n ${ZSH_VERSION-} ]]; then
    autoload -U +X bashcompinit && bashcompinit
fi

export PERLBREW="command perlbrew"
_perlbrew_compgen()
{
    COMPREPLY=( $($PERLBREW compgen $COMP_CWORD ${COMP_WORDS[*]}) )
}
complete -F _perlbrew_compgen perlbrew
COMPLETION
}

sub PERLBREW_FISH_CONTENT {
    return "set -x PERLBREW_SHELLRC_VERSION $VERSION\n" . <<'END';

function __perlbrew_reinit
    if not test -d "$PERLBREW_HOME"
        mkdir -p "$PERLBREW_HOME"
    end

    echo '# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE' > "$PERLBREW_HOME/init"
    command perlbrew env $argv[1] | \grep PERLBREW_ >> "$PERLBREW_HOME/init"
    __source_init
    __perlbrew_set_path
end

function __perlbrew_set_path
    set -l MANPATH_WITHOUT_PERLBREW (perl -e 'print join ":", grep { index($_, $ENV{PERLBREW_HOME}) < 0 } grep { index($_, $ENV{PERLBREW_ROOT}) < 0 } split/:/,qx(manpath 2> /dev/null);')

    if test -n "$PERLBREW_MANPATH"
        set -l PERLBREW_MANPATH $PERLBREW_MANPATH":"
        set -x MANPATH {$PERLBREW_MANPATH}{$MANPATH_WITHOUT_PERLBREW}
    else
        set -x MANPATH $MANPATH_WITHOUT_PERLBREW
    end

    set -l PATH_WITHOUT_PERLBREW (eval $perlbrew_command display-pristine-path | perl -pe'y/:/ /')

    # silencing stderr in case there's a non-existent path in $PATH (see GH#446)
    if test -n "$PERLBREW_PATH"
        set -x PERLBREW_PATH (echo $PERLBREW_PATH | perl -pe 'y/:/ /' )
        eval set -x PATH $PERLBREW_PATH $PATH_WITHOUT_PERLBREW 2> /dev/null
    else
        eval set -x PATH $PERLBREW_ROOT/bin $PATH_WITHOUT_PERLBREW 2> /dev/null
    end
end

function __perlbrew_set_env
    set -l code (eval $perlbrew_command env $argv | perl -pe 's/^(export|setenv)/set -xg/; s/=/ /; s/^unset(env)* (.*)/if test -n "\$$2"; set -eg $2; end/; s/$/;/; y/:/ /')

    if test -z "$code"
        return 0;
    else
        eval $code
    end
end

function __perlbrew_activate
    functions -e perl

    if test -n "$PERLBREW_PERL"
        if test -z "$PERLBREW_LIB"
            __perlbrew_set_env $PERLBREW_PERL
        else
            __perlbrew_set_env $PERLBREW_PERL@$PERLBREW_LIB
        end
    end

    __perlbrew_set_path
end

function __perlbrew_deactivate
    __perlbrew_set_env
    set -x PERLBREW_PERL
    set -x PERLBREW_LIB
    set -x PERLBREW_PATH
    __perlbrew_set_path
end

function perlbrew

    test -z "$argv"
    and echo "    Usage: perlbrew <command> [options] [arguments]"
    and echo "       or: perlbrew help"
    and return 1

    switch $argv[1]
        case use
            if test ( count $argv ) -eq 1
                if test -z "$PERLBREW_PERL"
                    echo "Currently using system perl"
                else
                    echo "Currently using $PERLBREW_PERL"
                end
            else
                __perlbrew_set_env $argv[2]
                if test "$status" -eq 0
                    __perlbrew_set_path
                end
            end

        case switch
            if test ( count $argv ) -eq 1
                command perlbrew switch
            else
                perlbrew use $argv[2]
                if test "$status" -eq 0
                    __perlbrew_reinit $argv[2]
                end
            end

        case off
            __perlbrew_deactivate
            echo "perlbrew is turned off."

        case switch-off
            __perlbrew_deactivate
            __perlbrew_reinit
            echo "perlbrew is switched off."

        case '*'
            command perlbrew $argv
    end
end

function __source_init
    perl -pe 's/^(export|setenv)/set -xg/; s/^unset(env)* (.*)/if test -n "\$$2"; set -eg $2; end/; s/=/ /; s/$/;/;' "$PERLBREW_HOME/init" | source
end

if test -z "$PERLBREW_ROOT"
    set -x PERLBREW_ROOT "$HOME/perl5/perlbrew"
end

if test -z "$PERLBREW_HOME"
    set -x PERLBREW_HOME "$HOME/.perlbrew"
end

if test -z "$PERLBREW_SKIP_INIT" -a -f "$PERLBREW_HOME/init"
    __source_init
end

set perlbrew_bin_path "$PERLBREW_ROOT/bin"

if test -f "$perlbrew_bin_path/perlbrew"
    set perlbrew_command "$perlbrew_bin_path/perlbrew"
else
    set perlbrew_command perlbrew
end

set -e perlbrew_bin_path

__perlbrew_activate

## autocomplete stuff #############################################

function __fish_perlbrew_needs_command
  set cmd (commandline -opc)
  if test (count $cmd) -eq 1 -a $cmd[1] = 'perlbrew'
    return 0
  end
  return 1
end

function __fish_perlbrew_using_command
  set cmd (commandline -opc)
  if test (count $cmd) -gt 1
    if [ $argv[1] = $cmd[2] ]
      return 0
    end
  end
end

for com in (perlbrew help | perl -ne'print lc if s/^COMMAND:\s+//')
    complete -f -c perlbrew -n '__fish_perlbrew_needs_command' -a $com
end

for com in switch use;
    complete -f -c perlbrew -n "__fish_perlbrew_using_command $com" \
        -a '(perlbrew list | perl -pe\'s/\*?\s*(\S+).*/$1/\')'
end

END
}

sub CSH_WRAPPER_CONTENT {
    return <<'WRAPPER';
set perlbrew_exit_status=0

if ( "$1" =~ -* ) then
    set perlbrew_short_option="$1"
    shift
else
    set perlbrew_short_option=""
endif

switch ( "$1" )
    case use:
        if ( $%2 == 0 ) then
            if ( $?PERLBREW_PERL == 0 ) then
                echo "Currently using system perl"
            else
                if ( $%PERLBREW_PERL == 0 ) then
                    echo "Currently using system perl"
                else
                    echo "Currently using $PERLBREW_PERL"
                endif
            endif
        else
            set perlbrew_line_count=0
            foreach perlbrew_line ( "`\perlbrew env $2:q`" )
                eval "$perlbrew_line"
                @ perlbrew_line_count++
            end
            if ( $perlbrew_line_count == 0 ) then
                set perlbrew_exit_status=1
            else
                source "$PERLBREW_ROOT/etc/csh_set_path"
            endif
        endif
        breaksw

    case switch:
        if ( $%2 == 0 ) then
            \perlbrew switch
        else
            perlbrew use "$2" && source "$PERLBREW_ROOT/etc/csh_reinit" "$2"
        endif
        breaksw

    case off:
        unsetenv PERLBREW_PERL
        foreach perlbrew_line ( "`\perlbrew env`" )
            eval "$perlbrew_line"
        end
        source "$PERLBREW_ROOT/etc/csh_set_path"
        echo "perlbrew is turned off."
        breaksw

    case switch-off:
        unsetenv PERLBREW_PERL
        source "$PERLBREW_ROOT/etc/csh_reinit" ''
        echo "perlbrew is switched off."
        breaksw

    default:
        \perlbrew $perlbrew_short_option:q $argv:q
        set perlbrew_exit_status=$?
        breaksw
endsw
rehash
exit $perlbrew_exit_status
WRAPPER
}

sub CSH_REINIT_CONTENT {
    return <<'REINIT';
if ( ! -d "$PERLBREW_HOME" ) then
    mkdir -p "$PERLBREW_HOME"
endif

echo '# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE' >! "$PERLBREW_HOME/init"
\perlbrew env $1 >> "$PERLBREW_HOME/init"
source "$PERLBREW_HOME/init"
source "$PERLBREW_ROOT/etc/csh_set_path"
REINIT
}

sub CSH_SET_PATH_CONTENT {
    return <<'SETPATH';
unalias perl

if ( $?PERLBREW_PATH == 0 ) then
    setenv PERLBREW_PATH "$PERLBREW_ROOT/bin"
endif

setenv PATH_WITHOUT_PERLBREW `perl -e 'print join ":", grep { index($_, $ENV{PERLBREW_ROOT}) } split/:/,$ENV{PATH};'`
setenv PATH "${PERLBREW_PATH}:${PATH_WITHOUT_PERLBREW}"

setenv MANPATH_WITHOUT_PERLBREW `perl -e 'print join ":", grep { index($_, $ENV{PERLBREW_ROOT}) } split/:/,qx(manpath 2> /dev/null);'`
if ( $?PERLBREW_MANPATH == 1 ) then
    setenv MANPATH "${PERLBREW_MANPATH}:${MANPATH_WITHOUT_PERLBREW}"
else
    setenv MANPATH "${MANPATH_WITHOUT_PERLBREW}"
endif
SETPATH
}

sub CSHRC_CONTENT {
    return "setenv PERLBREW_SHELLRC_VERSION $VERSION\n\n" . <<'CSHRC';

if ( $?PERLBREW_HOME == 0 ) then
    setenv PERLBREW_HOME "$HOME/.perlbrew"
endif

if ( $?PERLBREW_ROOT == 0 ) then
    setenv PERLBREW_ROOT "$HOME/perl5/perlbrew"
endif

if ( $?PERLBREW_SKIP_INIT == 0 ) then
    if ( -f "$PERLBREW_HOME/init" ) then
        source "$PERLBREW_HOME/init"
    endif
endif

if ( $?PERLBREW_PATH == 0 ) then
    setenv PERLBREW_PATH "$PERLBREW_ROOT/bin"
endif

source "$PERLBREW_ROOT/etc/csh_set_path"
alias perlbrew 'source "$PERLBREW_ROOT/etc/csh_wrapper"'
CSHRC

}

sub append_log {
    my ( $self, $message ) = @_;
    my $log_handler;
    open( $log_handler, '>>', $self->{log_file} )
        or die "Cannot open log file for appending: $!";
    print $log_handler "$message\n";
    close($log_handler);
}

sub INSTALLATION_FAILURE_MESSAGE {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return <<FAIL;
Installation process failed. To spot any issues, check

  $self->{log_file}

If some perl tests failed and you still want to install this distribution anyway,
do:

  (cd $self->{dist_extracted_dir}; make install)

You might also want to try upgrading patchperl before trying again:

  perlbrew install-patchperl

Generally, if you need to install a perl distribution known to have minor test
failures, do one of these commands to avoid seeing this message:

  perlbrew --notest install $self->{dist_name}
  perlbrew --force install $self->{dist_name}

FAIL

}

1;

__END__

=encoding utf8

=head1 NAME

App::perlbrew - Manage perl installations in your C<$HOME>

=head1 SYNOPSIS

    # Installation
    curl -L https://install.perlbrew.pl | bash

    # Initialize
    perlbrew init

    # See what is available
    perlbrew available

    # Install some Perls
    perlbrew install 5.32.1
    perlbrew install perl-5.28.3
    perlbrew install perl-5.33.6

    # See what were installed
    perlbrew list

    # Swith to an installation and set it as default
    perlbrew switch perl-5.32.1

    # Temporarily use another version only in current shell.
    perlbrew use perl-5.28.3
    perl -v

    # Turn it off and go back to the system perl.
    perlbrew off

    # Turn it back on with 'switch', or 'use'
    perlbrew switch perl-5.32.1
    perlbrew use perl-5.32.1

    # Exec something with all perlbrew-ed perls
    perlbrew exec -- perl -E 'say $]'

=head1 DESCRIPTION

L<perlbrew> is a program to automate the building and installation of perl in an
easy way. It provides multiple isolated perl environments, and a mechanism
for you to switch between them.

Everything are installed unter C<~/perl5/perlbrew>. You then need to include a
bashrc/cshrc provided by perlbrew to tweak the PATH for you. You then can
benefit from not having to run C<sudo> commands to install
cpan modules because those are installed inside your C<HOME> too.

For the documentation of perlbrew usage see L<perlbrew> command
on L<MetaCPAN|https://metacpan.org/>, or by running C<perlbrew help>,
or by visiting L<perlbrew's official website|https://perlbrew.pl/>. The following documentation
features the API of C<App::perlbrew> module, and may not be remotely
close to what your want to read.

=head1 INSTALLATION

It is the simplest to use the perlbrew installer, just paste this statement to
your terminal:

    curl -L https://install.perlbrew.pl | bash

Or this one, if you have C<fetch> (default on FreeBSD):

    fetch -o- https://install.perlbrew.pl | sh

After that, C<perlbrew> installs itself to C<~/perl5/perlbrew/bin>, and you
should follow the instruction on screen to modify your shell rc file to put it
in your PATH.

The installed perlbrew command is a standalone executable that can be run with
system perl. The minimum required version of system perl is 5.8.0, which should
be good enough for most of the OSes these days.

A fat-packed version of L<patchperl> is also installed to
C<~/perl5/perlbrew/bin>, which is required to build old perls.

The directory C<~/perl5/perlbrew> will contain all install perl executables,
libraries, documentations, lib, site_libs. In the documentation, that directory
is referred as C<perlbrew root>. If you need to set it to somewhere else because,
say, your C<HOME> has limited quota, you can do that by setting C<PERLBREW_ROOT>
environment variable before running the installer:

    export PERLBREW_ROOT=/opt/perl5
    curl -L https://install.perlbrew.pl | bash

As a result, different users on the same machine can all share the same perlbrew
root directory (although only original user that made the installation would
have the permission to perform perl installations.)

You may also install perlbrew from CPAN:

    cpan App::perlbrew

In this case, the perlbrew command is installed as C</usr/bin/perlbrew> or
C</usr/local/bin/perlbrew> or others, depending on the location of your system
perl installation.

Please make sure not to run this with one of the perls brewed with
perlbrew. It's the best to turn perlbrew off before you run that, if you're
upgrading.

    perlbrew off
    cpan App::perlbrew

You should always use system cpan (like /usr/bin/cpan) to install
C<App::perlbrew> because it will be installed under a system PATH like
C</usr/bin>, which is not affected by perlbrew C<switch> or C<use> command.

The C<self-upgrade> command will not upgrade the perlbrew installed by cpan
command, but it is also easy to upgrade perlbrew by running C<cpan App::perlbrew>
again.

=head1 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

L<perlbrew project|https://perlbrew.pl/> uses github
L<https://github.com/gugod/App-perlbrew/issues> for issue
tracking. Issues sent to these two systems will eventually be reviewed
and handled. To participate, you need a github account.

Please briefly read the short instructions about how to get your work
released to CPAN:

L<https://github.com/gugod/App-perlbrew/blob/develop/CONTRIBUTING.md>

=head1 AUTHOR

Kang-min Liu  C<< <gugod@gugod.org> >>

=head1 COPYRIGHT

Copyright (c) 2023 Kang-min Liu C<< <gugod@gugod.org> >>.

=head1 LICENCE

The MIT License

=head1 DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY

BECAUSE THIS SOFTWARE IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE SOFTWARE, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE SOFTWARE "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE
ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE IS WITH
YOU. SHOULD THE SOFTWARE PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL
NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR, OR CORRECTION.

IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE SOFTWARE AS PERMITTED BY THE ABOVE LICENCE, BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL,
OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE
THE SOFTWARE (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING
RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A
FAILURE OF THE SOFTWARE TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER SOFTWARE), EVEN IF
SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.

=cut

gugod / App-perlbrew / 5101900754

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